Asociación entre cáncer y fitness cardiorrespiratorio en población chilena: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Introducción: La actividad física y el fitness cardiorrespiratorio (FCR) son factores protectores en el desarrollo de cáncer. Sin embargo, se desconoce el FCR en población chilena diagnosticada con cáncer. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación que tuvo el FCR entre las personas con y sin diagnóstico de cáncer, y secundariamente comparar la tendencia del FCR según años de diagnóstico de cáncer en población chilena. Método: Se analizaron datos de 5.483 personas de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 entre 15 y 98 años. El diagnóstico de cáncer (todos los disponibles) se determinó con preguntas estandarizadas, y el FCR se calculó con método abreviado (demografía, antropometría, estilos de vida). Se realizó análisis de regresión lineal ajustado por variables de confusión con el módulo de análisis de muestras complejas del programa STATA v.16 (95% IC, p < 0,05). Resultados: Las personas con algún tipo de diagnóstico de cáncer, versus aquellas sin cáncer, presentaron un menor nivel de FCR (fi: -1,23 [95% IC: -1,52; -0,94]). Al comparar los niveles de FCR según tipo de cáncer, se observaron resultados similares para cáncer colorrectal, de mama y útero (p < 0,001), pero no para cáncer de tiroides (p = 0,253). Hubo menor FCR desde el primer año de diagnóstico de todo tipo de cáncer hasta sobre diez años, aunque no significativo (p = 0,109). Conclusión: Los diagnosticados con cáncer presentaron menor FCR comparado a los no diagnosticados. Además, en las personas con cáncer el FCR disminuye al incrementar los años desde el primer diagnóstico. Sería importante evaluar e incrementar el FCR en pacientes oncológicos.

Introduction: Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are protective factors in cancer development. However, the CRF in the Chilean population diagnosed with cancer is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the association that the CRF had between people with and without a cancer diagnosis and, secondarily, to compare the trend of the CRF according to years of cancer diagnosis in the Chilean population. Methods: Data from 5,483 people from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey between 15 and 98 years old were analyzed. Cancer diagnosis (all available) was determined with standardized questions, and CRF was calculated with an abbreviated method (demographics, anthropometry, lifestyles). Linear regression analysis adjusted for confounding variables was performed with the complex sample analysis module of the STATA v.16 program (95% CI, p < 0.05). Results: People with some cancer diagnosis versus those without cancer had a lower FCR level (ft: -1.23 [95% CI: -1.52; -0.94]). When comparing CRF levels according to cancer type, similar results were observed for colorectal, breast, and uterine cancer (p < 0.001) but not for thyroid cancer (p = 0.253). There was lower CRF from the first year of diagnosis of all types of cancer to over ten years, although not significant (p = 0.109). Conclusions: Those diagnosed with cancer presented lower CRF compared to those not diagnosed. In addition, in people with cancer, the CRF decreased with increasing years since the first diagnosis. It would be essential to evaluate and increase CRF in cancer patients.

Efecto del sedentarismo sobre la interacción entre el gen FTO y niveles de adiposidad en adultos chilenos - Resultados del Estudio GENADIO / Effect of Sedentary behaviors on the Interaction Between the FTO Gene and Adiposity Levels in Chilean Adults - Results from the GENADIO Study

ANTECEDENTES: Tanto el gen FTO (Fat-mass and obesity-associated-gene) y el tiempo sedente se asocian a obesidad, sin embargo, se desconoce si el tiempo sedente puede modificar la predisposición genética a la obesidad. Por ende, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la asociación entre el polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO y marcadores de adiposidad podrían ser modificados por el tiempo sedente. MÉTODOS: Este estudio de corte transversal incluye a 409 participantes del estudio GENADIO. Los marcadores de adiposidad estudiados fueron peso corporal, índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cintura (PC) y porcentaje masa grasa. El tiempo sedente se determinó mediante acelerometría de movimiento. La interacción entre el gen FTO (rs9939609) y el tiempo sedente sobre los marcadores de adiposidad se determinó mediante análisis de regresión múltiple. RESULTADOS: Tanto la variante de riesgo del gen FTO como el tiempo sedente se asociaron a mayor peso corporal, IMC, PC y masa grasa. Sin embargo, la asociación entre tiempo sedente y marcadores de adiposidad fue mayor en personas portadoras del alelo de riesgo del gen FTO. Por cada 1 hora de incremento en tiempo sedente, el peso corporal incrementa en 1,36 kg ([95% IC: 0,27; 2,46], p = 0,015) y 2,95 kg ([95% IC: 1,24; 4,65], p = 0,001) en personas con la variante protectora (TT) versus aquellos con la variante de riesgo (AA), respectivamente. Resultados similares se encontraron para (PC). CONCLUSIÓN: La asociación entre la variante de riesgo de FTO y mayor nivel de adiposidad es más acentuada en individuos que presentan mayores niveles de sedentarismo.

BACKGROUND: The Fat-mass and obesity-associated-gene (FTO gene) and sedentary behavior time are associated with obesity. However, whether sedentary behavior time can modify the genetic predisposition to obesity in the Chilean population is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the association between sedentary behavior, adiposity markers, and the FTO gene. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 409 participants from the Genes, Environment, Diabetes, and Obesity (GENADIO) study. Adiposity markers studied included body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat mass. Sedentary behaviors were measured using accelerometers. Using multiple regression, we evaluated the interaction between sedentary behaviors and the FTO gene (rs9939609) on adiposity markers. RESULTS: Sedentary behaviors and the FTO genotype were positively associated with higher body weight, BMI, WC, and fat mass. However, the association between time of sedentary behavior and adiposity markers was higher in carriers of the risk variant for the FTO gene. For each hour of increment in sedentary behaviors, body weight increases by 1.36 kg ([95% CI: 0.27; 2.46], p = 0.015) and 2.95 kg ([95%CI: 1.24; 4.65], p = 0.001) in non-risk carriers (TT) versus risk carriers (AA), respectively. We observed similar results for WC, BMI, and body fat, but the interaction was significant only for WC. CONCLUSION: The association between sedentary behaviors and adiposity markers, especially body weight and WC, is higher in individuals who carry the risk variant of the FTO gene.

Asociación entre la velocidad de marcha y obesidad en población chilena: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Antecedentes: La velocidad de marcha es un marcador funcional, utilizado como predictor de enfermedades crónicas. Sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia de la asociación entre la velocidad de marcha y obesidad. Objetivo: Investigar la asociación entre la velocidad de marcha auto-reportada y obesidad en población chilena. Métodos: 6.183 participantes entre 15 a 98 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 de Chile fueron incluidos en este estudio transversal. Peso corporal, talla, perímetro de cintura (PC), índice de masa corporal (IMC) e índice cintura/altura (ICA) fueron determinados. Auto-reporte de velocidad de la marcha (normal, lenta, rápida) fue la variable de exposición. La relación entre velocidad de marcha y marcadores de obesidad fue determinada mediante regresión lineal y regresión de Poisson y todos los análisis fueron ajustados en Modelos según factores sociodemográficos y estilos de vida. Resultados: En el modelo más ajustado, quienes reportaron una velocidad de marcha normal y rápida presentaron un menor IMC (p: -1,03, p = 0,017y -1,56p = 0,001, respectivamente), menor PC (p: -2,98, p = 0,004 y -3,64, p = 0,001) e ICA (3: -0,19, p = 0,004 y -0,26 p < 0,0001) respecto a quienes reportaron una marcha lenta. La velocidad de marcha rápida se asoció a una menor probabilidad de tener obesidad y obesidad central. Conclusión: La velocidad de marcha normal y rápida fueron asociadas con menor peso corporal, IMC, PC e ICA. La velocidad de marcha rápida se asoció a una menor probabilidad de obesidad y obesidad central, independiente de factores sociodemográficos y estilos de vida.

Background: Walking Pace is a functional marker, used as a predictor of chronic diseases. However, there is a lack of evidence on the association between walking pace and obesity. Aim: To investigate the association between-self-reported walking pace with obesity in the Chilean adult population. Methods: 6,183 Chilean participants (aged 15 to 98 years) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017 were included in this cross-sectional study. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were the outcomes of interest. Self-reported walking pace (slow, average and brisk) was the exposure. The association between walking pace and obesity was determined by linear regression and Poisson regression and all analyses were adjusted in models according to sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Results: In the most adjusted model, those who reported an average and brisk walking pace had a lower BMI (¡3: -1.03, p = 0.017 and-1.56 p = 0.001), lower WC (3: -2.98, p = 0.004 and -3.64, p = 0.001) and waist to height ratio (3: -0.19, p = 0.004 and -0.26 p < 0.0001) compared to people who reported a slow walking pace. A brisk walkingpace was associated with a lower probability of obesity and central obesity. Conclusion: the average and brisk walkingpace was associated with lower body weight, BMI, waist circumference and waist to height ratio and a brisk walking pace was associated with a lower probability of obesity and central obesity, independently of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors.

Cambios metabólicos y de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en mujeres intervenidas con un programa de ejercicio físico asistido con una aplicación móvil: un estudio controlado no randomizado / Metabolic and cardiorespiratory fitness changes in women undergoing a physical exercise program assisted by a mobile application. A non-randomized controlled study

El síndrome metabólico (SMet) es prevalente en nuestra población. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar el efecto del ejercicio físico, asistido con una aplicación móvil (m-Health), sobre la aptitud-cardiorrespiratoria (ACR) e indicadores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres con alteraciones metabólicas propias del SMet, y compararlo con el efecto de ejercicio monitoreado de forma presencial en mujeres de similares características. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio controlado no-randomizado con dos brazos. Se reclutaron 41 mujeres con alteraciones metabólicas, 14 completaron el estudio y conformaron por conveniencia el grupo de intervención con m-Health o el control con el Programa Vida Sana, ejecutados durante 10 semanas. Se evaluó la ACR, composición corporal, antropometría, presión arterial (PA); pre y post-intervención. RESULTADOS: El 95% de las mujeres presentaron baja y muy baja ACR basal. El grupo intervenido con m-Health luego de 10 semanas, aumentó el VO2max (% cambio: + 44,4; p = 0,035) y disminuyó el perímetro de cintura (% cam- bio:-2,6; p = 0,022) y la PAD (% cambio:-14,1; p = 0,036). En tanto, el grupo control disminuyó el perímetro de cintura (% cambio:-6,5; p = 0.015) y la PAD (% cambio:-12,2; p = 0,05), pero no modificó el VO2max. Las comparaciones entre grupos no arrojaron diferencias. CONCLUSIONES: Un programa de ejercicio físico vía m-Health mejoró la ACR y parámetros antropométricos en mujeres con alteraciones cardiometabólicas.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is prevalent in our population. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of physical exercise, assisted by a mobile application (m-Health), on cardiorespiratory fitness (ACR) and cardiovascular risk markers in women with metabolic disorders typical of MetS, and to compare it with the effect of exercise monitored face to face in women with similar characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Controlled experimental study with two arms. Forty-one women with metabolic disorders were recruited; 14 completed the study and, for convenience, formed the intervention group with m-Health or the control group with the Vida Sana Program, both carried out for ten weeks. ACR, body composition, anthropometry, and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated before and after the intervention. RESULTS: 95% of the women presented low and very low basal ACR. The group treated with m-Health after 10 weeks increased VO2max (% change: + 44.4; p = 0.035) and decreased waist circumference (% change: -2.6; p = 0.022) and DBP (% change: -14.1; p = 0.036). Meanwhile, the control group decreased waist circumference (% change: -6.5; p = 0.015) and DBP (% change: -12.2; p = 0.05) but did not change VO2 max. Comparisons between groups did not show differences. Conclusions: A physical exercise program via m-Health improved ACR and anthropometric parameters in women with cardiometabolic disorders.

Estilos de vida y calidad de vida asociados a la calidad de sueño en estudiantes universitarios / Lifestyles and quality of life indicators associated with sleep quality in university students

BACKGROUND: Contemporary lifestyles trigger changes in the sleep quality in youngsters causing effects on mental health, lifestyles and quality of life. AIM: To investigate health, lifestyles and quality of life indicators associated with sleep quality in university students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Sleep Self-Report (SSR), screen time, The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ) and the SF-36 survey about health-related quality of life were responded by 621 university students through an online platform. In addition, sociodemographic variables, health status and lifestyles were evaluated. RESULTS: University students with poor sleep quality reported being significatively more sedentary, having less physical activity, and having a lower quality of life. Additionally, university students who consumed alcohol three or more times per week (Odds ratio (OR)= 6.2), spent more than six hours per day sitting (OR = 1.9), slept less than 6 hours per day (OR = 2.2), had more body pain (OR = 2.8) and had less social function (OR = 1.8) were more likely to have a poor quality of sleep. Conclusions: Quality of life and lifestyles risk factors such as drinking alcohol three or more times per week, having sedentary behaviors for more than six hours per day, having less than six hours of sleep per day, suffering high levels of body pain and low social function are associated with poor sleep quality in university students.

Relación entre características antropométricas, autopercepción del índice de masa corporal, condición física y hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes universitarios de salud y educación

Introducción: La etapa universitaria es un período de modificación en los estilos de vida. Los estudiantes de carreras de pedagogía y de la salud, adicionalmente, asumirán un rol de guías y modelos respecto a conductas saludables hacia sus estudiantes y pacientes respectivamente. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las características antropométricas, la autopercepción del índice de masa corporal (IMC), la condición física y los hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes universitarios de carreras de pedagogía y de la salud. Materiales y método: Estudio descriptivo y correlacional. La muestra fue conformada por 158 estudiantes universitarios (edad, 22,5±2,5 años). Se evaluó las características antropométricas, autopercepción del IMC, condición física y hábitos alimentarios. Resultados: El IMC se correlacionó positivamente con el IMC percibido (r= 0.46, p= 0.012). El perímetro de cintura se correlacionó positivamente con el IMC percibido y la fuerza de prensión manual. El porcentaje de grasa corporal se correlacionó positivamente con el IMC percibido y negativamente con la condición física (potencia, prensión manual y flexibilidad). El área muscular del brazo se correlacionó con el IMC percibido, puntaje de IMC percibido y condición física. Los hábitos alimentarios presentaron una correlación negativa con el IMC percibido, pero no así con las características antropométricas. Conclusión: Los estudiantes universitarios de las carreras de salud y educación con mejor características antropométricas (menor IMC, perímetro de cintura y porcentaje de grasa y mayor área muscular del brazo), presentan una autopercepción mayor del IMC y un mejor rendimiento en las pruebas de condición física.

Introduction: The university stage is a period of modification in lifestyles. Pedagogy and health career students, additionally, will assume the role of guides and models regarding healthy behaviours towards their students and patients, respectively. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics, self-perception of body mass index (BMI), physical condition and eating habits among pedagogy and health career university students. Materials and method: Descriptive and correlational study. The sample consisted of 158 university students (age 22.5 ± 2.5 years). Anthropometric characteristics, self-perception of BMI, physical condition and eating habits were evaluated. Results: BMI was positively correlated with perceived BMI (r= 0.46, p= 0.012). Waist circumference was positively correlated with perceived BMI and handgrip strength. The percentage of body fat was positively correlated with the perceived BMI and negatively with the physical condition (power, handgrip and flexibility). Arm muscle area was correlated with perceived BMI, perceived BMI score, and physical condition. Eating habits were negatively correlated with perceived BMI but not with anthropometric characteristics. Conclusion: University students from health and education careers with better anthropometric characteristics (lower BMI, waist circumference and fat percentage, and greater muscle area of the arm), have a higher self-perception of BMI and better performance in fitness tests physical.

Valores de referencia y factores de riesgo de la condición física en personas mayores chilenas físicamente activas / Reference values and risk factors in the deterioration of the physical fitness of physically active older chilean adults

BACKGROUND: Physical fitness assessment of older adults is essential because it is a key component of functional independence and healthy aging. AIM: To establish physical fitness reference values for physically active older Chilean adults of both sexes and identify the variables associated with the deterioration of their physical condition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 342 older adults aged 60 and over. Their physical fitness was assessed with the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). The timed up and go (TUG), chair stand (CS), arm curl (AC), and aerobic resistance (2 min) tests were evaluated. RESULTS: Performance in the physical fitness tests by age group decreased in all tests as older adults advanced in age. Scores for men were more evenly distributed across the different age groups. The main risk factors for the deterioration of physical fitness were age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) (p-value < 0.05). The primary risk factor for men was age and for women age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Performance of both men and women in the different SFT tests decreased as older adults aged. Age, sex, and BMI were the main risk factors for the deterioration of the physical fitness of physically active older adults.

Perfil de los adultos mayores institucionalizados en relación de las variables biopsicosociales y clínicas en América Latina

El envejecimiento es la consecuencia de daños moleculares y celulares a través del tiempo; se caracteriza por su diversidad factorial debido a que elementos ambientales, sociales, protectores y agresores presentes en el individuo a lo largo de su vida se interrelacionan y se asocian a cambios y transiciones los cuales generan un descenso gradual de capacidades físicas-psíquicas de este, que causa la aparición de necesidades en el adulto mayor, que muchas veces no pueden ser suplidas por su círculo familiar ni social. En este caso, la institucionalización se presenta como un conjunto de requisitos que pueden surgir del sujeto desde el momento en que ingresa a la vejez. La presente es una revisión de la literatura existente que tuvo como. Objetivo: identificar cada uno de los factores epidemiológicos, sociodemográficos, clínicos, psicosociales y de calidad de vida del adulto mayor institucionalizado. Por ello, se abordan definiciones, conceptos y epidemiología de la situación actual del envejecimiento mundial, factores asociados a la institucionalización de adultos mayores; sus patologías más comunes, la funcionalidad y el grado de dependencia, su importancia y los instrumentos para su medición, entre otros, así como el impacto en su calidad de vida. Se ha encontrado que los adultos mayores experimentan cambios biopsicosociales durante este período, que dependen de su estilo de vida, sistemas sociales y familiares, y que afectan continuamente sus diferentes áreas de funcionamiento, pierden su autonomía, alteran su calidad de vida y su percepción de esta.

Aging is the consequence of molecular and cellular damage over time; it is characterized by its factorial diversity due to environmental elements, social, protective and aggressors present in the individual throughout his life are interrelated and associated with changes and transitions which generate a gradual decrease in physical-psychic capacities of this, which causes the appearance of needs in the elderly, which often cannot be supplied by their family or social circle. In this case, institutionalization is presented as a possible recourse to the demands that arise in the subject from his entry into the senescence. The present is a review of the existing literature that aimed to identify each of the epidemiological, sociodemographic, clinical, psychosocial and quality of life factors of the institutionalized elderly. Therefore, it addresses definitions, concepts and epidemiology of the current situation of global aging, factors associated with the institutionalization of older adults; their most common pathologies, functionality and degree of dependence, their importance and the instruments for their measurement, among others, as well as the impact on their quality of life. It is concluded that older adults in this period experience biopsychosocial changes that depend on lifestyle, social and family system and continuously influence its various areas of operation, loss of autonomy, that alters your quality of life and your perception of it.

Asociación entre nivel educacional y sospecha de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores chilenas: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 / Association between educational level and suspicion of cognitive imparirment in Chilean older people

BACKGROUND: A low education level has been associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. AIM: To determine the association between educational attainment and suspicion of cognitive imparirment in older Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 2,005 adults aged ≥ 60 years assessed during 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey were included. Education was self-reported and categorized as primary: ≤ 8 years; secondary: 9 to 12 years and beyond secondary: > 12 years. suspicion of cognitive imparirment was assessed with the Mini-Mental questionnaire. RESULTS: Men and women with low education attainment had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (33% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 24; 41] and 27% [95% CI: 21; 33], respectively). Men who reported less schooling (≤ 8 years) were more likely to be at risk of suspicion of cognitive imparirment (Odds ratio (OR): 4.53 [95% CI: 1.10, 18.62]) compared to their peers. Women showed a substantially higher magnitude of association than men. The probability of suspicion of cognitive imparirment increased 9-times (OR: 9.96 [95% CI: 1.24; 79.6]) for 9-12 years and 18-times for ≤ 8 years of education (OR: 18.8 [95% CI: 2.42; 146.1]) compared to women with higher education. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with low education attainment had an increased likelihood of developing suspicion of cognitive imparirment. However, the risk differs by sex, being higher in women than men.

Tendencia de consejerías en actividad física y enfermedades cardiometabólicas en el Maule, Chile: estudio previo a pandemia por COVID-19 entre 2012 y 2019 / Trend in Physical Activity Counseling and Cardiometabolic Diseases in Maule, Chile: COVID-19 Pre-Pandemic Study between 2012 and 2019

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) practice reduces the adverse effects of COVID-19. PA counseling promotes healthy lifestyles and prevents cardiometabolic diseases. AIM: To assess the trend in cases of PA counseling and the cardiometabolic disease between 2012 and 2019 (before COVID-19) in a southern Chilean region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of Maule Region Health Service for 731.163 men, and 829.097 women aged < 10 to ≥ 65 years were analyzed. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) during the study period and the annual percentage change (APC) during intermediate periods, were calculated. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in PA counseling in women in the study period (AAPC: −13.6%). In the 2012-2017 period a significant decrease in counseling for total, men and women were observed (APC: −18.1, −16.5 and −19.1%, respectively). Obesity increased significantly in total, men and women in the 2012-2019 period (AAPC: 10.1, 8.5 and 10.7%, respectively). The same trend was observed for hypertension (AAPC: 8.1, 8.5 and 7.6% respectively) and elevated blood glucose (AAPC: 10, 11.5 and 9.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In the study period PA counseling decreased along with an increase in obesity, hypertension and high blood glucose. Increasing PA counseling is a mainstay in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and probably to prevent contagion and complement the treatment of COVID-19.

Variables predictoras de la calidad de vida durante la pandemia de Covid-19 en adultos latinoamericanos

Objetivo: Evaluar las variables predictoras de la calidad de vida en población adulta latinoamericana en situación de pandemia durante la cuarentena por COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, trasversal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 3101 habitantes adultos de Chile, Colombia, México y Perú. Los factores que aumentaron la probabilidad de tener una baja calidad de vida se identificaron mediante un análisis de regresión logística. Estos análisis fueron ajustados por estado nutricional, edad y procedencia geográfica. Resultados: Ser de género femenino (OR=1.73; p=0.001), físicamente inactivo/a (OR=1.85; p=0.001), consumir tabaco (OR=1.29; p=0,026), alcohol (OR=1.31; p=0,002) y comida chatarra (OR=2.04; p=0,001) aumentaron la probabilidad de tener una disminución en la dimensión salud general de la calidad de vida durante una cuarentena por Covid-19. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos en este estudio confirman la necesidad de promover hábitos y estilos de vida saludables en la población durante las cuarentenas en una pandemia como, por ejemplo, una dieta sana, practicar actividad física y evitar estar mucho tiempo sentado.

Objective: To evaluate the predictive variables of the quality of life in the Latin American adult population in a pandemic situation during the Covid-19 quarantine. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. The population was composed of 3,101 adult inhabitants of Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Factors that increased the likelihood of poor quality of life were identified using logistic regression analysis. These analyzes were adjusted for nutritional status, age, and geographic origin. Results: Being female (OR=1.73; p=0.001), physically inactive (OR=1.85; p=0.001), consuming tobacco (OR=1.29; p=0.026), alcohol (OR=1.31; p=0.002) and junk food (OR=2.04; p=0.001) increased the probability of having a decrease in the general health dimension of quality of life during a Covid-19 quarantine. Conclusions: The findings in this study confirm the need to promote healthy habits and lifestyles in the population during quarantines in a pandemic, such as a healthy diet, practicing physical activity and avoiding prolonged sitting.

Asociación entre velocidad de marcha y deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Antecedentes: La velocidad de la marcha podría considerarse un marcador temprano de riesgo de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre velocidad de la marcha y sospecha de deterioro cognitivo en población mayor chilena. Métodos: Se incluyeron 1788 personas mayores de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2016-2017 que tenían información sobre velocidad de marcha y sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. La velocidad de la marcha fue autorreportada y categorizada como marca lenta, normal y rápida. Sospecha de deterioro cognitivo fue evaluado a través del cuestionario Mini Mental abreviado. La asociación entre marcha y deterioro cognitivo fue investigada mediante análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: En comparación a las personas mayores que reportaron una velocidad de marcha rápida, aquellas que reportaron una marcha lenta presentaron 2,67 veces mayor probabilidad de tener deterioro cognitivo (OR: 2,67 [95% IC:1,62; 4,42], p<0,001). Al ajustar los modelos por variables de confusión sociodemográficas, estilos de vida y salud, la asociación disminuyó, pero, permaneció significativa (OR: 1,78 [95% IC:1,15; 3,17], p=0,047). Mientras que las personas mayores que reportaron tener una velocidad de marcha normal no presentaron asociación con deterioro cognitivo. Conclusión: Personas mayores que reportan una velocidad de marcha lenta presentaron una mayor probabilidad de sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. Considerando que el deterioro cognitivo es un síndrome geriátrico con alta prevalencia en población mayor, existe la necesidad de enfatizar en estrategias para un diagnóstico temprano, por lo cual la velocidad de marcha podría ser un instrumento útil.

Background: Walking pace could be considered an early risk marker of cognitive impairment in older people. Objective: To determine the association between walking pace and cognitive impairment in older Chilean adults. Methods: 1,788 adults older than 60 years from the 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey with data available in the exposure and outcome were included in this cross-sectional study. Walking pace was self-reported and categorised as slow, average and brisk. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Abbreviated Mini-Mental questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between walking pace and cognitive impairment, logistic regression analyses - adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and health-related covariates. Results: In the minimally adjusted model and compared to older adults who self-reported a brisk walking pace, those in the slow walking pace category were 2.67 times more likely to have cognitive impairment (OR: 2.67 [95% CI: 1.62, 4.42]). When the analyses were adjusted, the association was attenuated but remained significant (OR: 1.78 [95% CI: 1.15 3.17]). No associations were found between average pace walkers and cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Older adults who self-reported a slow walking pace having a higher likelihood of cognitive impairment than their counterparts who had a brisk walking pace. Considering that cognitive impairment is a geriatric syndrome with a high prevalence in the elderly, there is a need to emphasise strategies for an early diagnosis. Therefore, walking pace may be a useful marker to identify individuals at high risk of cognitive impairment.

Características clínicas, comorbilidad y variables de laboratorio asociadas a la hospitalización y mortalidad de personas mayores con Covid-19: Una revisión sistemática

Objetivo: Caracterizar indicadores clínicos, comorbilidad y variables de laboratorio asociadas a la hospitalización y mortalidad de personas mayores con Covid-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con la declaración PRISMA, en las bases de datos Medline/Pubmed, Science Direct y WOS, en la que se aplicaron estrategias de búsquedas específicas para artículos y estudios que fueron publicados desde el periodo de tiempo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2020 hasta el 26 de noviembre de 2020. Resultados: Se identificaron 28 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección, con una suma del tamaño muestral de los estudios incluidos de 581 319 sujetos (55.1 % mujeres). De los factores analizados, un estado funcional óptimo, el sexo femenino, el recuento de linfocitos, el uso de anticoagulantes de manera curativa y los niveles de albúmina sérica, se han asociado a un mejor pronóstico clínico en adultos mayores de 65 años. Conclusiones: Se encontraron características clínicas, de comorbilidad y variables de laboratorio asociadas a la hospitalización y morbilidad.

Objective: To characterize clinical indicators, comorbidity and laboratory variables associated with hospitalization and mortality in older people with Covid-19. Materials and methods: A systematic review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement, in the Medline/Pubmed, Science databases. Direct and WOS, in which specific search strategies were applied to articles and studies that were published from the period of time between January 1, 2020 and November 26, 2020. Results: 28 articles were identified that met the the selection criteria, with a sum of the sample size of the included studies of 581,319 subjects (55.1% women). Of the factors analyzed, optimal functional status, female gender, lymphocyte count, curative use of anticoagulants, and serum albumin levels have been associated with a better clinical prognosis in adults older than 65 years. Conclusions: Clinical characteristics, comorbidity and laboratory variables associated with hospitalization and morbidity were found.

Asociación del fitness cardiorrespiratorio con marcadores de adiposidad corporal: estudio de corte transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Chile 2016-2017 / Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with adiposity markers

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with metabolic diseases and adiposity markers. Aim: To assess the association of CRF with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and obesity in a representative sample of the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 5,958 participants in the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-1027 aged 15 years or above were analyzed. CRF was estimated by an equation that included sociodemographic, anthropometric and health-related data and expressed in metabolic equivalent units (METs). The association between CRF and adiposity was assessed using linear and Poisson regression models and the results were presented as Prevalence Ratio (PR). RESULTS: One MET increment in CRF was associated with a 3.27 kg/m2 (95% confidence intervals (CI): -3.35; -3.2) and 4.56 kg/m2 (95% CI: -4.67; -4.46) lower BMI in men and women, respectively. Waist circumference was 6.7 cm [95% CI: -6.98; -6.42] and 9 cm [95% CI: -9.33; -8.67] lower per 1-MET increment in CRF. With one MET increment, the probability of being obese was 34% (PR = 0.66 [95%CI: 0.63; 0.69]) and 36% (PR = 0.64 [95%CI: 0.61; 0.67]) lower in men and women, respectively. The probability of having a central obesity was 26% (PR = 0.74 [95%CI: 0.71; 0.77]) and 30% (PR = 0.70 [95%CI: 0.68; 0.73]) lower in men and women, respectively. Conclusions: A higher estimated CRF was associated with lower adiposity levels and a lower risk of being obese in both men and women. Public health policies aiming to increase physical activity are needed to increase the CRF of the Chilean population.

Efectos de un programa de telerehabilitación sobre la funcionalidad en personas mayores / Effects of a telerehabilitation program on functionality in the older people

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de un programa de telerehabilitación (TR) en el nivel de independencia funcional y el número de caídas en personas mayores, asistentes a un centro de cuidados diurno. Materiales y método: 14 personas mayores ( χ =74 años), sometidas a un programa de kinesiterapia/fisioterapia/ terapia física (TF) a través de tele rehabilitación por un período de 12 semanas. El grupo control recibió intervención educativa a través de un cuadernillo de actividad física que debieron desarrollar de forma autónoma, con supervisión telefónica semanal; mientras que el grupo experimental recibió 15 sesiones de kinesiterapia/fisioterapia/terapia física por video llamada mediante aplicación WhatsApp TM . Ambos grupos fueron evaluados pre y post intervención con escala índice de Barthel (IB) y el número de caídas, mediante el cuestionario de la valoración geriátrica integral (VGI). Resultados: El grupo experimental aumentó el puntaje del índice de Barthel (↑3.6), mientras que el grupo control disminuyó este puntaje (↓6.9). Ambos grupos disminuyen el número de caídas, sin encontrar diferencias entre grupos. Al comparar ambos grupos, las personas mayores sometidas a un programa de kinesiterapia/fisioterapia/ terapia física a través de tele rehabilitación presentaron mejoras significativamente mayores en el índice de Barthel que el grupo control (p<0.05). Conclusión: Las personas mayores que participaron en un programa kinesiterapia/ fisioterapia/ terapia física a través de tele rehabilitación presentaron un mayor nivel de independencia funcional que las personas con la intervención con cuadernillo de actividad física guiado por llamada telefónica, lo que sugiere considerar a los programas de terapia física como una alternativa terapéutica para mejorar el nivel de independencia en personas mayores.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the effects of a telerehabilitation (TR) program on the level of functional independence and the number of falls in older people attending a day care center. Materials and method: 14 older people ( χ = 74 years), submitted to a kinesitherapy / physiotherapy / physical therapy (PT) program through telerehabilitation for a period of 12 weeks. The control group received educational intervention through a physical activity booklet which they had to develop independently, with weekly telephone supervision, while the experimental group received 15 kinesitherapy / physiotherapy / physical therapy sessions via video calls through WhatsApp TM application. Both groups were evaluated pre and post intervention with the Barthel index scale (BI) and the number of falls using the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). Results: The experimental group increased the Barthel index scale score (↑3,6) while the control group decreased this score (↓6,9). Both groups decreased the number of falls, without differences between groups. When comparing both groups, the elderly who underwent a kinesitherapy / physiotherapy / physical therapy program through telerehabilitation showed significantly greater improvements in Barthel index scale than the control group (p <0.05). Conclusion: Older people who participated in a kinesitherapy / physiotherapy / physical therapy program through telerehabilitation presented a higher level of functional independence compared to participants in the intervention with a phone call-guided physical activity booklet, which suggests a telerehabilitation programs as an alternative therapeutics to improve the level of independence in older people.

Asociación entre tiempo de uso de teléfono celular, nivel de actividad física y rendimiento académico en universitarios / Association between time spent on a cell phone, physical activity level, and academic performance in college students

Introducción: El aumento del uso de teléfono celular y la baja actividad física en universitarios se han asociado a un bajo rendimiento académico. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre tiempo de uso del teléfono celular, el nivel de actividad física y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de alcance correlacional y temporalidad longitudinal. Participaron 36 estudiantes universitarios, a quienes se evaluó durante un semestre, el tiempo que destinaron al uso de teléfono celular, a través de la aplicación "Moment" y la actividad física mediante la aplicación "Pacer". Se registró el rendimiento académico con el promedio de notas. Resultados: Durante el semestre, los hombres realizaron mayor actividad física y utilizaron por mayor tiempo el teléfono. En periodos de evaluación, las mujeres tuvieron mayor actividad física y menor uso del teléfono celular (p=0,019 y p=0,033, respectivamente). Además, los hombres que tuvieron mejores notas promedio hacían un menor número de pickups diarios (p=0,032). Conclusiones: Los hombres universitarios son físicamente más activos y usan más el celular durante el semestre, aunque en periodo de evaluaciones las mujeres tienden a ser más activas y usar menos tiempo su celular. Los universitarios que usan menos el teléfono celular tienen mejor rendimiento académico.

Introduction: Low academic performance of college students has been associated with an increase in time spent on cell phones and a low physical activity. Objective: To analyze the relationship between time spent on cell phones, physical activity level, and academic performance in college students. Materials and methods: A study with a correlational and longitudinal temporality approach. During a semester, 36 college students were assessed on the time they spent using cell phones and their physical activity levels through the Moment and Pacer applications, respectively. Academic performance was monitored through report cards. Results: Men engaged in more physical activity and used cell phones more frequently during the analyzed period, while women showed higher physical activity levels and lower cell phone usage during evaluation periods (p=0.019 y p=0.033, respectively). Also, men who had better grade averages showed lower number of daily pickups (p=0.032). Conclusions: College men show higher physical activity levels and longer cell phone usage during the semester, while women tend to be more active and use their cell phones less frequently during evaluation periods. College students who use cell phones less regularly also have a better academic performance.

Características y usabilidad de dispositivos de geolocalización en personas mayores: una revisión de alcance

Introducción: Actualmente el desarrollo, aplicación y uso de las nuevas tecnologías vinculadas a la salud es un campo emergente. En la actualidad no existe una revisión que sintetice la información sobre características y usabilidad de geolocalizadores en personas mayores. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia existente sobre las características y usabilidad de dispositivos de geolocalización en personas mayores. Metodología: Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos científicos en las bases de datos: Medline vía PubMed, Lilacs y Google Scholar que cumplieran con los criterios de elegibilidad, entre el 1 de agosto de 2018 hasta el 30 de noviembre de 2020, y se seleccionó 11 documentos. Para la identificación de artículos se utilizó las palabras clave "Geolocalizador", "elderly", "aged" y "older adults". Resultados: La edad promedio de las personas participantes fue de 60,5, predominaron los estudios en género femenino, la población residía en su mayoría (63 %) en la comunidad y el 36,6 % padecía algún trastorno cognitivo. En cuanto a las características de los geolocalizadores, el 72 % de los dispositivos tiene un alcance de radio urbano y el 54 % tiene un costo bajo o gratuito en su implementación o ejecución. Conclusión: Esta revisión caracterizó los dispositivos de geolocalización y su uso en personas mayores en cuanto a su radio de alcance, costo, objetivos de intervención y población objetivo. Estos resultados podrían ser útiles para futuras investigaciones en el área de la gerontolocalización.

Introduction: Currently, the development, application, and use of new technologies related to health is an emerging field. As of right now, there is no review that synthesizes information on the characteristics and usability of geolocators in older adults. Objective: To synthesize the existing evidence on the characteristics and usability of geo-location devices in the elderly. Methodology: A search was made for scientific articles in the databases: Medline via Pub-Med, Lilacs, and Google Scholar that meet the eligibility criteria, between the date of August 1, 2018 to November 30, 2020, selecting 11 documents. For the identification of articles, the keywords "Geolocator", "elderly", "aged", and "older adults" were used. Results: The average age of the participants was 60.5, female studies predominated, most of the population (63%) resided in a community, and 36.6% suffered from a cognitive disorder. Regarding the characteristics of the geolocators, 72% of the devices have an urban radio range, and 54% have a low or free cost in their implementation or execution. Conclusion: This review characterized geolocation devices and their use in older adults in terms of their scope, cost, intervention objectives, and target population. These results could be useful for future research in the area of gerontolocation.

Fuerza de prensión manual. Un sencillo, pero fuerte predictor de salud en población adulta y personas mayores / Handgrip strength as a predictor of adverse health outcomes

Muscle strength can be measured through different methods and handgrip strength is one of the most used techniques in epidemiological studies. Given its easy application, high reliability, and low cost, it is considered an important health biomarker. Handgrip strength is associated with adverse health outcomes such as mortality and risk of developing chronic diseases, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer and dementia. There is a paucity of evidence in Chile about the association of handgrip strength with these health outcomes limiting its visibility and implementation in clinical settings. Therefore, this narrative review summarizes the scientific evidence about the association of grip strength with non-communicable chronic diseases and mortality in middle age and older adults.

Actividad física durante una jornada escolar con y sin clase de educación física y salud en estudiantes chilenos

Sepúlveda Martin, S., Martínez González, L., Cigarroa, I., y Zapata Lamana, R.E. (2022). Actividad física durante una jornada escolar con y sin clase de educación física y salud en estudiantes chilenos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-18. Los altos índices de obesidad y el aumento del tiempo sedentario en los escolares tienen consecuencias directas en la prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles en edad adulta. El entorno escolar es una oportunidad para combatir estos factores de riesgo y la importancia de la clase de educación física es relevante. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el nivel de actividad física, gasto energético y tiempo sedentario entre una jornada con y sin clases de educación física en niños y niñas de primer ciclo básico. Es un estudio no experimental, analítico transversal con una muestra intencionada de 46 escolares de primer ciclo básico. Se midió índice de masa corporal (IMC), actividad física, gasto energético y tiempo sedentario con acelerometría en jornada escolar con y sin clase de educación física. Se utilizó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para determinar diferencias entre las jornadas escolares (p < .05). Los resultados muestran que, durante la jornada con clases de educación física, los escolares presentaron un nivel de actividad física moderada (3.03 MET) y, en la jornada sin clases de educación física, un nivel ligero (2.32 MET). Los estudiantes en la jornada escolar con educación física tuvieron mayores niveles de actividad física moderada (Z = -4.430; p < .0001), vigorosa (Z = -5.403; p < .0001), muy vigorosa (Z = -3.940; p < .0001) y disminuyeron el tiempo sedentario (Z = -4.149; p < .0001) con respecto a la jornada sin clase de educación física. Se concluye que aun cuando durante la jornada con educación física, los escolares tienen mayor actividad física, mayor gasto energético y menor tiempo sedentario, este rendimiento resulta insuficiente de acuerdo con las recomendaciones internacionales para la salud.

Sepúlveda Martin, S., Martínez González, L., Cigarroa, I., & Zapata Lamana, R.E. (2022). Physical activity indicators during a school day with and without physical education class and health among chilean students. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-18. High obesity rates and the increase in sedentary time among schoolchildren have direct consequences on the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. The school environment is an opportunity to deal with these risk factors, and the importance of physical education classes is critical. The object of this study was to compare the level of physical activity, energy expenditure and sedentary time between a day with physical education class and one without, among first- to third-grade children. This is a non-experimental, analytic, cross-cutting study with a deliberate sample of 46 schoolchildren. Body Mass Index (BMI), physical activity, energy expenditure and sedentary time were measured with accelerometry on school days with and without physical education class. Wilcoxon's non-parametric test was used to determine differences between school days (p < .05). The results show that schoolchildren had a moderate level of physical activity (3.03 MET) during a day with physical education class, and a light level (2.32 MET) during a school day without physical education class. Students in a school day with physical education class had higher levels of moderate ( Z = -4.430; p < .0001), energetic (Z = -5.403; p < .0001) and highly energetic (Z = -3.940; p < .0001) physical activity, and their sedentary time was lower ( Z = -4.149; p < .0001) as compared to a day without physical education time. The conclusion is that, even though schoolchildren have higher physical activity, higher energy expenditure and lower sedentary time during a day with physical education class, this performance proves insufficient as compared to international recommendations for health.

Sepúlveda Martin, S., Martínez González, L., Cigarroa, I., e Zapata Lamana, R.E. (2022). Atividade física durante um dia letivo com e sem aula de educação física e saúde em estudantes chilenos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-18. As altas taxas de obesidade e o aumento do tempo sedentário em estudantes têm consequências diretas sobre a prevalência de doenças não transmissíveis na idade adulta. O ambiente escolar é uma oportunidade de combater esses fatores de risco e a importância da aula de educação física é relevante. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o nível de atividade física, gasto energético e tempo sedentário entre um dia letivo com e sem aulas de educação física em crianças do primeiro ciclo da educação fundamental. Trata-se de um estudo não experimental, analítico transversal com amostra intencional de 46 estudantes do primeiro ciclo da educação fundamental. O índice de massa corporal (IMC), a atividade física, o gasto energético e o tempo sedentário foram medidos com a acelerometria no dia letivo com e sem aula de educação física. O teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para determinar diferenças entre os dias letivos (p < 0,05). Os resultados mostram que, durante o dia com aulas de educação física, os escolares apresentaram nível moderado de atividade física (3,03 MET) e, no dia sem aulas de educação física, nível leve (2,32 MET). Os alunos no dia letivo com educação física apresentaram níveis mais elevados de atividade física moderada (Z = -4,430; p < 0,0001), vigorosa (Z = -5,403; p < 0,0001), muito vigorosa (Z = -3,940; p < 0,0001) e diminuição do tempo sedentário (Z = -4,149; p < 0,0001) em relação ao dia letivo sem aula de educação física. Conclui-se que, embora durante o dia letivo com educação física os escolares tenham maior atividade física, maior gasto energético e menos tempo sedentário, esse desempenho é insuficiente de acordo com as recomendações internacionais para a saúde.