Differences in Muscle Strength Performance According to the Genotypes of the rs4646994 Polymorphism of the ACE Gene in a Sedentary Population / Diferencias en el Rendimiento de la Fuerza Muscular Según los Genotipos del Polimorfismo rs4646994 del Gen ACE en una Población Sedentaria

SUMMARY: The angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE) has been associated with endurance and strength performance through its I/D polymorphism. Nevertheless, contradictory results exist between different populations. In this context, the purpose of this research was to determine the influence of the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene on muscle strength in a sedentary Chilean sample. In this study 102 healthy male students (21.3 ± 2.2 years) completed the assessment. I/D genotyping, cardiovascular, anthropometric, grip strength and knee extensor peak strength were evaluated. The ACE polymorphism frequency was: II, 33.3 %; ID, 46.1 %; DD, 20.6 %. The results showed significant differences and large effect size in maximum (p = 0.004; d = 0.85) and relative handgrip strength (p = 0.004; d = 0.9) between genotype II vs DD. No difference was found for maximal or relative knee extensor strength between groups (p = 0.74), showing a low effect size (d = 0.20). In conclusion, this study provides insights into the role of the ACE gene in muscle strength and highlights the importance of investigating genetic variants in sedentary populations to better understand strength performance.

El gen de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ACE) se ha asociado con el rendimiento de resistencia y fuerza a través de su polimorfismo I/D. Sin embargo, existen resultados contradictorios entre diferentes poblaciones. En este contexto, el propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la influencia del polimorfismo I/D del gen ACE sobre la fuerza muscular en una muestra chilena sedentaria. En este estudio, fueron evaluados 102 estudiantes varones sanos (21,3 ± 2,2 años). Se realizaron aplicaron las siguientes evaluaciones: genotipado del polimorfismo I/D, cardiovascular, antropométrica, fuerza de prensión y fuerza máxima de extensión de rodilla. La frecuencia del polimorfismo I/D de ACE fue: II, 33,3 %; DNI, 46,1 %; DD, 20,6 %. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas y un gran tamaño del efecto en la fuerza máxima (p = 0,004; d = 0,85) y relativa de prensión manual (p = 0,004; d = 0,9) entre el genotipo II y el DD. No se encontraron diferencias en la fuerza máxima o relativa de los extensores de rodilla entre los grupos (p = 0,74), lo que muestra un tamaño de efecto bajo (d = 0,20). En conclusión, este estudio proporciona información sobre el papel del gen ACE en la fuerza muscular y destaca la importancia de investigar variantes genéticas en poblaciones sedentarias para comprender mejor el rendimiento de la fuerza.

Incidence of Muscular Strength, Anthropometry, and Asymmetry in the General Index of Autonomy in Older Chilean Women / Incidencia de la Fuerza Muscular, Antropometría y Asimetría en el Índice General de Autonomía en Mujeres Mayores Chilenas

SUMMARY: Frailty affects the functional autonomy (FA) of older adults and could manifest itself in muscle imbalances in the limbs, resulting in a disparity in size and strength between them. In Chile, information on the relationship between muscle strength (MS) levels and FA asymmetries in older women is limited. This study related the levels of MS, anthropometric parameters, and asymmetries of the lower and upper limbs, with the FA of a group of older Chilean women. The study included 39 women who participated, and their FA was evaluated using the GDLAM index (IG). Based on the score obtained in the IG, they were classified by percentiles as Group 1 with favorable FA (P ≤ 50) and Group 2 with low FA (P > 50). Anthropometric parameters were BMI, fat percentage, bone mass, circumferences (arm, thigh, calf), diameters (humerus, femur) and upper/lower limb strength was evaluated to determine asymmetries. The differences between the covariates of both groups were evaluated using the student's t test and the Mann-Whitney test for independent samples. G1 presented less asymmetry (p > 0.05) in the lower limbs and greater calf circumference than G2 (p < 0.05). G1 presented greater bilateral strength (dominant and non-dominant limb) compared to G2 (p < 0.05). The covariates of age, anthropometry, MS, and lower/upper limb asymmetries influence FA in older women.

La fragilidad afecta la autonomía funcional (AF) de las personas mayores y podría manifestarse en desequilibrios musculares en los miembros, dando lugar a una disparidad de tamaño y fuerza entre ellos. En Chile, la información que relaciona los niveles de fuerza muscular (FM) y las asimetrías con la AF en mujeres mayores es limitada. Este estudio relacionó los niveles de FM, parámetros antropométricos y asimetrías de los miembros inferiores y superiores, con la AF de un grupo de mujeres mayores chilenas. Participaron 39 mujeres, cuya AF se evaluó mediante el índice GDLAM (IG). En función de la puntuación obtenida en el IG, se clasificaron por percentiles en Grupo 1 con AF favorable (P ≤ 50) y Grupo 2 con AF baja (P > 50). Los parámetros antropométricos fueron IMC, porcentaje de grasa, masa ósea, circunferencias (brazo, muslo, pantorrilla), diámetros (húmero, fémur) y se evaluó la fuerza de los miembros superiores/ inferiores para determinar asimetrías. Las diferencias entre las covariables de ambos grupos se evaluaron mediante la prueba t de student y la prueba de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes. G1 presentó menor asimetría (p > 0,05) en los miembros inferiores y mayor perímetro de pantorrilla que G2 (p < 0,05). G1 presentó mayor fuerza bilateral (miembro dominante y no dominante) en comparación con G2 (p < 0,05). Las covariables de antropometría, FM y asimetrías de extremidades inferiores/superiores influyen en la AF en mujeres mayores.

Quality of life and strength, but not cytokines, are associated with DAS-28 in active and inactive rheumatoid arthritis / Qualidade de vida e força, porém não as citocinas, estão associadas ao DAS-28 em pacientes com artrite reumatoide na fase ativa e inativa

Objective: Evaluate and correlate data between relevant cytokines, disease progression, and handgrip and quality of life among RA patients at different stages of disease progression. Method: Thirty-three RA patients were recruited for analysis, using comparisons and correlations, between levels of circulating cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1ß, and TNF receptors I and II), activity of the disease (evaluated using the DAS-28), handgrip (Hydraulic dynamometer), and quality of life (SF-36). Result: RA patients in different disease stages showed increases of IL-6 and IL-10 compared control group. Positive correlation between IL-6 with TNF-α, and IL-4 with IL-10 was found. Handgrip strength and quality of life were not related to cytokine levels. However, remission patients had better strength and quality of life indices compared to the active patients. In addition, handgrip of the non-dominant side, physical functions, role limitations physical health, pain, energy/fatigue and social functions have a negative correlation with the DAS28-PCR. Conclusion: High levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were observed in the chronic RA patients, but the values did not show correlation with disease activity, handgrip strength and quality of life. Disease activity show correlation with handgrip strength and quality of life. Furthermore, remission patients had better strength and quality of life indices compared to the active patients.

Objetivo: Avaliar e correlacionar dados entre citocinas relevantes, progressão da doença, preensão manual e qualidade de vida entre pacientes com AR em diferentes estágios de progressão da doença. Método: Trinta e três pacientes com AR foram recrutados para análise, por meio de comparações e correlações, entre níveis de citocinas circulantes (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1ß e receptores de TNF-I e -II), atividade da doença (avaliada pelo DAS-28), preensão manual (dinamômetro hidráulico) e qualidade de vida (SF-36). Resultado: Pacientes com doença ativa e inativa apresentaram aumento de IL-6 e IL-10 comparados ao grupo controle. Foi encontrada correlação positiva entre IL-6 com TNF-α e IL-4 com IL-10. A força de preensão e a qualidade de vida não relacionaram aos níveis de citocinas. Entretanto, pacientes em remissão apresentaram melhores índices de força e qualidade de vida comparados aos pacientes com doença ativa. Além disso, preensão manual do lado não dominante, e quesitos dos SF-36, apresentam correlação negativa com o DAS28-PCR. Conclusão: Foram observados níveis elevados de IL-6 e IL-10 nos pacientes com AR crônica, mas os valores não mostraram correlação com DAS-28, força de preensão manual e SF-36. A atividade da doença apresenta correlação com força de preensão manual e qualidade de vida. Além disso, os pacientes em remissão apresentaram melhores índices de força e qualidade de vida em comparação aos pacientes ativos.

Normative Data of Handgrip Strength in Macedonian Children and Adolescents According to Chronological and Biological Age / Datos Normativos de la Fuerza de Prensión Manual en Niños y Adolescentes Macedonios Según la Edad Cronológica y Biológica

SUMMARY: The handgrip strength is used as a means of individual's health prediction during life. It is used as an indicator of the nutrition status, bone fragility, presence of sarcopenia and it correlates with certain diseases and clinical complications. The research goal was to analyze the results of the hand dynamometry test, based on the chronological and biological age, and to offer normative and referent standards about children and adolescents from the Republic of North Macedonia. The study was conducted on a sample of 4031 respondents of both sexes at the age 6-14 years. In order to achieve the research goals, the measured characteristics were of the weight, height, sitting height and handgrip strength. The body mass index and biological maturity values (APHV) were obtained by using formulas. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that statistically significant differences in handgrip strength are established between the boys and girls of all age categories. Also, statistically significant differences between boys and girls are established in the hand dynamometry test of all APHV levels. In general, the use of the APHV allows a better categorization of the performance of the studied children and adolescents. With boys, the correlation between the chronological age and test was 68 %, and with girls - 77 %. The normative referent standards of the hand dynamometry test are presented in percentiles for both sexes. Thye hand dynamometry test's results during childhood and adolescence should be analyzed and interpret on the basis of biological age, and not on the chronological age. These tools can help specialists who work with children and adolescents in ethnic and epidemiological context.

La fuerza de prensión se utiliza como medio para predecir la salud del individuo durante la vida. Se utiliza como indicador del estado nutricional, fragilidad ósea, presencia de sarcopenia y se correlaciona con determinadas enfermedades y complicaciones clínicas. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los resultados de la prueba de dinamometría manual, con base en la edad cronológica y biológica, y ofrecer estándares normativos y referentes sobre niños y adolescentes de la República de Macedonia del Norte. El estudio se realizó en una muestra de 4031 encuestados de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 14 años. Para lograr los objetivos de la investigación, las características medidas fueron el peso, la altura, la altura al sentarse y la fuerza de prensión. El índice de masa corporal y los valores de madurez biológica (APHV) se obtuvieron mediante fórmulas. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que se establecen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la fuerza de prensión manual entre niños y niñas de todas las categorías de edad. Asimismo, se establecen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre niños y niñas en la prueba de dinamometría manual de todos los niveles APHV. En general, el uso del APHV permite una mejor categorización del desempeño de los niños y adolescentes estudiados. En los niños, la correlación entre la edad cronológica y la prueba fue del 68 %, y en las niñas, del 77 %. Los estándares normativos referentes de la prueba de dinamometría manual se presentan en percentiles para ambos sexos. Los resultados de la prueba de dinamometría manual durante la infancia y la adolescencia deben analizarse e interpretarse en función de la edad biológica y no de la edad cronológica. Estas herramientas pueden ayudar a los especialistas que trabajan con niños y adolescentes en un contexto étnico y epidemiológico.

Percentile determination of hand grip strength measured using Jamar Dynamometer and modified Sphygmomanometer among healthy adults

Background@#An accurate, quantifiable assessment of hand grip strength (HGS) can predict overall strength and health with a good predictor for identifying populations at higher risk for any medical conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, neuromuscular diseases and stroke that helps clinicians establish realistic treatment goals and provides treatment outcome data. The purpose of the study is to determine the percentile scores of HGS of healthy adult individuals of various age groups using Jamar dynamometer and modified sphygmomanometer.@*Methods@#This descriptive study measures HGS using Jamar dynamometer and modified sphygmomanometer obtained from one hundred twenty healthy participants 20 years old and above. Comparative analyses of the 2 apparatuses were conducted using One-Way ANOVA. The reference intervals at different percentiles were calculated using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines.@*Results@#Grip strength (GS) using Jamar dynamometer (JD) and modified sphygmomanometer (MS) among younger (20- 29 years old) participants, the 50th percentile (Q2) JD score was 28.29 kg with an equivalent MS score of 161.38 mmHg, were significantly higher compared to those across older age groups especially among the ≥70 years old with a JD Q2 score of 16.74 kg and MS Q2 score of 101.33 mmHg. These findings suggest that HGS decreases with increasing age.@*Conclusion@#Scores obtained from this study can serve as preliminary baseline values or guide for interpreting GS measurements.

Asociación entre condición física y fase angular en el adulto mayor: un estudio piloto / Association between physical fitness and angular phase in older adults: a pilot study / Associação entre condição física e fase angular em idosos: um estudo piloto

El diagnóstico por bioimpedancia (BIA) y el ángulo de fase (AnF), como indicador, permiten monitorear el estado físico, de salud y nutricional en adultos mayores. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la relación entre la condición física y valores de fase angular por bioimpedancia en un grupo de adultos mayores sedentarios. Participaron voluntariamente 24 adultos mayores sedentarios (21 mujeres y 3 hombres). A cada participante se les midió bioimpedancia, fuerza de presión manual y test de 6 minutos del Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Posteriormente se analizaron los resultados, correlacionando el ángulo de fase (AnF) y condición física cardiorrespiratoria según sexo y el AnF con la fuerza de presión manual. El 71% presentó una media de AnF por debajo de la referencia (4,5º ± 0,4), específicamente, el 67% de los hombres y el 62% de las mujeres. La correlación entre AnF y capacidad física cardiorrespiratoria arrojó un valor de R2= 0,50; p<0,0001. La asociación entre AnF y fuerza de presión manual fue de R2=0,35; p=0,0023. Se encontró una relación significativa entre una prueba de condición física cardiorrespiratoria y AnF y entre la fuerza de presión manual y AnF. Es de importancia clínica incluir parámetros objetivos de valoración celular en adultos mayores como el AnF.

The diagnosis by bioimpedance (BIA) and the phase angle (PhA) are indicators, that allow monitoring of the physical health and nutritional status of older adults. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between physical fitness and phase angle values by bioimpedance in a group of sedentary older adults. 24 elderly sedentary volunteers participated (21 women and 3 men). Each participant underwent bioimpedance, manual dynamometry, and the 6-minute Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Subsequently, the results were analyzed, making a correlation between PhA and cardiorespiratory physical condition, another between PhA and cardiorespiratory physical condition according to sex and finally an association between PhA and handgrip strength. R71% presented a PhA mean below the reference (4.5º ± 0.4), specifically 67% of men and 62% of women. The correlation between PhA and cardiorespiratory fitness showed a value of R2= 0.50; p<0.0001. The association between PhA and handgrip strength was R2=0.35; p=0.0023. A significant relationship was found between a cardiorespiratory fitness test and PhA and between handgrip strength and PhA. It is of clinical importance to include objective cellular assessment parameters in older adults such as PhA.

O diagnóstico por bioimpedância (BIA) e ângulo de fase (AnF), como indicador, permitem monitorar o estado físico, de saúde e nutricional de idosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre a condição física e os valores da fase angular por bioimpedância em um grupo de idosos sedentários. Participaram voluntariamente 24 idosos sedentários (21 mulheres e 3 homens). Cada participante foi medido bioimpedância, força de pressão manual e teste de 6 minutos do Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Posteriormente, os resultados foram analisados, correlacionando o ângulo de fase (AnF) e a condição física cardiorrespiratória de acordo com o sexo e o AnF com a força de pressão manual. 71% apresentaram média do LAn abaixo da referência (4,5º ± 0,4), sendo 67% dos homens e 62% das mulheres. A correlação entre o LAn e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória deu um valor de R2= 0,50; p<0,0001. A associação entre LAn e força de pressão manual foi R2=0,35; p=0,0023. Encontrou-se relação significativa entre teste de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e NF e entre força de pressão manual e NF. É de importância clínica incluir parâmetros objetivos de avaliação celular em adultos mais velhos, como AnF.

Relationship between handgrip strength and body composition and laboratory indicators in diabetic and hypertensive patients / Relação da força de preensão com a composição corporal e indicadores laboratoriais de diabéticos e hipertensos

Introduction: The change in handgrip strength (HGS) is an indicator of the emergence of some chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). Objective: Analyze the relationship between HGS and body composition and laboratory indicators of diabetic and hypertensive patients assisted in Primary Health Care. Methods: The sample consisted of 185 users of a Basic Health Unit in the city of Santarém, Pará, distributed into two groups: control (CTL) ­ users without a diagnosis of DM and/or SAH (n=66); and DM/SAH (n=119) ­ users with DM or SAH or both diseases. Data collection involved sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, and HGS information. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, adopting p<0.05. Results: It was noted that low HGS in the DM/SAH group was associated with high values of body mass index, abdominal circumference, fat percentage, fat mass, total cholesterol, and triglycerides and with more factors for metabolic syndrome (p<0.05). The CTL group, in relation to DM/SAH for the same HGS classification, demonstrated significance for lower blood pressure values, body mass index, abdominal circumference, fat percentage, and fat mass, as well as a lower chance of developing metabolic syndrome (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the study proposal, it is concluded that the evaluation and follow-up of HGS in individuals with chronic diseases, especially DM and SAH, is relevant to monitor body adiposity and dyslipidemia and avoid the aggravation of existing diseases or the emergence of new ones (AU).

Introdução: A alteração na força de preensão (FP) manual é indicador para surgimento de algumas doenças crônicas, como a diabetes mellitus (DM) e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Objetivo: Analisar a relação da FP com a composição corporal e indicadores laboratoriais de diabéticos e hipertensos assistidos na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 185 usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde na cidade de Santarém, Pará, sendo distribuídos em dois grupos: controle (CTL) ­ usuários sem o diagnóstico para DM e/ou HAS (n=66); e DM/HAS (n=119) ­ usuários com DM ou HAS ou as duas doenças. A coleta de dados envolveu informações sócio-demográficas, clínicas, antropométricas, bioquímicas e FP. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial, adotando-se p<0,05. Resultados: Notou-se que a FP baixa no grupo DM/HAS apresentou associação com valores elevados do índice de massa corporal, circunferência abdominal, percentual de gordura, massa gorda, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e com mais fatores para a síndrome metabólica (p<0,05). Já o grupo CTL, em rela-ção do DM/HAS para uma mesma classificação de FP, demonstrou significância para menores valores pressóricos, do índice de massa corporal, da circunferência abdominal, percentual de gordura, massa gorda, bem como menor chance para o desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica (p<0,05). Conclusão: Conclui-se, conforme a proposta do estudo, que é relevante a avaliação e acompanhamento da FP em indivíduos com doenças crônicas, em especial a DM e a HAS, a fim de monitorar a adiposidade corporal e a dislipidemia, evitando o agravo das doenças instaladas ou o surgimento de novas (AU).

Evaluation of the Association Between Carrying Angle, Hand Grip Strength, Lateral Pinch Strength, and Hand Functional Index in Nursing Students / Evaluación de la Asociación entre el Ángulo de Carga, la Fuerza de Agarre de la Mano, la Fuerza de Pellizco Lateral y el Índice Funcional de la Mano en Estudiantes de Enfermería

SUMMARY: Health professionals especially nurses have ongoing contact with patients and they may have a high incidence of musculoskeletal problems. For this reason, grip strength and carrying angle are important parameters for all health professionals to succeed in their job and avoid injuries. It was aimed to determine the effects of the hand grip, and pinch strength, carrying angle of dominant, and non-dominant hands as well as the association of the hand functional index with morphometric measurements in 193 nursing students. The means of the carrying angle of dominant and non-dominant sides were 169.11±4.21° and 168.16±4.30°, respectively. The means of the dominant and, non-dominant sides of hand grip strength were 45.99±11.24 kg and 45.89±11.34 kg, respectively. The lateral pinch strength means were measured as 19.55±3.75 kg and 19.31±3.45 kg, respectively. This paper's findings may be important for some experts such as anatomists, clinicians, surgeons, forensic scientists, anthropologists, and nurses- healthcare professionals keep in touch with patients. Also, we believe that appropriate and effective knowledge of carrying angle, hand grip and lateral pinch strength has created an opportunity to research in terms of reducing work-related risk factors.

Los profesionales de la salud, especialmente las enfermeras, se mantienen en contacto con los pacientes y pueden tener una alta incidencia de problemas musculo-esqueléticos. En consecuencia, la fuerza de agarre y el ángulo de carga son parámetros importantes para que todos los profesionales de la salud tengan éxito en su trabajo y eviten las lesiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de la fuerza de prensión y pinzamiento de la mano, el ángulo de carga de las manos dominantes y no dominantes, así como la asociación del índice funcional de la mano con medidas morfométricas en 193 estudiantes de enfermería. Las medias del ángulo de carga de los lados dominante y no dominante fueron 169,11±4,21° y 168,16±4,30°, respectivamente. Las medias de los lados dominante y no dominante de la fuerza de prensión manual fueron 45,99 ± 11,24 kg y 45,89 ± 11,34 kg, respectivamente. La media de la fuerza de pellizco lateral se midió como 19,55 ± 3,75 kg y 19,31 ± 3,45 kg, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de este artículo pueden ser importantes para algunos expertos, como anatomistas, médicos clínicos, cirujanos, científicos forenses, antropólogos y enfermeras y profesionales de la salud que se mantienen en contacto con los pacientes. Además, creemos que el conocimiento apropiado y efectivo del ángulo de carga, el agarre de la mano y la fuerza de pellizco lateral ha creado una oportunidad para investigar en términos de reducción de los factores de riesgo relacionados con el trabajo.

Impacto de un Programa de Recuperación Funcional en Músculos Ventilatorios y Apendiculares en Pacientes Post-ventilación Mecánica por COVID-19 / Impact of a Functional Recovery Program on Ventilatory and Appendicular Muscles in Patients Post-mechanical Ventilation for COVID-19

Los pacientes con COVID-19 subsidiarios de ventilación mecánica (VM), evolucionan con consecuencias funcionales en la musculatura ventilatoria y apendicular que no necesariamente se abordan de manera diferenciada. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el impacto de un programa de recuperación funcional en estos pacientes y determinar si las intervenciones afectan de manera diferenciada a las funciones ventilatorias y musculatura apendicular, utilizando pruebas de bajo costo. Se evaluaron 47 pacientes con COVID-19 que estuvieron en VM. Posterior a una espirometría basal se les realizó; presión inspiratoria máxima (PIMáx), fuerza de prensión palmar (FPP), prueba de pararse y sentarse (PPS) y Prueba de caminata en 6 minutos (PC6m), antes y después del plan de intervención. Este programa incluyó ejercicios aeróbicos y de fuerza supervisados por dos sesiones semanales de 60 minutos durante 3 meses. Después del programa, se observaron mejoras significativas en la capacidad vital forzada (CVF), el volumen espiratorio en el primer segundo (VEF1) y la PIMáx. Se encontraron relaciones significativas entre estas mediciones y la distancia recorrida de la PC6m, la FPP y la PPS. En conclusión, el programa de recuperación funcional en pacientes con COVID-19 que requirieron VM, beneficia tanto la función ventilatoria como la fuerza muscular apendicular. Las pruebas de fuerza muscular apendicular pueden ser útiles para evaluar la recuperación ya que pueden entregar información diferenciada de sus rendimientos. Por último, se necesita más investigación para comprender mejor la respuesta de estos pacientes a la rehabilitación.

SUMMARY: Patients with COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) evolve with functional consequences in the ventilatory and appendicular muscles that are not necessarily addressed in a differentiated manner. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of a functional recovery program in these patients and determine if the interventions differentially affect ventilatory functions and appendicular muscles, using low- cost tests. 47 patients with COVID-19 who were on MV were evaluated. After a baseline spirometry, they were performed; maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), handgrip strength (HGS), sit to stand test (STST) and 6-minute walk test (6MWT), before and after the intervention plan. This program included supervised aerobic and strength exercises for two weekly 60-minute sessions for 3 months. After the program, significant improvements were observed in forced vital capacity (FVC), expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and MIP. Significant relationships were found between these measurements and the distance traveled of the 6MWT, the HGS and the STST. In conclusion, the functional recovery program in patients with COVID-19 who required MV benefits both ventilatory function and appendicular muscle strength. Appendicular muscle strength tests can be useful to evaluate recovery since they can provide differentiated information about your performances. Finally, more research is needed to better understand the response of these patients to rehabilitation.

Anthropometric Characteristics, Handgrip Strength, and Upper Limb Asymmetries in Highly Trained Chilean Shot Put Para-Athletes / Características Antropométricas, Fuerza de Prensión Manual y Asimetrías de Miembros Superiores en Para-Atletas Chilenos de Lanzamiento de Bala Altamente Entrenados

SUMMARY: Anthropometric characteristics, including body size, shape, and composition, can have a significant impact on sports performance due to their influence on various physiological and biomechanical factors. However, limited research has been conducted on the anthropometric characteristics of highly trained throwing para-athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe the anthropometric characteristics, handgrip strength, and upper limb bilateral asymmetries of highly trained Chilean shot put para-throwers. Five male Chilean shot put para-athletes (average age of 38.8 ± 7.7 years) were assessed for their anthropometric characteristics, including skinfold thickness at six anatomical sites, girth at five sites, and bone breadth at two sites. Handgrip strength and bilateral asymmetries were also measured. The body mass and height of the athletes were found to be 90.5 ± 5.1 kg and 179.1 ± 8.9 cm, respectively. The athletes were found to have an endo-mesomorph somatotype (4.4-6.9-1.0) with high levels of fat mass (25.7 ± 2.8 %) and skeletal muscle mass (39.1 ± 3.7 %). The handgrip strength of the athletes was found to be 66.4 ± 6.7 kg with a bilateral asymmetry of 6.5 ± 6.2 %, with the dominant hand showing greater strength. The results indicate that the shot put para-athletes have a somatotype characterized by increased muscularity and body fat, along with a considerable stature. Although handgrip strength was found to be high, the athletes showed bilateral asymmetry, which requires further investigation to determine the cause and implications.

Las características antropométricas, incluido el tamaño, forma y composición del cuerpo, pueden tener un impacto significativo en el rendimiento deportivo debido a su influencia en diversos factores fisiológicos y biomecánicos. Sin embargo, las investigaciones sobre las características antropométricas para-atletas de lanzamiento altamente entrenados son limitadas. El propósito de este estudio fue describir las características antropométricas, la fuerza de prensión manual y las asimetrías bilaterales de miembros superiores de paralanzadores chilenos altamente entrenados en lanzamiento de la bala. Se evaluaron las características antropométricas de cinco atletas masculinos chilenos de lanzamiento de bala (edad promedio de 38,8 ± 7,7 años), incluido el grosor de los pliegues cutáneos en seis sitios anatómicos, la circunferencia en cinco sitios y la anchura de los huesos en dos sitios. También se midieron la fuerza de prensión manual y las asimetrías bilaterales. Se encontró que la masa corporal y la altura de los atletas eran 90,5 ± 5,1 kg y 179,1 ± 8,9 cm, respectivamente. Los atletas tenían un somatotipo endo-mesomorfo (4.4-6.9-1.0) con altos niveles de masa grasa (25.7 ± 2.8 %) y masa muscular esquelética (39.1 ± 3.7 %). Se encontró además que la fuerza de prensión manual de los atletas era de 66,4 ± 6,7 kg con una asimetría bilateral de 6,5 ± 6,2 %, mostrando mayor fuerza la mano dominante. Los resultados indican que los atletas de lanzamiento de bala tienen un somatotipo caracterizado por una mayor musculatura y grasa corporal, junto con una estatura considerable. Aunque se encontró que la fuerza de agarre era alta, los atletas mostraron asimetría bilateral, lo que requiere de más investigaciones para determinar las causa e implicaciones.

Comparación en pruebas funcionales entre adultos mayores con y sin antecedentes de caídas: estudio transversal / Functional tests in older adults: a cross-sectional study comparing subjects with and without history of falls

ANTECENDENTES Y OBJETIVO: Las pruebas funcionales son un eje fundamental en la evaluación del riesgo de caídas de los adultos mayores (AM), no obstante, muchas de ellas carecen de valor asociativo con el real estado funcional del AM, historia clínica y co-morbilidades. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar pruebas funcionales y fuerza de prensión entre AM caedores y no caedores. MÉTODOS: Estudio analítico con diseño transversal. Se realizaron tres pruebas funcionales (Timed Up & Go, Five Times Sit to Stand Test y Prueba de Estación Unipodal) en 148 AM independientes (Media = 74,8 SD = 7,2), 83 no caedores y 58 con antecedentes de caídas accidentales en el último año. Se consideró además la fuerza de prensión y perímetro abdominal. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Las pruebas funcionales presentaron valor asociativo en AM con antecedentes de caídas (p < 0,05). La fuerza de prensión tuvo correlación estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos. Las pruebas funcionales entonces, pueden discriminar el riesgo de caída en AM independientes y con co-morbilidades similares. CONCLUSIÓN: Las tres pruebas funcionales aplicadas muestran valores asociativos en AM caedores. La fuerza de prensión presentó valor asociativo con las pruebas analizadas.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Functional tests are a fundamental axis in assessing the risk of falls in older adults. However, many of them lack associative value with the actual functional status of the older adults, medical history, and comorbidities. METHODS: Analytical study with cross-sectional design. Three functional tests were performed (Timed Up & Go, Five Times Sit to Stand Test, and Unipodal Station Test) in 148 independent older adults (mean = 74.8 SD = 7.2), 83 non-fallers, and 58 with self-reported accidental falls in the last year. Other factors, such as grip strength and abdominal circumference, were considered. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The functional tests presented associative value in older adults with a history of falls (p < 0.05). The grip strength has a statistically significant correlation between both groups. Functional tests can discriminate the risk of falls in independent older adults and those with similar comorbidities. CONCLUSION: The three functional tests applied show associative values in falling older adults. The grip strength presented associative value with the functional tests.

Correlação entre resistência de preensão manual e resistência muscular escapular em indivíduos assintomáticos / Correlation between hand grip endurance and scapular muscle endurance in asymptomatic individuals

INTRODUÇÃO: A atividade de preensão é uma ação diária essencial em casa e no local de trabalho, onde muitas vezes é necessário levantar e segurar cargas com uma preensão relativamente estática usando contração isométrica. A força e resistência muscular no aspecto proximal das extremidades superiores influenciam na função da mão, e indivíduos com força e resistência reduzidas são mais propensos a desenvolver distúrbios musculoesqueléticos relacionados ao trabalho. Uma boa resistência de preensão pode ser influenciada pela estabilização fornecida pelos músculos do ombro. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a extensão da correlação entre resistência de preensão manual e resistência muscular da escápula em jovens assintomáticos. MÉTODO: O tamanho da amostra para este estudo foi n = 62, com base em estudos anteriores. Indivíduos saudáveis, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos, de ambos os sexos, foram incluídos. Uma avaliação objetiva da resistência da preensão foi realizada usando um dinamômetro manual hidráulico, e a resistência escapular foi avaliada usando o teste muscular escapular. RESULTADOS: A análise de dados foi realizada usando o SPSS versão 20. Houve correlações positivas significativas entre as medidas de resistência escapular e a resistência de preensão palmar para ambos os lados (teste de correlação de Pearson, r = 0,612 (p < 0,001) e r = 0,524 (p < 0,001), respectivamente, para resistência de preensão da mão não dominante e dominante). CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Os achados preliminares deste estudo sustentam que a resistência do músculo escapular exibe uma relação com a resistência da preensão palmar, sugerindo que o treinamento de resistência escapular pode ser um complemento eficaz no processo de reabilitação das funções da extremidade superior.

INTRODUCTION: Gripping activity is an essential daily activity at home and at the workplace, where lifting and holding loads with a relatively static grip using isometric contraction is often required. Muscle strength and endurance in the proximal aspect of the upper extremities influence hand function, and individuals with reduced strength and endurance are more prone to developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Good grip endurance might be influenced by the stabilization provided by shoulder muscles. This study aims to determine the correlation between hand grip endurance and scapula muscle endurance among young asymptomatic individuals. METHOD: The sample size for this study is n = 62, based on previous studies. Healthy individuals of both genders, aged between 18 and 25 years, were included. An objective assessment of grip endurance was performed using a hydraulic hand dynamometer, while scapular endurance was evaluated using the scapular muscle test. RESULTS: Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. There were significant positive correlations between scapular endurance measures and the hand grip endurance on both sides (Pearson correlation test, r = 0.612 (p < 0.001) and r = 0.524 (p < 0.001), respectively, for non-dominant and dominant hand grip endurance). FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The preliminary findings of this study support the notion that scapular muscle endurance is related to hand grip endurance, suggesting that scapular endurance training may be an effective adjunct in the rehabilitation process for upper extremity functions.

Fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos associados à força de preensão manual de idosos condutores de veículos / Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with handgrip strength in elderly automobile drivers / Factores sociodemográficos y clínicos asociados a la fuerza de prensión de la mano en conductores de vehículos de ancianos

Objetivo: investigar a associação entre força de preensão manual e características sociodemográficas e clínicas de idosos condutores de veículos automotores. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em clínicas de medicina de tráfego na cidade de Curitiba/Paraná, com 421 idosos (≥ 60 anos). Realizou-se análise estatística pelo modelo de Regressão Logística e Teste de Wald, considerando intervalo de confiança de 95% e valores de p <0,05 como significativos. Resultados: oitenta e quatro (20%) idosos apresentaram força de preensão manual reduzida. A força de preensão manual reduzida foi associada à faixa etária (p=0,001) e à hospitalização no último ano (p=0,002). Conclusão: houve associação significativa entre a força de preensão manual de idosos motoristas e as variáveis idade e hospitalização no último ano. Dessa forma, torna-se essencial a inclusão de avaliações específicas, centradas nas variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas próprias da pessoa idosa, durante o exame de aptidão para dirigir veículos automotores.(AU)

Objective: to investigate the association between handgrip strength and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of elderly automobile drivers. Method: cross-sectional study, carried out in traffic medicine clinics in the city of Curitiba/Paraná, with 421 elderly people (≥ 60 years old). Statistical analysis was performed using the Logistic Regression model and the Wald Test, considering a 95% confidence interval and p values <0.05 as significant. Results: eighty-four (20%) seniors had reduced handgrip strength. Reduced handgrip strength was associated with age group (p=0.001) and hospitalization in the last year (p=0.002). Conclusion: there was a significant association between the handgrip strength of elderly drivers and the variables age and hospitalization in the last year. Thus, it is essential to include specific assessments, centered on sociodemographic and clinical variables specific to the elderly person, during the aptitude test to drive automobiles.(AU)

Objetivo: investigar la asociación entre la fuerza de prensión de la mano y las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los ancianos conductores de vehículos automotores. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en clínicas de medicina de tránsito de la ciudad de Curitiba/Paraná, con 421 ancianos (≥ 60 años). El análisis estadístico fue realizado por el modelo de Regresión Logística y Test de Wald, considerando intervalo de confianza de 95% y valores de p <0,05 como significativos. Resultados: 84 (20%) sujetos ancianos presentaron reducción de la fuerza de prensión de la mano. La reducción de la fuerza de prensión de la mano se asoció al grupo de edad (p=0,001) y a la hospitalización en el último año (p=0,002). Conclusión: hubo una asociación significativa entre la fuerza de prensión de la mano de los conductores ancianos y las variables edad y hospitalización en el último año. Así pues, es esencial incluir evaluaciones específicas, centradas en las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas de los ancianos, durante el examen de aptitud para conducir vehículos automotores.(AU)

Frailty prevalence and its associations in a subacute geriatric ward in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#Our aim was to study the prevalence of frailty and its associated factors in a subacute geriatric ward.@*METHODS@#This was a cross-sectional study of 167 participants between June 2018 and June 2019. Baseline demographics and participants' Mini Nutritional Assessment, Geriatric Depression Scale, Mini Mental State Examination, Charlson's Comorbidity Index and LACE index scores were obtained. Functional measurements such as modified Barthel's Index scores and hand grip strength (HGS) were taken. Frailty was assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and the FRAIL scale. Data on history of healthcare utilisation, medications, length of stay, selected blood investigations and presence of geriatric syndromes were also collected.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of pre-frailty (CFS 4) and frailty (CFS ≥ 5) was 16.2% and 63.4%, respectively. There were significant associations between CFS and age (pre-frail vs. non-frail: odds ratio [OR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.25, P = 0.006; frail vs. non-frail: OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.15, P = 0.021), HGS at discharge (frail vs. non-frail: OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.99, P = 0.025), serum albumin (frail vs. non-frail: OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.99, P = 0.035) and the presence of urinary incontinence (frail vs. non-frail: OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.19-7.77, P = 0.021).@*CONCLUSION@#Frailty is highly prevalent in the subacute geriatric setting and has many associated factors. In this study, independent factors associated with frailty were age, HGS at discharge, serum albumin and urinary incontinence. This has implications for future resource allocation for frail older inpatients and may help direct further research to study the effectiveness of frailty-targeted interventions.

Low Grip Strength and Increased Mortality Hazard among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults with Chronic Diseases / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#This study aims to evaluate the association between lower grip strength and mortality hazard.@*METHODS@#We selected 10,280 adults aged 45 to 96 years old from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and used multivariate Cox proportional hazard models to assess the association of grip strength with mortality hazard. In addition, we explored the possibility of a nonlinear relationship using a 4-knot restricted spline regression.@*RESULTS@#We found that elevated grip strength was associated with lower mortality up to a certain threshold. The baseline quartile values of grip strength were 30, 37, and 44 kg for males and 25, 30, and 35 kg for females. After adjusting for confounders, with category 1 as the reference group, the adjusted HRs were 0.58 (0.42-0.79) in males and 0.70 (0.48-0.99) in females (category 4). We also found a linear association between grip strength values and all-cause death risk (males, P = 0.274; females, P = 0.883) using restricted spline regression. For males with a grip strength < 37 kg and females with a grip strength < 30 kg, grip strength and death were negatively associated.@*CONCLUSION@#Grip strength below a sex-specific threshold is inversely associated with mortality hazard among middle-aged and older Chinese adults with chronic diseases.

Investigation and influencing factors on pelvic floor muscle strength of 929 adult females in gynecological outpatient department / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To investigate the present situation of pelvic floor muscle strength, and to analyze the factors affecting pelvic floor muscle strength. Methods: The data of patients who were admitted into the general outpatient department of gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital from October 2021 to April 2022 were collected, and the patients who met the exclusion criteria were included in this cross sectional study. The patient's age, height, weight, education level, defecation way and defecation time, birth history, maximum newborn birth weight, occupational physical activity, sedentary time, menopause, family history and disease history were recorded by questionnaire. Morphological indexes such as waist circumference, abdomen circumference and hip circumference were measured with tape measure. Handgrip strength level was measured with grip strength instrument. After performing routine gynecological examinations, the pelvic floor muscle strength was evaluated by palpation with modified Oxford grading scale (MOS). MOS grade>3 was taken as normal group and ≤3 as decreased group. Binary logistic regression was used to investigate the related factors of deceased pelvic floor muscle strength. Results: A total of 929 patients were included in the study, and the average MOS grade was 2.8±1.2. By univariate analysis, birth history, menopausal time, defecation time, handgrip strength level, waist circumference and abdominal circumference were related to the decrease of pelvic floor muscle strength (all P<0.05). By binary logistic regression analysis, the level of handgrip strength (OR=0.913, 95%CI: 0.883-0.945; P<0.001) was correlated with normal pelvic floor muscle strength; waist circumference (OR=1.025, 95%CI: 1.005-1.046; P=0.016), birth history (OR=2.224, 95%CI: 1.570-3.149; P<0.001), sedentary time> 8 hours (OR=2.073, 95%CI: 1.198-3.587; P=0.009) were associated with the decrease of pelvic floor muscle strength. Conclusions: The level of handgrip strength is related to the normal pelvic floor muscle strength of females, while the waist circumference, birth history and sedentary time>8 hours are related to the decrease of pelvic floor muscle strength of females. In order to prevent the decrease of pelvic floor muscle strength, it is necessary to carry out relevant health education, enhance exercise, improve the overall strength level, reduce daily sedentary time, maintain symmetry, and carry out comprehensive overall intervention to improve pelvic floor muscle function.

Prevalence of dynapenia and overlap with disability, depression, and executive dysfunction

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate handgrip strength and dynapenia prevalence among older adults stratified by Brazilian macroregions. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the overlap between dynapenia and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability, depression, and executive dysfunction on a national basis and by each Brazilian macroregion. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). A multistage cluster sample design was used, with a representative population-based study of non-institutionalized community-dwelling Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years from 70 municipalities across all five macroregions of the country. The outcome variable was dynapenia. Covariables were IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. The Brazilian macroregions were used for stratification. In addition, the following additional variables were included: age group, gender, education level, macroregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), self-reported health, multimorbidity, and falls. RESULTS A total of 8,849 (94%) of the sample provided complete information for the handgrip strength assessment and were included in this analysis. Dynapenia prevalence was higher in North and Northeast regions (28.5% and 35.1%, respectively). We identified statistically significant differences between different macroregions for dynapenia, IADL disability, and verbal fluency, with worse values in the North and Northeast regions. In the North and Northeast macroregions, nearly half of the subjects that presented executive dysfunction and IADL disability also had dynapenia. There was a more significant overlap in the prevalence of all four conditions in the North and Northeast regions (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), whereas the overlap was smaller in the South (2.3%). There was also a smaller overlap in the prevalence of dynapenia and depression in the South (5.8%) compared with other macroregions. CONCLUSIONS Macroregions in Brazil exhibit marked differences in the prevalence of dynapenia and in its overlap with IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction.

Comparação da fadiga relacionada ao câncer de pacientes em tratamento com imunoterápicos ou quimioterápicos / Comparison of cancer-related fatigue in patients undergoing treatment with immunotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic drugs

INTRODUÇÃO: A Fadiga Relaciona ao Câncer (FRC) é uma "sensação persistente e subjetiva de cansaço e esgotamento físico, emocional, e/ou cognitivo, relacionado com o câncer ou o tratamento do mesmo, que não é proporcional à atividade recente e que interfere na capacidade funcional". A FRC, que atinge até 80% dos pacientes, é relatada principalmente por pacientes em tratamento quimioterápico. OBJETIVO: Comparar a fadiga relacionada ao câncer de pessoas com tumores sólidos em tratamento com imunoterapia ou quimioterapia. METODOLOGIA: Foi um estudo observacional transversal analítico, em pacientes adultos, de ambos os sexos, com câncer sólido, que no momento da coleta estavam exclusivamente em tratamento com quimioterápicos ou imunoterápicos. Os voluntários foram separados em dois grupos: grupo Imunoterapia e grupo Quimioterapia. Os instrumentos de avaliação foram: questionário de Avaliação Funcional da Terapia de Doenças Crônicas ­ Fadiga (FACIT-F), que avalia a percepção de fadiga da pessoa em tratamento do câncer. A dinamometria com o dinamômetro Jamar® para avaliar força de preensão manual e teste de velocidade da marcha de 4 metros (VM4M) para avaliar a velocidade da marcha. RESULTADOS: Em relação a velocidade da marcha, o grupo imuno apresentou velocidade média de 1,43 m/s e o grupo quimio apresentou velocidade média de 1,41m/s. Esses resultados apresentam que os pacientes avaliados não apresentaram lentidão de marcha e não tem diferença estatística entre os grupos (p=0.43). Em relação à força de preensão manual, observamos que não tem diferença estatística entre os grupos estudados (p=0,13 mão direita e p=0,10 mão esquerda), porém observamos que o grupo Imunoterapia contém valores maiores de média e mediana para a força de preensão palmar em ambas as mãos, permitindo afirmar que nos pacientes estudados em tratamentos com imunoterápicos apresentaram maior força de preensão manual. Em relação ao inventário de fadiga observa-se que, na amostra estudada, a média do escore final comprova que o grupo Imunoterapia tem menor ocorrência de fadiga (p=0.01). CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos na velocidade da marcha e na força de preensão manual. No inventário de fadiga o grupo imunoterapia apresentou menor ocorrência de fadiga com diferença significativa.

INTRODUTION: Cancer Relational Fatigue (CRF) is a "persistent and subjective feeling of tiredness and physical, emotional, and/or cognitive exhaustion, related to cancer or its treatment, which is not proportional to recent activity and which interferes in functional capacity". CRF that meets up to 80% of patients is mainly reported by chemotherapy treatment. Patients being treated with immunotherapics report less fatigue. OBJECTIVE: Compare cancer-related fatigue in people with solid tumors undergoing exclusive immmunotherapy or chemotherapy treatments. This was an observational, cross-sectional and analytical study conducted with adult patients of both genders. The volunteers were distributed in two groups, namely, Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy. The assessment instruments were as follows: Functional Assessment Questionnaire of Chronic Illness Therapy ­ Fatigue (FACIT-F), dynamometry with a Jamar® dynamometer to assess hand grip strength and the 4-meter gait speed (4MGS) test. RESULTS: In relation to gait speed, the Immunotherapy group presented a mean speed of 1.43 m/s while the mean speed in the Chemotherapy group was 1.41 m/s. These results indicate that the patients evaluated did not present low gait speed and do not statistically differ between the groups (p=0.43). In relation to hand grip strength, we did not observe any significant difference between the groups under study (p=0.13 right hand and p=0.10 left hand). However, we noticed that the Immunotherapy group has higher mean and median values for hand grip strength in both hands, allowing us to assert that the patients studied in immunotherapy treatments presented greater hand grip strength. In relation to the fatigue inventory, in the sample studied it is observed that the final score mean proves that the Immunotherapy group presents lower occurrence of fatigue (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: There was no statistical difference between the groups in gait speed and handgrip strength. In the fatigue inventory, the immunotherapy group had a lower occurrence of fatigue with a significant difference.

Calidad de vida, nivel de actividad física y pruebas funcionales en personas adultas y mayores laboralmente activas / Quality of life, level of physical activity and functional tests in actively working adults and older people

BACKGROUND: The population of actively working older people is growing rapidly. The relationship between quality of life, levels of physical activity and functionality in this population is not entirely clear. AIM: To determine the association between quality of life, levels of physical activity and functional tests in actively working adults and older people. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional assessment of 138 adults aged 40 to 50 years (53% women) and 119 older people aged 60 to 75 years (53% women) who were actively working in two public services. Quality of life was measured with the SF-36 questionnaire and usual physical activity was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-short). Handgrip strength, the timed up and go (TUG) and chair stand test (CST) were used as functional tests. RESULTS: Compared to older people, adults had better physical functional tests (P < 0.01). Older people had better scores in the mental health component (MHC) of quality of life (p < 0.05). In adults, the physical health component of quality of life (CSF) had a positive association with physical activity (Spearman Rho (rs)= 0.270; p = 0.01), grip strength (rs = 0.330; p < 0.01) and the TUG (rs = −0.229; p < 0.01). In older patients, CSM and CST were positively correlated (rs = 0.201; P = 0.029). In both groups, a correlation was observed between CSM, grip strength (adults rs = 0.283; p < 0.01; older people rs = 0.211; P = 0.02) and with TUG (adults rs = −0.197; P = 0.021; older people rs = - 0.212; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive correlation between quality of life and level of physical activity in working adults, which is not observed in older people. Adequate performance in physical functional tests is positively correlated with better quality of life (CSF and CSM) in adults and only with the mental health component in older people.

Fuerza de prensión manual. Un sencillo, pero fuerte predictor de salud en población adulta y personas mayores / Handgrip strength as a predictor of adverse health outcomes

Muscle strength can be measured through different methods and handgrip strength is one of the most used techniques in epidemiological studies. Given its easy application, high reliability, and low cost, it is considered an important health biomarker. Handgrip strength is associated with adverse health outcomes such as mortality and risk of developing chronic diseases, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer and dementia. There is a paucity of evidence in Chile about the association of handgrip strength with these health outcomes limiting its visibility and implementation in clinical settings. Therefore, this narrative review summarizes the scientific evidence about the association of grip strength with non-communicable chronic diseases and mortality in middle age and older adults.