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Aim: this study is to evaluate the effect of corrosion on flexural fracture resistance in orthodontic mini-implants composed of two materials and submerged in salivary substitutes with or without fluoride. Methods: twenty mini-implants were used, 10 from SIN Company (Ti6AL4V alloys) and 10 from Morelli (steel alloys), (G1: Ti6AL4V in fluoride-free saliva solution; G2: Ti6AL4V in saliva solution with 1500 ppm of fluoride; G3: Steel in saliva without fluoride; and G4: Steel in saliva with 1500 ppm of fluoride). The samples were taken to a potentiostat to evaluate the corrosion, and then were evaluated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, the mini-implants underwent flexural fracture resistance tests. Kruskal-Wallis test with the Student-Newman-Keuls comparison evaluated the corrosion and pitting potentials of each group. ANOVA and Tukey's comparison test at a 1% significance level. Results: All groups suffered corrosion potential and pitting potential, but those that were in solutions with the presence of fluoride showed less resistance to the formation of corrosion pits (G1 and G3). In the SEM analysis after flexural resistance, small cavities suggestive of pitting corrosion were noted. The G4 was the only one that formed the passivation potential. In the fracture resistance test, mini-implants manufactured by Ti6AL4V fractured with less force applied (G1 and G2). Most steel mini-implants (G3 and G4) only deformed with a higher force application. Conclusion: Fluoride acts to corrode mini-implants, regardless of their manufacturing material. Regarding flexural resistence, the corrosion rate of the mini implants did`nt influence the fracture resistance values

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A cavidade oral é afetada pelo caráter multissistêmico das consequências da Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) e estima-se que cerca de 90% destes pacientes têm sintomas orais. Alterações laboratoriais sanguíneas e salivares são frequentemente observadas e por isso, investigações sobre correlações clínico-laboratoriais são fundamentais para o manejo e tratamento dos pacientes. Neste estudo foi realizada uma revisão sistemática para identificar e avaliar as principais alterações laboratoriais no sangue e na saliva de pacientes portadores de DRC que apresentam manifestações orais. A busca bibliográfica incluiu artigos das bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Web of Science, Embase e literatura cinzenta, incluindo estudos caso-controle, transversais e de coorte. A análise do risco de viés seguiu a abordagem QUADAS-2. PROSPERO CRD42022250533 é o registro dessa revisão. As principais alterações laboratoriais encontradas foram o aumento das concentrações sanguíneas e salivares de ureia, creatinina, fosfato e diminuição das concentrações de cálcio e da taxa de fluxo salivar. As concentrações dessas substâncias no sangue e na saliva e a TGF estavam diretamente correlacionadas. Foi observada existência da correlação entre o aparecimento das manifestações orais e as alterações laboratoriais, principalmente xerostomia, disgeusia e hálito urêmico. Em conclusão, a literatura tem revelado que as principais alterações laboratoriais encontradas são aquelas descritas comumente na rotina laboratorial, que as concentrações dessas substâncias no sangue e na saliva estão diretamente correlacionadas com a TFG, e existe correlação entre o aparecimento das manifestações orais e as alterações laboratoriais. Grandes oportunidades estão abertas para a investigação sobre de novos marcadores.

The oral cavity is affected by the multisystemic nature of the consequences of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and it is estimated that around 90% of these patients present oral symptoms. Blood and salivary laboratory changes are frequently observed and, therefore, investigations of clinical-laboratory correlations are essential for the management and treatment of these patients. This study was carried out as a systematic review to identify and evaluate the main laboratory changes in the blood and saliva of patients with CKD who present oral manifestations. The bibliographic search included articles from the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, Embase and gray literature, including case-control, cross-sectional and cohort studies. The risk of bias analysis advanced the QUADAS-2 approach. PROSPERO CRD42022250533 is the record of this review. The main laboratory changes found were an increase in blood and salivary concentrations of urea, creatinine, phosphate and a decrease in calcium concentrations and salivary flow. The concentrations of substances in blood and saliva and TGF were directly correlated. The existence of the manifestation was observed between the appearance of oral manifestations and laboratory changes, mainly xerostomia, dysgeusia and uremic breath. In conclusion, the literature revealed that the main laboratory changes found are those commonly described in laboratory routine, that the concentrations of these problems in blood and saliva are directly correlated with GFR, and there is a manifestation between the appearance of oral manifestations and laboratory changes. . Great opportunities are open for the investigation of new markers.

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Pacientes cirróticos em fila de transplante hepático possuem inúmeros prejuízos em vias fisiológicas, como a evidente deficiência imune. O dano ao sistema reticuloendotelial, o comprometimento das vias e células de defesa tornam o paciente hepatopata mais propenso ao desenvolvimento de infecções que influem em sua qualidade de vida e podem piorar o seu prognóstico. Ainda neste grupo, a existência de compostos tóxicos não excretados pelo fígado cirrótico pode favorecer quadros inflamatórios e a latência viral. A família dos Herpesvírus humanos (HHV) possui o atributo de desenvolver latência vitalícia nos indivíduos infectados e seus episódios de reativação podem ser precipitados por quadros de imunossupressão. O uso da saliva para identificação de HHV é viável e pode demonstrar os 8 subtipos virais em diferentes níveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a presença de HHV-1, HHV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6A, HHV-6B, HHV-7 e HHV-8 em amostras de plasma sanguíneo e saliva de pacientes com cirrose hepática em fila de espera pelo transplante e verificar se a presença desses vírus tem relação com dados da cirrose, como doença descompensada, complicações e etiologia, além de dados advindos de exames sanguíneos, como a população de leucócitos circulantes. Foi desenvolvido um estudo transversal observacional com dados demográficos e médicos de prontuários e amostras de sangue e saliva de 72 indivíduos cirróticos provindas do Biobanco da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo, onde permaneceram congeladas em ultrafreezer até o momento da técnica da detecção da cadeia de polimerase. Foram utilizados dois protocolos distintos, o primeiro denominado HSV-Pan, que amplifica o DNA de HHV-1, HHV-2, EBV, CMV e HHV-8, e o segundo denominado VZV-Pan responsável pela amplificação de VZV, HHV-6 tipo A e B e HHV-7. Para as amostras positivas realizou-se subsequente digestão enzimática para identificação do subtipo de HHV. A amostra foi composta majoritariamente por indivíduos do sexo masculino (n=51, 70%), com média de idade 54 anos (DP=10). A mediana do índice MELD foi 15 (DP=6) e 59% foram classificados com cirrose descompensada. 47,2% (n=34) apresentavam leucopenia. Não foram identificados HHV em amostras sanguíneas. Em saliva, os principais HHV identificados foram HHV-7 (n=42, 62%) e EBV (n=30, 41%). Houve correlação estatística entre a presença de HSV-Pan e a identificação de alterações em série branca sanguínea (p=0,019), especificamente com a população total de leucócitos (p=0,025), mas não houve correlação com subpopulações como neutrófilos e linfócitos. Essa correlação aconteceu, provavelmente, às expensas do EBV presente na saliva, já que apenas 5 pacientes apresentaram positividade para outros vírus. De fato, a correlação entre o EBV com leucócitos totais e com linfócitos apresentou-se estatisticamente significante (p=0,038 e p=0,047, respectivamente). Não houve correlação entre a presença viral e outras variáveis independentes, como complicações da cirrose ou doença descompensada. Conclui-se que, na população estudada, a identificação de EBV na saliva está vinculada ao estado de imunidade circulante do paciente cirrótico. É possível que a deficiência imune apresentada pelos pacientes com cirrose possa ter um papel no shedding do EBV em saliva.

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La saliva, compuesta principalmente por 99% de agua y 1% de moléculas orgánicas e inorgánicas, mantiene un rango de pH de 6.0 a 7.5, pero puede verse alterada por ciertos factores. En este estudio se determinó la variación del pH salival, luego de la aplicación tópica manual en mucosa masticatoria y órganos dentarios con aceite de girasol ozonizado de 300 mEq/kgO2, en jóvenes estudiantes de entre 21 a 23 años, como agente de neutralización en los cambios de pH. Se realizó un estudio comparativo longitudinal en 13 sujetos después de su cepillado dental; se tomaron dos muestras en saliva estimulada con el test estandarizado Saliva-Check BUFFER (GC®EUROPE). La medición basal de pH fue 7.66 ± 0.09, cifra por encima del rango normal; después de la aplicación del aceite de girasol ozonizado (O3MX®300IP) el pH fue de 7.27 ± 0.19, estableciéndose una variación de 0.28 ± 0.48, t = 8.04, p < 0.05 (0.000). Este estudio revela una caída significativa en el pH salival después de aplicar aceite de girasol ozonizado, lo que sugiere su potencial como buffer del pH salival. Se necesitan más investigaciones para explorar las implicaciones clínicas para el manejo de la salud oral (AU)

Saliva, primarily composed of 99% water and 1% organic and inorganic molecules, typically maintains a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5 but can be influenced by various factors. This study aimed to assess the variation in salivary pH following manual topical application of 300 mEq/kgO2 ozonated sunflower oil to the masticatory mucosa and dental structures in young individuals aged 21 to 23 years, using it as a pH-neutralizing agent. A longitudinal comparative study was conducted on 13 subjects after dental brushing. Stimulated saliva samples were collected using the standardized Saliva-Check BUFFER Test (GC®EUROPE). An initial baseline pH measurement of 7.66 ± 0.09 was obtained, which was above the normal range. Following the application of ozonated sunflower oil (O3MX®300IP), the pH dropped to 7.27 ± 0.19, indicating a variation of 0.28 ± 0.48 (t = 8.04, p < 0.05 (0.000). In conclusion, this study reveals a significant decrease in salivary pH after applying ozonated sunflower oil, suggesting its potential as a salivary pH buffer. Further research is needed to explore the clinical implications for oral health management.(AU)

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Aim: to carry out a narrative review of the literature on organic salivary components and their functions, as well as the relationship between these organic components and oral health conditions and dental caries, in an attempt to identify potential candidates for biological markers of dental caries. Literature review:Saliva performs several functions, including buffering, cleansing, maintaining the integrity of hard tissues, and antimicrobial activity. The combined action of these functions contributes to the promotion and maintenance of oral health. The association between salivary proteins and dental caries is presented through a more focused discussion based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Discussion: α-Amylase and salivary lipase act to aid the digestion process. The enzymes carbonic anhydrase, urease and ADSact to buffer the oral cavity, PRPs, cystatins, and statherins contribute to the supersaturation of saliva, maintaining the integrity of hard dental tissues. Mucins promote the lubrication of oral surfaces, protecting them against drying out. Peroxidases protect human cells against damage caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Conclusion:Meta-analyses indicate that the concentration of total proteins, the total antioxidant capacity, the activity and concentration of carbonic anhydrase, the activity of urease, and SAD present in saliva may be likely candidates for markers of health and dental caries conditions.

Objetivo: realizar uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre os componentes orgânicos salivares e suas funções, bem como a relação entre esses componentes orgânicos com condições de saúde bucal e cárie dentária, na tentativa de identificar potenciais candidatos a marcadores biológicos de cárie dentária. Revisão de literatura:a saliva desempenha várias funções, incluindo tamponamento, limpeza, manutenção da integridade dos tecidos duros e atividade antimicrobiana. A ação conjunta dessas funções contribui para a promoção e manutenção da saúde bucal. A associação entre proteínas salivares e cárie dentária é apresentada através de uma discussão mais focada baseada em revisões sistemáticas e metanálises. Discussão: A α-amilase e a lipase salivar atuam auxiliando o processo de digestão. As enzimas anidrase carbônica, urease e SAD atuam tamponando a cavidade bucal, PRPs, cistatinas e estaterinas contribuem para a supersaturação da saliva mantendo a integridade dos tecidos dentários duros. As mucinas promovem a lubrificação das superfícies bucais, protegendo-as contra o ressecamento. As peroxidases protegem as células humanas contra os danos causados pelos radicais livres e espécies reativas de oxigênio. Conclusão: Metanálises indicam que a concentração de proteínas totais, a capacidade antioxidante total, a atividade e concentração de anidrase carbônica, a atividade da urease e do SAD presentes na saliva podem ser prováveis candidatos a marcadores de saúde e de condições de cárie dentária.

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The reduction of nitrate to nitrite by the oral microbiota has been proposed to be important for oral health and results in nitric oxide formation that can improve cardiometabolic conditions. Studies of bacterial composition in subgingival plaque suggest that nitrate-reducing bacteria are associated with periodontal health, but the impact of periodontitis on nitrate-reducing capacity (NRC) and, therefore, nitric oxide availability has not been evaluated. The current study aimed to evaluate how periodontitis affects the NRC of the oral microbiota. First, 16S rRNA sequencing data from five different countries were analyzed, revealing that nitrate-reducing bacteria were significantly lower in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients compared with healthy individuals (P < 0.05 in all five datasets with n = 20-82 samples per dataset). Secondly, subgingival plaque, saliva, and plasma samples were obtained from 42 periodontitis patients before and after periodontal treatment. The oral NRC was determined in vitro by incubating saliva with 8 mmol/L nitrate (a concentration found in saliva after nitrate-rich vegetable intake) and compared with the NRC of 15 healthy individuals. Salivary NRC was found to be diminished in periodontal patients before treatment (P < 0.05) but recovered to healthy levels 90 days post-treatment. Additionally, the subgingival levels of nitrate-reducing bacteria increased after treatment and correlated negatively with periodontitis-associated bacteria (P < 0.01). No significant effect of periodontal treatment on the baseline saliva and plasma nitrate and nitrite levels was found, indicating that differences in the NRC may only be revealed after nitrate intake. Our results suggest that an impaired NRC in periodontitis could limit dietary nitrate-derived nitric oxide levels, and the effect on systemic health should be explored in future studies.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the salivary metabolites profile of Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types I, II, IV, and VI patients. Material and Methods: The participants were asked to refrain from eating and drinking for one hour before sampling, performed between 7:30 and 9:00 a.m. Samples were centrifuged at 10.000 × g for 60 min at 4°C, and the supernatants (500µl) were stored at −80°C until NMR analysis. The salivary proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra were acquired in a 500 MHz spectrometer, and TOCSY experiments were used to confirm and assign metabolites. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results: Differences in salivary metabolites were found among MPS types and the control, such as lactate, propionate, alanine, and N-acetyl sugar. Understanding these metabolite changes may contribute to precision medicine and early detection of mucopolysaccharidosis and its monitoring. Conclusion: The composition of low molecular weight salivary metabolites of mucopolysaccharidosis subjects may present specific features compared to healthy controls.

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Objective: Evaluate the effects of different storage periods on flexural strength (FS) and degree of conversion (DC) of Bis-Acryl composite and Urethane dimethacrylate provisional restorative materials. Material and Methods: A total of 60 specimens were prepared from four temporary crown materials commercially available and assigned to four tested groups (n = 15 for each group): Prevision Temp, B&E CROWN, Primma Art, and Charm Temp groups. The specimens were stored in artificial saliva, and the FS was tested after 24 h, 7 d, and 14 d. A standard three-point bending test was conducted using a universal testing machine. Additionally, the DC was determined using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) device. The data were analyzed statistically using two-way ANOVA, Tukey`s HSD post-hoc test, and the Bonferroni test, all at a 5% significance level. For each group, a paired samples test was applied to compare the DC of the immediate and 24 h samples. Results: The highest FS value was found for the Prevision Temp material, while the Charm Temp material showed the lowest FS, with no statistically significant difference between the mean values of the groups at 24 h; while there were significant differences at 7d and 14 d of storage. However, within each group, the aging had no significant impact on the FS, except for an increase in the FS of the B&E CROWN group after 14 d. Prevision Temp also had the highest mean DC value. At each time interval, significant differences were recorded. Moreover, within each group of material, aging significantly increased the DC, except for the Primma Art. Conclusion: Bis-acryl composite resin materials exhibited higher flexural strength compared to traditional methyl methacrylate resin during the 14 d investigation period. Aging in artificial saliva did not significantly affect the mechanical performance of the tested materials. Materials with higher DC values showed greater flexural strength; where the Prevision Temp showed higher FS and DC values than the other tested materials.(AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes períodos de armazenamento na resistência à flexão (RF) e no grau de conversão (GC) de materiais provisórios à base de compósito de Bis-Acril e de Dimetacrilato de uretano. Material e Métodos: Um total de 60 corpos de prova foram preparados a partir de quatro materiais para coroas provisórias comercialmente disponíveis, divididos em quatro grupos testados (n = 15 por grupo): Prevision Temp, B&E CROWN, Primma Art e Charm Temp. Os corpos de prova foram armazenados em saliva artificial, e a RF foi avaliada após 24 horas, 7 dias e 14 dias. Um teste padrão de flexão em três pontos foi realizado usando uma máquina universal de ensaios. Adicionalmente, o GC foi determinado utilizando um espectrofotômetro de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando ANOVA de dois fatores, teste post hoc de Tukey HSD e o teste de Bonferroni, todos com nível de significância de 5%. Para cada grupo, foi aplicado um teste pareado para comparar o GC entre as amostras imediatas e as de 24 horas. Resultados: O maior valor de RF foi encontrado para o material Prevision Temp, enquanto o material Charm Temp apresentou a menor RF, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias dos grupos após 24 horas. Contudo, diferenças significativas foram observadas nos períodos de 7 e 14 dias de armazenamento. No entanto, dentro de cada grupo, o envelhecimento não teve impacto significativo na RF, exceto por um aumento na RF do grupo B&E CROWN após 14 dias. O Prevision Temp também apresentou o maior valor médio de GC. Em cada intervalo de tempo, foram registradas diferenças significativas. Além disso, dentro de cada grupo de materiais, o envelhecimento aumentou significativamente o GC, exceto para o Primma Art. Conclusão: Os materiais de resina composta à base de Bis-Acril exibiram maior resistência à flexão em comparação com as resinas tradicionais de metacrilato de metila durante o período de investigação de 14 dias. O envelhecimento em saliva artificial não afetou significativamente o desempenho mecânico dos materiais testados. Materiais com maiores valores de GC apresentaram maior resistência à flexão, sendo o Prevision Temp o material com maiores valores de RF e GC em comparação aos demais testados.(AU)

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Objective: To evaluate the effect of saliva contamination and different decontamination protocols on the microshear bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin. Material and Methods: 84 bovine teeth were divided into three groups according to bonding stage at which salivary contamination occurred; before curing of the adhesive, after curing of the adhesive, and a control group with no salivary contamination. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups according to the decontamination protocol used (n=7): no decontamination protocol, rinsing then reapplication of the adhesive, grinding with sandpaper silicon carbide grit 600 then reapplication of the adhesive and finally ethanol application then reapplication of the adhesive. Specimens were tested in micro-shear mode. Results: All the decontamination protocols used in this study to reverse effect of salivary contamination before curing significantly improved the bond strength to contaminated dentin (p<0.001). Meanwhile, after curing, ethanol decontamination protocol recorded highest bond strength followed by rinsing and grinding compared to no decontamination (p<0.001). Conclusion: Saliva contamination led to significant deterioration in the bond strength regardless of the bonding stage at which saliva contamination occurred. All decontamination protocols improved the immediate microshear bond strength when contamination occurred before curing of the adhesive, while ethanol seemed to be the most effective both before curing and after curing (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da contaminação por saliva e de diferentes protocolos de descontaminação na resistência de união ao microcisalhamento de um adesivo universal à dentina. Material e Métodos: 84 dentes bovinos foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com o passo operatório do protocolo adesivo em que ocorreu a contaminação por saliva: antes da polimerização do adesivo, ou após a polimerização do adesivo e um grupo controle sem contaminação por saliva. Cada grupo foi subdividido em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o protocolo de descontaminação utilizado (n=7): sem protocolo de descontaminação; lavagem seguida da reaplicação do adesivo; lixar a região com lixa de carbeto de silício de granulação 600 e reaplicar o adesivo; aplicar etanol e reaplicar o adesivo. Os espécimes foram testados no modo de micro-cisalhamento. Resultados: Todos os protocolos de descontaminação utilizados neste estudo em busca de reverter o efeito da contaminação do adesivo por saliva melhoraram significativamente a resistência de união à dentina contaminada (p<0,001). Enquanto isso, após a polimerização, o protocolo de descontaminação com etanol resultou na maior resistência de união, seguido pela lavagem, e depois pelo lixamento, em comparação com nenhum protocolo de descontaminação (p<0,001). Conclusão: A contaminação por saliva levou a uma deterioração significativa na resistência de união, independentemente do passo operatório do protocolo adesivo em que ocorreu a contaminação por saliva. Todos os protocolos de descontaminação melhoraram a resistência de união ao microcisalhamento imediato quando a contaminação ocorreu antes da polimerização do adesivo, enquanto o etanol pareceu ser o protocolo mais eficaz nos dois tipos de contaminação (antes e depois da polimerização).

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A utilização indiscriminada de cigarros eletrônicos (e-cigs) já representa um problema de saúde pública mundial e pouco se sabe quanto aos efeitos de seu uso sobre a saúde bucal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso do e-cig na saliva e na mucosa bucal de seus usuários. Foram formados dois grupos: Grupo Cigarro Eletrônico (GE) - 25 usuários regulares e exclusivos de e-cig; Grupo controle (GC) - 25 indivíduos não-fumantes, pareados em sexo e idade ao GE. A saliva não estimulada foi coletada para avaliar o metaboloma e o biofilme microcosmos. Em seguida, esfregaços foram coletados da borda lateral esquerda da língua para a avaliação dos genes IL1B, CXCL8, TNF, KRT1, KRT13, KRT19, TP16, TP21 e TP53, por meio de RT-qPCR. Os dados receberam tratamento estatístico de acordo com teste de Mann-Whitney. A análise discriminante por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLSDA), Heatmap e a análise biomarcadores foram realizados para o metaboloma. Um total de 101 metabólitos foram considerados na análise do metaboloma salivar. O perfil salivar do GE diferiu do GC, evidenciando 10 metabólitos distintos: isoleucina, ácido 2-hidroxiglutárico, ácido 3-fenilláctico, ácido linoleico, ácido 3- hidroxibutirico, 1,6 ­ anidroglucose, ácido glucurônico, valina, ácido esteárico, ácido elaídico. A análise do biofilme microcosmos do GE revelou uma atividade metabólica média aumentada em comparação ao GC. No entanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os grupos quanto à biomassa e à quantificação dos carboidratos salivares. Além disso, o GE apresentou um aumento significativo na contagem total de microrganismos, incluindo Streptococcus mutans e leveduras do gênero Candida. Em contraste, houve uma redução na contagem de Lactobacillus spp. Por fim, no GE, todos os genes encontravam-se regulados negativamente, com exceção do TP53. Frente aos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o uso de e-cig impacta diretamente o perfil do metaboloma salivar, promove a disbiose da microbiota bucal, favorecendo o aumento de microrganismos cariogênicos e leveduras. Além disso, causa regulação negativa da expressão de genes relacionados a processos de inflamação e queratinização, e positiva do gene de reparo TP53 (AU)

The indiscriminate use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) has already become a global public health concern, with limited knowledge about their impact on oral health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of e-cig use on the saliva and oral mucosa of its users. Two groups were formed: Electronic Cigarette Group (EG) - consisting of 25 regular and exclusive e-cig users, and the Control Group (CG) - consisting of 25 nonsmokers, matched by sex and age to the EG. Unstimulated saliva was collected to evaluate the metabolome and microcosm biofilm. Subsequently, smears were collected from the left lateral border of the tongue for the of gene expression evaluation of IL1B, CXCL8, TNF, KRT1, KRT13, KRT19, TP16, TP21 and TP53, using RT-qPCR. The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), Heatmap and biomarkers analysis were performed for the metabolome. A total of 101 metabolites were considered in the salivary metabolome analysis. The salivary profile of EG differed from that of CG, highlighting 10 distinct metabolites: isoleucine, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, 3-phenyllactic acid, linoleic acid, 3 hydroxybutyric acid, 1,6-anhydroglucose, glucuronic acid, valine, stearic acid and elaidic acid. The analysis of the EG microcosm biofilm revealed an increased mean metabolite activity compared to CG. However, no differences were observed between the groups regarding biomass and the quantification of salivary carbohydrates. Furthermore, the EG exhibited a significant increase in the overall count of microorganisms, including Streptococcus mutans and Candida yeasts. Conversely, the Count of Lactobacillus spp, decreased. Finally, in the EG, all genes were downregulated compared to the CG, except for TP53. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the e-cig use directly impacts the salivary metabolome profile, promotes dysbiosis of the oral microbiota, and favors the increase of cariogenic microorganisms and yeasts. Additionally, it causes downregulation of gene expression related to inflammation and keratinization processes, and upregulation of the repair gene TP53.(AU)

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Introduction: Oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy experience adverse effects. Hyposalivation and xerostomia in the oral cavity are reported as frequent findings resulting from this treatment. Objective: To investigate the occurrence of xerostomia and hyposalivation in oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy. Method: Quantitative cross-sectional study, with data collection carried out at "Hospital São Vicente de Paula" in João Pessoa, Paraíba, in the oncology sector, between August 2022 and March 2023. Patients underwent a clinical examination, followed by analysis of unstimulated salivary flow and completion of the Xerostomia Inventory instrument. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the assistance of Jamovi software (version 1.8.4). Results: A total of 78 individuals joined the study, with a mean age of 53 years (± 12.5), predominantly females (n=63; 80.8%), and diagnosed with solid tumors (n=70; 89.7%). Hyposalivation was diagnosed in 59% of the patients (n=46), while xerostomia was reported by all individuals (n=78; 100%), categorized as mild (n=13; 16.7%) or moderate (n=65; 83.3%). There was a difference in salivary flow among patients with solid and hematological tumors, with individuals with solid tumors showing lower salivary flow (p = 0.0027, Mann-Whitney U test). Additionally, individuals with hyposalivation have an increased risk of developing moderate xerostomia (RR = 0.349; CI = 0.127 ­ 0.955; p = 0.006, Fisher's Exact Test). Conclusion: Individuals diagnosed with hyposalivation in this study have an increased risk of reporting the presence of xerostomia in moderate degrees during chemotherapy treatment.

Introducción: Los pacientes oncológico tratados con quimioterapia presentan efectos adversos. En la boca, la hiposalivación y la xerostomía se informan como hallazgos frecuentes derivados de este tratamiento. Objetivo: Investigar la ocurrencia de xerostomía e hiposalivación en pacientes oncológicos bajo tratamiento quimioterápico. Método: Estudio transversal cuantitativo, con la recopilación de datos realizada en el Hospital São Vicente de Paulo, en João Pessoa, Paraíba, en el sector de oncología, entre agosto de 2022 y marzo de 2023. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a un examen clínico, seguido del análisis del flujo salival no estimulado y el llenado del instrumento Xerostomia Inventory. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial con la ayuda del software Jamovi (versión 1.8.4). Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 78 individuos con un promedio de edad de 53 años (±12,5), predominantemente de sexo femenino (n=63; 80,8%) y con diagnóstico de tumores sólidos (n=70; 89,7%). La hiposalivación fue diagnosticada en el 59% de los pacientes (n=46), mientras que la xerostomía fue informada por todos los individuos (n=78; 100%), categorizándose como leve (n=13; 16,7%) o moderada (n=65; 83,3%). Hubo diferencia entre el flujo salival de pacientes con tumores sólidos y hematológicos, siendo los individuos con tumores sólidos los que presentaron menor flujo salival (p = 0,0027, prueba U de Mann-Whitney). Además, las personas con hiposalivación tienen un riesgo aumentado de desarrollar xerostomía moderada (RR = 0,349; IC = 0,127 ­ 0,955; p = 0,006, prueba Exacta de Fisher). Conclusión: Las personas diagnosticadas con hiposalivación en este estudio tienen un mayor riesgo de informar la presencia de xerostomía en grados moderados durante el tratamiento de quimioterapia.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the unstimulated salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity and their associations with systemic conditions and medication use in independently living aged. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 72 participants with a minimum of 60 years recruited in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A questionnaire was used to collect age, sex, presence of systemic diseases, and medications in continuous use. Salivary data collection was performed to determine unstimulated salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed (p<0.05). Results: Most of the sample had at least one systemic disease (81.9%) and used at least one medication (79.2%). Female participants (p=0.01), those with five or more systemic diseases (p<0.01), and hypertension (p=0.04) had reduced salivary flow. Participants with systemic diseases (p=0.02), taking any medication (p=0.04), in a polypharmacy regimen, and presenting hypertension (p=0.02) had more acidic salivary pH. Participants with diabetes had average salivary buffering capacity (p=0.02). In the adjusted multiple regression models, no explanatory variable was significantly associated with the salivary outcomes. Conclusion: Systemic alterations and medication use appear to be related to salivary changes in older adults. Integrative assessment of older adults is fundamental to identifying and controlling the factors that may modify their salivary characteristics.

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El objetivo de este estudio de diseño cuantitativo fue determinar si los niveles de concentración de la Creatina Kinasa presentes en saliva aumentan en pacientes con enfermedad periodontal asociada a biofilm dentario. Los pacientes de la muestra se dividieron en tres grupos de 20 individuos cada uno: Grupo 1: (con- trol) 20 pacientes con diagnostico negativo de enfermedad periodontal. Grupo 2: 20 pacientes que presentaron diagnóstico de gingivitis y Grupo 3: 20 pacientes con diagnostico de periodontitis. Todas muestras salivales presentaron presencia de CK en saliva, El grupo 1 presento un promedio de 178.9 U/L, El grupo 2 manifesto un promedio de 299.5 U/L, y el grupo 3 registro un promedio de 412.8 U/L. El coeficiente de correlacion de Pearson, nos dio un valor p de <0,5, resultando estadisticamente significativo el aumento de la concentracion de CK en pacientes con Gingivitis y Periodontitis a comparacion de los sanos El aumento de los niveles de concentración de la Creatina Kinasa presente en saliva en pacientes periodontales podria ser tenido en cuenta como coadyudante en el diagnostico clinico periodonta (AU)

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El ser humano en el transcurso de la evolución ha cambiado la percepción de la alimentación dejando de lado el consumo de carne y sus derivados por factores éticos y morales, donde se sabe la dieta tiene gran relevancia en la salud general, siendo un factor de riesgo para la aparición de diversas enfermedades motivo por cual la saliva se ha utilizado como instrumento de diagnóstico Describir y comparar el índice de Dieta mediterránea según pH salival en mujeres estudiantes de Odontología de entre 20 a 30 años. Estudio descriptivo transversal comparativo. Participaron 17 mujeres adultas seleccionadas por criterio no probabilístico en la carrera de Odontología, quienes fueron evaluadas en su índice de Dieta mediterránea y pH salival. Se aplicó la prueba T de Student para muestras independientes y U Mann-Whitney para comparar características entre grupos en función del pH salival. Existen diferencias significativas entre grupos para la frecuencia de consumo de cereales integrales (p = 0,026), carnes magras (p = 0,021) y pH salival (p < 0,001). Existe un predominio hacia la baja adherencia a una dieta mediterránea, existiendo diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de consumo de cereales integrales y carnes magras, siendo el consumo de estos un indicador del riesgo de la cavidad oral determinado por pH.

The human being in the course of evolution has changed the perception of food, leaving aside the consumption of meat and its derivatives due to ethical and moral factors, where it is known that diet has great relevance in general health, being a factor of risk for the appearance of various diseases, which is why saliva has been used as a diagnostic tool. To describe and compare the Mediterranean Diet index according to salivary pH in female dentistry students between 20 and 30 years old. Comparative cross-sectional descriptive study. Seventeen adult women selected by non-probabilistic criteria participated in the Dentistry career, who were evaluated in their Mediterranean Diet index and salivary pH. Student's T test for independent samples and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to compare characteristics between groups based on salivary pH. There are significant differences between groups for the frequency of consumption of whole grains (p = 0.026), lean meats (p = 0.021) and salivary pH (p < 0.001). There is a predominance towards low adherence to a Mediterranean diet, with significant differences in the frequency of consumption of whole grains and lean meats, the consumption of these being an indicator of oral risk determined by pH.

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Saliva testing is a vital method for clinical applications, for its noninvasive features, richness in substances, and the huge amount. Due to its direct anatomical connection with oral, digestive, and endocrine systems, clinical usage of saliva testing for these diseases is promising. Furthermore, for other diseases that seeming to have no correlations with saliva, such as neurodegenerative diseases and psychological diseases, researchers also reckon saliva informative. Tremendous papers are being produced in this field. Updated summaries of recent literature give newcomers a shortcut to have a grasp of this topic. Here, we focused on recent research about saliva biomarkers that are derived from humans, not from other organisms. The review mostly addresses the proceedings from 2016 to 2022, to shed light on the promising usage of saliva testing in clinical diagnostics. We recap the recent advances following the category of different types of biomarkers, such as intracellular DNA, RNA, proteins and intercellular exosomes, cell-free DNA, to give a comprehensive impression of saliva biomarker testing.

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Objective: To detect and analyze the characteristics of oral microbiota in species composition, function and metabolism among caries, periodontitis and oral healthy individuals, hunting for the microbiome-derived biomarkers with specificity and sensitivity to estimate the occurrence of these two diseases. Methods: Saliva samples were collected from 10 patients with high caries risk [decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT)≥6, HC group] in Department of Endodontics, 10 patients with periodontitis of grade Ⅱ A-Ⅲ C (PG group) in Department of Periodontology and 10 oral healthy individuals (HH group) from School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University during from March 2022 to June 2022. A baseline examination was conducted on all participants, including their oral conditions of caries and periodontal health. Metagenomic sequencing (Illumina PE150 platform) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to detect microorganisms and their metabolites in the samples respectively. The sequencing data were analyzed to obtain the information of microbial taxonomic composition, functional genes and metabolites in each group of samples. The basic oral conditions and saliva samples of subjects in each group were evaluated and collected by the same professional endodontist. Results: There were no significant difference in baseline characteristics such as age and sex among the subjects in each group (P>0.05). DMFT in HC group (9.0±1.7) was significantly higher than that in HH group (0) and PG group (0) (F=243.00, P<0.001). Sequencing data analysis showed that the taxonomic compositions of salivary microbiota in each group were mainly Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria at the phylum level, and Streptococcus, Neisseria, Rothia, Prevotella at the genus level. Differential analysis showed that, compared with the HH group, HC group and PG group had significant differences in taxonomic composition (P<0.05), and the most significant among them was Prevotella. At the species level, Prevotella pallens was the most significant change in HC group, and Porphyromonas gingivalis in PG group. Metabolite analysis showed that there were significant differences in metabolites between HC group and PG group. The results showed that, compared with the HH group, the most significant metabolite change was 3-hydroxy-1, 5-diphenylpentan-1-one in HC group (P=0.001) and N1 acetylspermine in PG group (P=0.002) respectively. Compared with the PG group, the metabolite of HC group with the most significant difference is D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (P=0.006). The metabolism gene function analysis showed that, the enrichment of carbohydrate metabolism related genes was highest in HC group, followed with HH group, and it was lowest in PG group. In addition, compared with the HH group, the abundance of functional genes related to glucose metabolism, such as ABC transporter and phosphotransferase system, were significantly decreased in PG group (P<0.05), but significantly increased in HC group (P<0.05). Conclusions: There is a significant correlation between the alternation of carbohydrate metabolism of salivary microbiota with the occurrence of caries and periodontitis. In the future, Prevotella pallens and 3-hydroxy-1, 5-diphenylpentan-1-one may be the potential biomarkers of caries; while Porphyromonas gingivalis and N1 acetylspermine work in the predictions of periodontitis.

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Objective: To investigate the characteristics of salivary microbiota in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Methods: A case-control study was applied to enroll 60 patients and healthy subjects who were outpatients of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery of the Eighth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from December 2020 to March 2021, including 35 males and 25 females, aged from 21 to 80 (33.75±11.10) years. Thirty patients with suspected laryngopharyngeal reflux were selected as study group and thirty healthy volunteers without pharyngeal symptoms were selected as control group. Their salivary samples were collected, and the salivary microbiota was detected and analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. SPSS 18.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: There was no significant difference in the diversity of salivary microbiota between the two groups. At the phylum classification level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the study group was higher than that in the control group[37.86(31.15, 41.54)% vs 30.24(25.51, 34.18)%,Z=-3.46,P<0.01]. And the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the study group was lower than that in the control group [15.76(11.81, 20.17)% vs 20.63(13.98, 28.82)%, Z=-1.98,P<0.05]. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Parascardovia and Sphingobium in the study group was higher than that in the control group(Z values were-2.92, -2.69, -2.05, -2.31, respectively, P<0.05).And the relative abundance of Streptococcus, Cardiobacterium, Klebsiella and Uruburuella of study group was lower than that of control group(Z values were -2.43, -2.32, -2.17, -2.32, respectively, P<0.05). LEfSe difference analysis showed that there were 39 bacteria with significant differences between the two groups, including Bacteroidetes, Prevotellaceae and Prevotella, which were enriched in the study group, and Streptococcaceae, Streptococcus and other taxa, which were enriched in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion: The changes of the microflora in the saliva between LPR patients and healthy people suggest that the dysbacteriosis might exist in LPR patients, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of LPR.

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OBJECTIVES@#To establish the menstrual blood identification model based on Naïve Bayes and multivariate logistic regression methods by using specific mRNA markers in menstrual blood detection technology combined with statistical methods, and to quantitatively distinguish menstrual blood from other body fluids.@*METHODS@#Body fluids including 86 menstrual blood, 48 peripheral blood, 48 vaginal secretions, 24 semen and 24 saliva samples were collected. RNA of the samples was extracted and cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription. Five menstrual blood-specific markers including members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family MMP3, MMP7, MMP11, progestogens associated endometrial protein (PAEP) and stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) were amplified and analyzed by electrophoresis. The results were analyzed by Naïve Bayes and multivariate logistic regression.@*RESULTS@#The accuracy of the classification model constructed was 88.37% by Naïve Bayes and 91.86% by multivariate logistic regression. In non-menstrual blood samples, the distinguishing accuracy of peripheral blood, saliva and semen was generally higher than 90%, while the distinguishing accuracy of vaginal secretions was lower, which were 16.67% and 33.33%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The mRNA detection technology combined with statistical methods can be used to establish a classification and discrimination model for menstrual blood, which can distignuish the menstrual blood and other body fluids, and quantitative description of analysis results, which has a certain application value in body fluid stain identification.

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OBJECTIVES@#To explore the feasibility of genetic marker detection of semen-specific coding region single nucleotide polymorphism (cSNP) based on SNaPshot technology in semen stains and mixed body fluid identification.@*METHODS@#Genomic DNA (gDNA) and total RNA were extracted from 16 semen stains and 11 mixtures composed of semen and venous blood, and the total RNA was reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA). The cSNP genetic markers were screened on the validated semen-specific mRNA coding genes. The cSNP multiplex detection system based on SNaPshot technology was established, and samples were genotyped by capillary electrophoresis (CE).@*RESULTS@#A multiplex detection system containing 5 semen-specific cSNPs was successfully established. In 16 semen samples, except the cSNP located in the TGM4 gene showed allele loss in cDNA detection results, the gDNA and cDNA typing results of other cSNPs were highly consistent. When detecting semen-venous blood mixtures, the results of cSNP typing detected were consistent with the genotype of semen donor and were not interfered by the genotype of venous blood donor.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The method of semen-specific cSNPs detection by SNaPshot technology method can be applied to the genotyping of semen (stains) and provide information for determining the origin of semen in mixed body fluids (stains).

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O envelhecimento populacional característico das mudanças demográficas atuais vem sendo acompanhado por maior preservação dentária. Pessoas idosas possuem particularidades que as tornam mais susceptíveis ao desenvolvimento de alterações bucais como cárie dentária e lesões cervicais não cariosas (LCNC). Com a idade avançada, a prevalência da cárie dentária aumenta, e as LCNC tornam-se mais comuns e graves. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a frequência de cárie dentária e de LCNC em idosos independentes, além de investigar associações entre proteínas salivares e a presença de cárie, e entre LCNC e fatores oclusais em dois artigos distintos. Neste estudo transversal, parte dos dados foi coletada usando entrevista estruturada. A experiência de cárie e de LCNC foi determinada pelos índices de Dentes Cariados, Perdidos e Obturados (CPO-D), Raízes Cariadas e Obturadas (CO- R) e Índice de Desgaste Dentário (TWI), coletados em exame clínico. Ao total, foram avaliados 127 indivíduos, com idade entre 60 e 84 anos. A média do CPO-D foi 23,86 e frequência de cárie dentária foi 65,4%. Para LCNC, a frequência de lesões com profundidade superior a 1mm foi 65,4%. Modelos 3D foram obtidos a partir de escaneamento intraoral para análise oclusal, morfologia e morfometria das LCNC, em 53 idosos, totalizando 1245 dentes com frequência absoluta de 352 (28,27%) dentes com LCNC. Lesões arredondadas possuíam maior altura, enquanto lesões anguladas apresentaram maior profundidade. Dentes com LCNC apresentaram maior proporção de facetas de desgaste, contatos oclusais intensos e contatos de interferência oclusal. Saliva em repouso foi coletada durante 5 minutos para quantificação do fluxo, pH, capacidade de tamponamento e proteínas salivares por meio de análise proteômica realizada em 80 participantes. Os indivíduos foram subdivididos em um grupo sem cárie ativa (47,5%) e outros dois grupos com lesões de cárie divididos pela mediana de dentes acometidos: £2 dentes (31,3%) e >2 dentes com cárie ativa (21,3%). Na análise proteômica, foram quantificadas 665 proteínas, envolvidas em processos de imunidade inata, modulação enzimática, atividade dos íons cálcio e adesão celular. Dessas, 68 proteínas demonstraram diferenças significativas de abundância entre os grupos. O conjunto de dados proteômicos foi correlacionado com índice de placa dentária visível, experiência de cárie radicular, fluxo salivar, capacidade tampão, pH e porcentagem de ingestão de açúcar. Com as correlações, 87 candidatos a biomarcadores foram identificados e 19 repetiram a significância da análise anterior. Dessa forma, os resultados deste estudo indicam potenciais biomarcadores e características individualizadas do paciente idoso que podem contribuir para o direcionamento do manejo clínico desse estrato populacional.

Population aging, characteristic of current demographic changes, has been accompanied by greater dental preservation. Older individuals possess particularities that make them more susceptible to the development of oral conditions such as dental caries and noncarious cervical lesions (NCCL). With advanced age, the prevalence of dental caries increases, and NCCL becomes more common and severe. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of dental caries and NCCL in independent older individuals, as well as to investigate associations between salivary proteins and the presence of caries, and between NCCL and occlusal factors in two distinct articles. In this cross-sectional study, part of the data was collected using a structured interview. Dental caries and NCCL experience were determined by the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, Decayed and Filled Roots (DFR) index, and Tooth Wear Index (TWI), collected through a clinical examination. In total, 127 individuals aged between 60 and 84 years were evaluated. The mean DMFT was 23.86, and the frequency of dental caries was 65.4%. For NCCL, the frequency of lesions with a depth greater than 1mm was 65.4%. 3D models were obtained from intraoral scanning for occlusal analysis, morphology, and morphometry of NCCL, in 53 elderly individuals, totaling 1245 teeth with a frequency of 352 (28.27%) teeth with NCCL. Saucer lesions had greater height, while wedge-shaped lesions showed greater depth. Teeth with NCCL presented a higher proportion of wear facets, intense occlusal contacts, and occlusal interference contacts. Unstimulated saliva was collected for 5 minutes to quantify flow, pH, buffering capacity, and salivary proteins through proteomic analysis performed on 80 participants. Individuals were subdivided into a group without active caries (47.5%) and two other groups with caries lesions divided by the median of affected teeth: ≤2 teeth (31.3%) and >2 teeth with active caries (21.3%). In the proteomic analysis, 665 proteins involved in innate immunity, enzymatic modulation, calcium ion activity, and cell adhesion processes were quantified. Of these, 68 proteins showed significant differences in abundance between the groups. The proteomic dataset was correlated with visible dental plaque index, radicular caries experience, salivary flow, buffering capacity, pH, and percentage of sugar intake. Through these correlations, 87 potential biomarker candidates were identified, and 19 replicated the significance of the previous analysis. Thus, the results of this study indicate potential biomarkers and individualized characteristics of elderly patients that may contribute to directing the clinical management of this population stratum.