Morphometric Study of the Trachea in Korean / 체질인류학회지

This morphometric study of the trachea was performed to provide the basic data necessary for shielding crico-thyroid membrane incision, tracheal intubation and tracheotomy in korean bodies 48 (33 male, 15 female). Tracheal measurement included the number, the length, the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of trachea, and the height of tracheal cartilages, and the inter-rings distances of cartilages. The length of trachea was 104.0+/-1.4 mm in male and 102.3+/-1.9 mm in female, but there was no significance between males and females. All of the anteroposterior and transverse diameters, and the height were longer in males, compared with females, in the first, fifth, tenth and fifteenth tracheal cartilages. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the first and fifteenth tracheal rings, and the height of the first tracheal ring differed significantly male's from female's. The distances between posterior end of rings of the first, tenth and fifteenth tracheal cartilages were broader in males. The inter-rings distances of tracheal cartilage were also wider in the male, and showed significant differences in the 1st~2nd and 10~11th. These results suggest that this might be useful as a clinical basic data for the emergency physician, anesthetist, and associated medical doct

The Effect of Education Program of Cadaver Dissection for the Paramedical Students / 체질인류학회지

A purpose of the study is to provide basic information in order to find better ways for more effective cadaver dissection education by analyzing education effect on paramedical students after cadaver dissection. By using questionnaires composed of 12 questions, we have surveyed 1,041 paramedical students who participate in cadaver dissection in 2013 and analysed the results. The paramedical students are the department of nursing science, operation treatment, physical therapy, alternative medicine, clinical pathology, emergency rescue and dental hygienics. As a result, we have found that cadaver dissection makes students have more respect for human life and dignity, helps students learn anatomy and major. Furthermore, the degrees of satisfaction, interest, intention of afterward participation in cadaver dissection afterward are high. However, the degrees of intention of cadaver donations are low. We need to develop cadaver dissection programme customized for each majors in order to helps students have more respect for human life and dignity, more professionalism, more effective cadaver dissection education.

The Effect of Continuous Epidural Electrical Stimulation on Neuronal Proliferation in Cerebral Ischemic Rats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation (ES) on the recovery of motor skill and neuronal cell proliferation. METHODS: The male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with an epidural electrode over the peri-ischemic area after photothrombotic stroke in the dominant sensorimotor cortex. All rats were randomly assigned into the ES group and control group. The behavioral test of a single pellet reaching task (SPRT) and neurological examinations including the Schabitz's photothrombotic neurological score and the Menzies test were conducted for 2 weeks. After 14 days, coronal sections were obtained and immunostained for neuronal cell differentiation markers including bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), and doublecortin (DCX). RESULTS: On the SPRT, the motor function in paralytic forelimbs of the ES group was significantly improved. There were no significant differences in neurological examinations and neuronal cell differentiation markers except for the significantly increased number of DCX+ cells in the corpus callosum of the ES group (p<0.05). But in the ES group, the number of NeuN+ cells in the ischemic cortex and the number of NeuN+ cells and DCX+ cells in the ischemic striatum tended to increase. In the ES group, NeuN+ cells in the ischemic hemisphere and DCX+ cells and BrdU+ cells in the opposite hemisphere tended to increase compared to those in the contralateral. CONCLUSION: The continuous epidural ES of the ischemic sensorimotor cortex induced a significant improvement in the motor function and tended to increase neural cell proliferation in the ischemic hemisphere and the neural regeneration in the opposite hemisphere.

Right-sided aortic arch with the retroesophageal left subclavian artery as the fourth branch / 대한해부학회지

We present a rare variation of the right-sided aortic arch with the retroesophageal left subclavian artery as the forth branch found in a cadaver of an 89-year-old Korean woman during a routine dissection. In this case, the first branch that arose from the ascending aorta was the left common carotid artery, which crossed ventral to the trachea in a left cephalic direction, followed by the right common carotid artery and then the right subclavian artery. Distal to these branches the aortic arch ran dorsally, passing between the esophagus and the vertebra. The left subclavian artery arose from the descending portion of the aortic arch, crossing over to the left upper extremity behind the esophagus. This anomaly was not accompanied by congenital heart disease. Accurate information regarding this variation is of great importance to surgeons for its early identification and preservation during interventions and to radiologists for precise interpretation of angiograms.

Effects of Aripiprazole and Haloperidol on Fos-like Immunoreactivity in the Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala

OBJECTIVE: Aripiprazole, a dopamine system stabilizer, shows efficacy against both negative symptoms and positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aripiprazole and haloperidol on c-FOS expression in rat brain. METHODS: Aripiprazole (1, 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) and haloperidol (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered to adult Male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 2 h of drug or vehicle administration, the rats were killed and their brains were removed and perfused with fixative, then cut into 40 microm slices on a freezing microtome. Brain regions of interest were the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the nucleus accumbens core and shell (NAC-C and NAC-S), the hippocampus (CA1, CA3 and DG), the central amygdala (Ce), the basolateral amygdala (BL) and the temporal cortex (Tc). Immunohistochemistry was performed to label cell bodies containing c-FOS. RESULTS: The administration of aripiprazole at all doses (1, 10 or 30 mg/kg) resulted in greater Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the investigated brain areas, as compared to the vehicle. Comparable increases in FLI were demonstrated in the NAC-C and NAC-S in response to both aripiprazole and haloperidol treatment. The administration of haloperidol (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) also resulted in greater FLI in the investigated brain areas, except the mPFC, where no changes were observed. In the Ce and BL, a significant increase in Fos-positive neurons was observed only with 0.1 mg/kg of haloperidol. CONCLUSION: Both aripiprazole and haloperidol increased FLI in limbic areas, which are considered important targets of antipsychotic drugs. The differential action of aripiprazole on FLI in the amygdala and mPFC as compared to haloperidol may be a good way to differentiate atypical from typical antipsychotics.

Effects of Peripheral Neuropathy on CTB-labeled Motor Neurons Following Ligation of the Tibial Nerve / 체질인류학회지

Changes in CTB labeled motor neurons of the spinal cord were observed after the induction of peripheral neuropathy by ligation of the tibial nerve. Rats were anesthetized and the tibial nerve was ligated with 3-0 silk. The rats were separated into three groups based on the length of time the tibial nerve was ligated (1, 2, or 4 weeks). After the ligation procedures were complete, the tibial nerve stumps were soaked in CTB solution. Tibial nerve segments and the spinal cord were then observed. In the control and experimental groups, CTB-labeled neurons formed a discrete population that was concentrated primarily at the L5 level, while the contributions from L4 and L6 were minor. According to the distributions, CTB-labeled neurons were divided into rostral and caudal groups. A selective decrease of CTB-labeled neurons was observed only in the caudal group, extending from the rostral L5 to one-half of the rostral L6. The total numbers of CTB-labeled motor neurons were 2,160+/-169.3, 1,002+/-245.1, 587.5+/-346.5, and 1,728+/-402.6 in the control group, 1 week group, 2 week group, and 4 week group, respectively. The selective decrease of CTB-labeled neurons in the caudal division was responsible for the decrease in the total number of labeled neurons in all groups. Following peripheral neuropathy caused by ligation of the tibial nerve, CTB-labeled neurons in the spinal cord decreased selectively. These results may provide important neuroanatomical data regarding the effects of peripheral neuropathy by ligation of the tibial nerve.

Mast cells play a key role in Th2 cytokine-dependent asthma model through production of adhesion molecules by liberation of TNF-alpha

Mast cells are well recognized as key cells in allergic reactions, such as asthma and allergic airway diseases. However, the effects of mast cells and TNF-alpha on T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine-dependent asthma are not clearly understood. Therefore, an aim of this study was to investigate the role of mast cells on Th2 cytokine-dependent airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. We used genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-KitW/KitW-v (W/Wv), congenic normal WBB6F1/J-Kit+/Kit+ (+/+), and mast cell-reconstituted W/Wv mouse models of allergic asthma to investigate the role of mast cells in Th2 cytokine-dependent asthma induced by ovalbumin (OVA). And we investigated whether the intratracheal injection of TNF-alpha directly induce the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in W/Wv mice. This study, with OVA-sensitized and OVA-challenged mice, revealed the following typical histopathologic features of allergic diseases: increased inflammatory cells of the airway, airway hyperresponsiveness, and increased levels of TNF-alpha, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. However, the histopathologic features and levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 proteins in W/Wv mice after OVA challenges were significantly inhibited. Moreover, mast cell-reconstituted W/Wv mice showed restoration of histopathologic features and recovery of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein levels that were similar to those found in +/+ mice. Intratracheal administration of TNF-alpha resulted in increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein levels in W/Wv mice. These results suggest that mast cells play a key role in a Th2 cytokine-dependent asthma model through production of adhesion molecules, including ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, by liberation of TNF-alpha.

Scutellaria baicalensis Inhibits Mast Cell-Mediated Anaphylactic Reactions / 체질인류학회지

Mast cells play a critical role in the effector phase of immediate hypersensitivity and allergic diseases. Scutellaria baicalensis is a widely used herb in traditional oriental medicine with anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the roles of Scutellaria baicalensis in mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions have not fully been investigated. In this study, we examined the influences of the methanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis (MESB) on compound 48/80- or anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-induced anaphylaxis-like response in vivo. To further prove these in vivo results, the inhibitory effect of MESB on mast cell activation was evaluated, focusing on the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC). MESB inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis-like reaction, plasma histamine release and ear swelling response in mice. MESB also attenuated passive systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis evoked by anti-DNP IgE. In in vitro experiments, MESB dose-dependently reduced histamine release from RPMC activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, compound 48/80-elicited calcium uptake was suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner of MESB. Furthermore, MESB transiently increased the level of intracellular cAMP. From these results, it is suggested that MESB possesses effective anti-anaphylactic activity.

Lipoic acid suppresses compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxis-like reaction / 대한해부학회지

Alpha-lipoic acid (LA), a naturally occurring dithiol compound, is an essential cofactor in metabolic reactions involved in energy utilization. LA improves glycemic control, reduces diabetic polyneuropathies, atherosclerosis, and allergic inflammation. The effects of LA on mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions, however, are unknown. LA dose-dependently inhibited systemic and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis-like reactions in mice induced by compound 48/80, a condensation product of N-methyl-p-methoxyphenethylamine and formaldehyde. Pretreatment with LA, prior to induction of the systemic anaphylaxis-like reaction with compound 48/80, reduced plasma histamine levels in a dose-dependent manner. In our in vitro study, LA decreased histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) triggered by compound 48/80. Moreover, an increase in calcium uptake activated by compound 48/80 was inhibited by LA. LA also significantly elevated intracellular cyclic adenosine-3',5' monophosphate (cAMP) levels in RPMCs. This inhibition of mediator release from RPMCs may be due to inhibition of calcium uptake and augmentation of intracellular cAMP levels. Based on these results, we suggest that LA may be a potential remedy for allergy-related diseases.

Demographic Characteristics of Cadaver Donors: One Hundred Ten Cadaver Donors at Chonbuk National University Medical School / 체질인류학회지

Since the beginning of anatomy education in Korea, the supply of cadavers was dependent on the dead of non-identified vagabonds, mainly. Recently, the body donation program was introduced, and it has been operating and managing. However, the management agencies of this program are numerous, medical colleges and organizations of society. Thus it is very difficult to find the demographic characteristics and the statistical data of cadaver donors. The purpose of this study is to compare the demographic characteristics such as the number of death, sex, age, the place of residence, causes of death and others between death in Jeollabuk-do of annual report of death statistics (National Statistical Office) and 110 cadaver donors at Chonbuk National University Medical School in 2000~2004. Numbers of the donated cadaver increased 1.9% from 15 donors in 2000 to 29 donors in 2004. The dead were 69,447 persons in Jeollabuk-do for 5 years (in 2000~2004), and 110 cadaver donors, 0.16% of death in Jeollabuk-do, were donated to Chonbuk National University Medical School at this times. There was a ratio of 57.3% male to 42.7% female in cadaver donors. The age of donors was sixties 26.4%, seventies 25.4% and forties 14.5%. The regional proportion of donors was highest in Jeonju city among 14 regions. The death causes of donors were the neoplasms with 35.5%, the diseases of the circulatory system with 12.7%, it was similar to the statistical result of the dead in Jeollabuk-do. The death place of donors was the highest in hospital. The christian of cadaver donors was 60%. The registrant of Chonbuk Council of Body Donors and some other organizations was 48.2% among the cadaver donors. These results may contribute to the supply of cadavers for the anatomical education and research as well as the proliferation of cadaver donation movement. We hope that the studies of the demographic characteristics to body donation will be continued with medical colleges in Korea.

Morphological Changes of the Sensory Neurons in the Peripheral Neuropathy of Rat Tibial Nerve Using WGA-HRP Tracing Method / 체질인류학회지

Neuropathy is a general term referring to disorders of nerves, and produces when the nerves are damaged. It is characterized by spontaneous pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. The purpose of present study is to observe the number of WGA-HRP (wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase) labelded sensory neurons of DRG (dorsal root ganglia), and distributions according to cell size of sensory neuron in tibial nerve ligation model (NLM). The tibial nerve ligation was performed with 3-0 silk by the application of three tight ligatures at the mid-thigh level. In the neuropathy model of rat tibial nerve ligation, morphological changes of sensory neurons in DRG were observed using WGA-HRP. Rats of NLM showed the neuropathic behaviors. Rats were shown guarding affected limb and limping. Their toes and ankle joint of operated limb were hyperflexed. Under light microscopy, tibial nerve showed degeneration of axons in NLM. In control and NLM, labeled sensory neurons of tibial nerve distributed L4 and L5 DRG. In control group, the labeled sensory neurons were round or oval in shape. They were large and small cells, and mixed pattern. Total number of labeled sensory neurons in NLM decreased significantly from control group. The number of labeled sensory neurons in L4 and L5 DRG decreased significantly from control group. Labeled large and small cells decreased significantly from control group. Present study may serve as the basic information about the changes of DRG sensory neurons in NLM.

The Effect of Continuous Epidural Electrical Stimulation on Synapse and Neuronal Cell in Rat with Focal Ischemia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of continuous epidural electrical stimulation (ES) on the behavioral recovery, and the molecular proliferation of synapse and neural cell in rats with photothrombotic stroke. METHOD: The male Sprague-Dawley rats were pre-trained on a single pellet reaching task (SPRT), and then received the photothrombotic infarction on dominant sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and implantation of electrode over the peri-lesion SMC surface. All rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: anodal ES on infarcted SMC (ES group) and no ES on infarcted SMC (control group). Rats received daily SPRT and neurological examinations for 14 days. After the rats had been sacrificed, brain sections were immunostained for quantification of infarct volumes and evaluation of the structural remodeling markers (MAP2, synaptophysin and GFAP). RESULTS: The functional improvement of SPRT was significantly increased in the ES group compared to control group. There were no significant group differences in the infarct volumes, neurological examinations, structural remodeling markers. But, in the ES group, MAP2 and synaptophysin in affected peri-infarct area tended to increase compared with unaffected hemisphere. In affected hemisphere of ES group, many structural remodeling markers tended to increase compared with unaffected hemisphere. Especially, the staining of synaptophysin and GFAP in peri-infarct area showed more increased uptake than unaffected hemisphere in ES group and control group, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The ES improved greatly the behavioral motor function after SMC infarction and induced the significant synaptogenesis with the widespread neuronal proliferation in peri-infarct area. Postischemic astrogliosis was not remarkable in ES group.

Ultrastructural Changes of Epithelium Covering Peyer's Patch by Simple Obstruction of Gerbil Ileum / 체질인류학회지

The light and electron microscopic studies were carried out to find the morphological changes of epithelial cells covering Peyer's patch after simple observation of gerbil (Mongolian gerbil) ileum. Animals were classified as the control, 6 hour-ligation and 18 hour-ligation groups. Terminal ileum was ligated with white silk around Peyer's patch without the vascular injury. In control group, epithelia of the gerbil ileum was consisted of villous epithelium and follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering Peyer's patch. FAE represented typical dome structure, and was composed of the cuboid absorptive cells mainly and M cells. M cells were distributed at the periphery rather than central portion of dome-like FAE that are distinguishable from absorptive cells, owing to their typically short and thick microvilli on its free surface. In the light mictoscopy on 6 hour-ligation group, cells with vacuoles were appeared in FAE, and some lymphocytes in lymphoid follicle were condensed and then densely stained. There are many lymphocytes in FAE, infiltrated through the interrupted basement membrane. In the electron microscopic findings of 6-hour-ligated group, absorptive cells appeared to have many vesicle and vacuoles in various size, some lipid droplets and membranous structure contained inclusion bodies. Microvilli of M cell appeared to be destroyed at the central portion on its free surface. In the light microscopy of 18 hour-ligation group, FAE destructed partially and lymphoid follicle was hypertrophied and atrophied simultaneously. In the electron microscopic findings of 18 hour-ligation group, absorptive cells appeared to have the irregular and densely stained nucleus, and have many lipid droplets other than structures observed in 6 hour-ligation group. M cell appeared to have various-sized vacuoles, and have the bleb-like and irregular membrane-limited structures that protrude into the lumen and have less the cytoplasmic cell organs. These results suggested that the simple ligation of ileum gives rise to the inflammatory response on FAE of 6 hourligated group and then lead to the various response; degeneration, necrosis and atrophy of cells in FAE, and the hypertrophy and atrophy of lymphocytes in lymphoid follicle. M cell might have no special function and have the degenerative change with the adjacent absorptive cells during simple obstruction.

Histochemical Characteristics and Ultrastructure of Mast Cells in Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) / 대한해부학회지

This study describes the histochemical characteristics and ultrastructure of mast cells from tongue, proventriculus, ileum and fabricius bursa, in pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) by light and electron microscopy. We compared the stainability of 4 different methods, toluidine blue, alcian blue, congo red and alkaline Giemsa, to stain mast cell granules from fixed pheasant organs in three different fixatives, 10% neutral buffered formalin, Carnoy's solution or half-strength Karnovsky's solution. Mast cells in all experimental organs were not stained with 4 different staining methods after fixation in 10% neutral buffered formalin but well stained in fixed organs with half-strength Karnovsky's solution. The mast cells had many metachromatic granules stained with toluidine blue or alkaline Giemsa and orthochromatic granules stained with alcian blue or congo red in tissues fixed in half-strength Karnovsky's solution. In electron microscopy, pheasant mast cells were oval, triangular, spindle-like or irregular and had a few finger-like cytoplasmic processes. There were the membrane-bounded secretory granules and the well-developed organelles in mast cells. Internal large granules were oval or irregular, and had variable shape; some higher or lower electron density with homogeneous appearance; some had a particular appearance, and a few showed reticular or spongy-like structure. This indicates that 10% neutral buffered formalin or Carnoy's fixation may be inadequate for detection of mast cells in pheasant, whereas the half-strength Karnovsky's fixation provides metachromatic or orthochromatic staining of mast cell granules.

Roles of TNF-alpha and IgE in the late phase of contact hypersensitivity induced by trimellitic anhydride

Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) is widely used industrially to make epoxy and alkyd resins, plasticizers and surfactants. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is induced by repeated TMA challenge and the role of TNF-a and IgE in the TMA-induced CHS. The repetition of the challenge enlarged the extent of an early and a late phase of CHS in TNF-alpha+/+ (B6129SF2/J) and Balb/c mice. In the late phase of TMA-induced CHS, the peak of ear swelling responses by single challenge showed at 24 h after challenge, but the peak was observed at 8 h after repeated challenge. In the TNF-a knockout TNF-alpha-/- (B6;129S-Tnf(tm1Gk1) mice, the repetition of the TMA challenges enlarged the extent of the late phase of CHS, but less than those in TNF-alpha+/+ mice. Injection of anti-TNF-alpha antibody into the peritoneal cavity of Balb/c mice significantly decreased the extent of the late phase of CHS. Subcutaneous injection of anti-IgE antibody into Balb/c mice also decreased the extent of the late phase of CHS in dose-dependent manner. Histologically, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and eosinophils was more pronounced in repeatedly TMA-challenged TNF-alpha+/+ and Balb/c mice than in the TNF-alpha-/- mice and anti-TNF-alpha or anti-IgE antibodies treated Balb/c mice. These results indicate that mice sensitized by TMA could possibly offer a useful model to study the mechanism of CHS, and TNF-a and IgE may act as potential modulators in the late phase of TMA-induced CHS. Neutralization of TNF-alpha and IgE by anti-TNF-a or anti-IgE antibodies may provide therapeutic tools for the treatment of TMA-induced CHS.

Localization of Nerves Innervating the Sublingual Gland in the Rat Brain Using Pseudorabies Virus / 체질인류학회지

The nerves innervating the sublingual gland of the rat was investigated using PRV (pseudorabies virus) as a neural tracer. The neural tracer was injected into left sublingual gland of the rat. In the central nervous system, PRV immunoreactive neurons were labeled bilaterally and tended to be more densely labeled in the left side. PRV immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies and fibers were observed in insular cortex, paraventricular nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus, spinal trigeminal tract, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus, raphe obscurus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus, alpha. The more densely labeled PRV immunoreactive neurons were found in the deep mesencephalic nucleus, spinal trigeminal tract and lateral paragigantocellular nucleus. These results may provide a neuroanatomical data on the nerves innervating the sublingual gland in the rat brain.

Localization of Motor Neuronal Cell Bodies Innervating the Digastric Muscle of the Rat Using Cholera Toxin B Subunit (CTB) / 대한해부학회지

We used cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as a neural tracer to localize motor neuronal cell bodies innervating the digastric muscle. After CTB injection into the left anterior belly, CTB-labelled motor neuronal cell bodies were found in caudal half of the left and right trigeminal nucleus, the left and right facial nucleus, the accessory facial nucleus and the accessory trigeminal nucleus in pons. The total number of CTB-labelled motor neuronal cell bodies were 1,179+/-119.5 in the left pons and 246+/-61.8 in the right pons after CTB injections into the left anterior belly of digastric muscle. After CTB injection into left posterior belly, CTB-labelled motor neuronal cell bodies were found only in the left ventral part of accessory facial nucleus in caudal pons and the total number of CTB-labelled motor neuronal cell bodies were 270+/-29.3.

Electron Microscopic Autoradiographic Study on the Secretion of Atrial Specific Granules from Atrial Cardiocytes in Dehydrated Rats / 대한해부학회지

This study was performed to investigate for the effect of dehydration on the synthesis, secretion and secreted pathway of atrial specific granules contained ANP by electron microscopic autoradiography. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, body weigh of about 50 g (range 47 to 53 g), were divided into control, 1 day dehydration and 3 days dehydration groups. Each group was divided into four groups according to sacrificed time on 20 min, 60 min and 240 min after the injection of L-leucine 3 H. Tissues of the right atrium obtained from animals were processed for typical electron microscopic procedure, and then embedded in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections were followed for electron microscopic autoradiographic method. Atrial specific granules were various in size, and some granules had a lower electron densities and indistinct granular membrane in the dehydration groups compared with the control group. In the electron microscopic autoradiographs of atrial wall, silver grains indicated by means of the positions of labelled L-leucine 3 H over the cell inclusion included atrial specific granules, cell organelles, intercellular spaces and blood vesseles. In the control group, high specific radioactivity was observed in the Golgi apparatus at 20 min, and in the rough endoplasmic reticulums and atrial specific granules at 60 min after the injection of L-leucine3H. And high level of radioactivities were observed in the cell membranes and blood vesseles at 240 min after the injection of L-leucine3H. In the 1 day and 3 days dehydration groups, radioactivities of Golgi apparatus, atrial specific granules, cell membranes and intercellular spaces were high level at 20 min, and radioactivities of rough endoplasmic reticulums and blood vesseles were high level at 60 min after isotope injection. Stored atrial specific granules were increased to 34.1% in the 1 day dehydration group, 27.4% in the 3 days dehydration group compared with the control group. In the 3 days dehydration group, newly formed granules increased 85.02% at 20 min, but those decreased rapidly to 36.87% at 60 min, 20.45% at 240 min after the injection of L-leucine3H in atrial cardiocytes. This results suggest that total ANP increased rapidly in the atrial cardiocytes, and newly formed ANP secreted rapidly into the intercellular space in the condition of dehydration, and ANP from atrial cardiocytes remain in intercellular space for dehydration period.

Localization of Nerves Innervating Sublingual and Submandibular Gland in the CNS Using Cholera Toxin B Subnit and Pseudorabies Virus / 체질인류학회지

In the rat brain stem, neurons innervating the sublingual and submandibular gland were investigated by means of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). Injection of CTB into the sublingual gland and PRV into the submandibular gland, neural tracer labeled neurons showed similar positions in central nervous system with PRV into the sublingual gland and CTB into the submandibular gland. CTB labeled-neurons were observed in superior salivatory nucleus, PRV labeled-neurons in superior salivatory nucleus and reticular nucleus. CTB was more fine tracer than PRV for observation of superior salivatory nucleus. The size of CTB labeled-neurons is larger in submandibular gland than in sublingual gland. The size of PRV labeled-neurons were nearly the same after injection to submandibular or sublingual gland. No neurons were labeled together with CTB and PRV. Neurons innervating sublingual and submandibular gland were localized independently in superior salivatory nucleus. These results provided a neuroanatomical data of the neurons innervating the sublingual and submandibular gland in the superior salivatory nucleus.

Hypoplasia of the Left Portal Vein Territory of the Human Liver: A Case Study

Although reports of hypoplasia or absence of the liver of left lobe are not few, descriptions of the intrahepatic vessels are rare but valuable for discussion of the pathogenesis. The present report demonstrates a case of the left surgical lobe hypoplasia that is characterized by 1) the scar-like lobe with few parenchymal tissue and dilated bile ducts, 2) no Spiegel's lobe with the portal vein stuck to the inferior vena cava, 3) unusual configurations of the right hepatic vein and the 8th segmental portal vein branch, 4) the hepatic groove on S8, and 5) the trifurcation pattern of the portal vein primary division. According to the macroscopic and histological observations, we hypothesized that the secondary abnormal peritoneal fusion occurred in utero and/or during the postnatal growth, and that it involved the left portal vein and other adjacent structures, resulting in severe atrophy of the left surgical lobe.