RESUMEN
Autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） is a type of chronic hepatitis caused by the attack of hepatocytes by the autoimmune system， and with the prolongation of disease course， it may gradually progress to liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Although great achievements have been made in the understanding and treatment of AIH， its etiology and pathogenesis still remain unclear. T cells play a crucial role in the development and progression of AIH， and by focusing on follicular helper T cells， this article elaborates on the research advances in follicular helper T cells in AIH， in order to provide new ideas and strategies for the clinical treatment of AIH.
RESUMEN
The incidence rate of drug-induced liver injury （DILI） is increasing year by year with unknown mechanisms， and the treatment methods for DILI mainly include drugs， liver support systems， and liver transplantation， all of which have certain limitations. Therefore， the search for safer and more effective treatment methods has become a research hotspot at present. Studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes can alleviate liver injury by reducing liver inflammation， promoting hepatocyte proliferation and regeneration， inhibiting the apoptosis of hepatocytes， improving oxidative stress， and regulating immunity. This article briefly reviews the role of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in the treatment of DILI， so as to provide a reference for further research.
RESUMEN
Programmed death-1 and programmed death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1)are regulatory immune checkpoint molecules that inhibit T cell activation and,therefore,play an important role in tumor immunotherapy.In recent years,increasing numbers of targeted therapeutic agents have been developed,but single immune checkpoint blockers cannot completely inhibit tumor occurrence,and tumor escape sporadically occurs.Consequently,combination therapy of targeted drugs is considered a useful method to inhibit tumorigenesis and tumor development.T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif(ITIM)domain(TIGIT)is an inhibitory type 1 poliovirus receptor that has recently been a hotspot of targeted drug therapy research.It has been shown that the combination therapy of TIGIT plus PD-1/PD-L1 can reduce tumor escape and inhibit tumorigenesis more effectively.Therefore,this review summarizes and discusses the progress on the dual blockade of TIGIT and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways in tumor immunotherapy to provide a theoretical basis for tumor im-munotherapy.