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OBJECTIVE To optimize the pr eparation technology of the baicalin lipid nano foam aerosol （BC-LN-FA）. METHODS Baicalin lipid nanoparticle （BC-LN）and BC-LN-FA were prepared by the thin film dispersion method and homogeneous emulsification method ，respectively，using baicalin （BC） as the model drug. The preparation technology was optimized by Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology using particle size and encapsulation efficiency （EE）as indexes ，with dosage ， emulsifier dosage ，co-emulsifier dosage and homogenization time as factors. The morphology ，particle size ，polymerdispersity index（PDI），EE，the viscosity ，the foam dissolution rate and in vitro transdermal release of BC-LN-FA were characterized. RESULTS The optimal technology included 25 mg BC ，40 mg emulsifier （mass ratio of stearic acid-soybean lecithin-glycerol was 1∶1∶1），30 mg co-emulsifier （mass ratio of octadecanol-lactic acid was 1∶1），homogenization time of 20 min. Results of 3 times of validation tests showed that particle size of prepared BC-LN-FA was （151.70±2.40）nm，EE was （68.62±1.16）％；the deviation of them from the predicted value （particle size of 150.80 nm，EE of 67.02％）were 0.60％ and 2.39％ respectively. The BC-LN-FA prepared by the optimal process was light yellow opalescence ，uniform in particle size and round-like in shape. The viscosity，the foam dissolution rate ，the content of BC and PDI were （122.92±5.09）mPa·s，（65.32±3.22）％，（7.01±0.12）％ and（0.199±0.006），respectively. At 48 h，the cumulative release rates of BC-LN-FA in phosphate buffer saline （PBS）at pH 7.4， 6.8，5.0 were（54.12±2.69）％，（57.85±4.25）％ and（59.47±1.83）％，respectively；those of free BC in PBS at pH 7.4 was only （15.04±1.43）％. CONCLUSIONS The optimized technology is stable and feasible. Prepared BC-LN-FA has a uniform particle size，high digestion rate and certain viscosity.
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[Objective]To analyse and research quality of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) Ph.D. thesis,based on Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. [Methods] The investigation and analysis were statistically carried out on major,category,literature reference,fund support,methods,and blind trial review of TCM Ph.D. thesis in our university from 2012 to 2016.[Results] For major,compared with traditional Chinese medicine, combination of Chinese traditional and western medicine and Chinese materia medica show significant difference( P<0.01); Compared with Chinese materia medica,traditional Chinese medicine shows significant difference(P<0.01), combination of Chinese traditional and western medicine shows no difference(P>0.05).For category, compared with applied research,basic research and comprehensive research show significant difference(P<0.01); Compared with comprehensive research, applied research shows significant difference(P<0.01) and basic research shows difference(P<0.05).For funds, compared without project support,project support shows significant difference(P<0.01).[Conclusion]Majors are not balanced in our university,and training objectives should be in accordance with the needs of the society; The categories show great differences, and the research methods should be combined with the actual project; Sources should be diversified.
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[Objective]To investigate effect of PBL-Seminar teaching method in pharmacy.[Methods] Take 40 masters of pharmacy major from Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, and 20 of them as test group(with PBL-Seminar teaching method) and others as control group(with traditional teaching method).With advanced pharmaceutics as an example, final y using the questionnaire to evaluate the teaching effect of the course. [Results] Compared with the control group, the test group shows increase significantly in cognitive depth of the major, learning initiative, awareness of the team, satisfaction of the teaching atmosphere. [Conclusion] The PBL-Seminar teaching method is innovative and effective, which effectively improves the students' initiatives and cognitive ability, and helps students to adapt to society.
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Objective] To establish the quality evaluation of col ege entrepreneurship education. [Methods] Based on the relevant research at home and abroad,this paper establishes the quality evaluation index system of col ege entrepreneurship education, and AHP is applied to weigh the grade assessment indexes. [Results] This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system ,including 4 first level indexes, 10 second level indexes, 40 third level indexes. The first level indexes are the course, the teachers, the students and the environment. The weight of those indexes separately is 0.0938,0.1745,0.5086,0.2231 respectively. [Conclusion]This paper provides the basis of constructing a perfect quality evaluation system of col ege entrepreneurship education,which is of positive significance to provide policy basis.
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[Objective] To prepare adriamycin self-assembled nanoparticles, and study the in vivo anti-tumor activity. [Methods]The self-assembled adri-amycin loaded cholesterol-modified pul ulan nanoparticles were prepared by dialysis and were characterized by morphology for particle size,Zeta potential, entrapment efficiency,drug loading content.They were incubated with U251 cel s to assess the inhibition ability of the self-assembled adriamycin-loaded cholesterol-modified pul ulan nanoparticles. [Results]The morphology of self-assembled adriamycin loaded cholesterol-modified pul ulan nanoparticles was spherical. The mean particle size, Zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and drug loading were (112.8 ±1.02)nm,(-27.2±0.246)mV,(67.14±1.21)% and (7.65±0.58)%, respectively.The profiles of release were expressed wel by Higuchi equation. When the dosages were 25μg·mL-1 plus, the inhibiton ability against U251 was stronger than adriamycin solution( P<0.01).[Conclusion]The self-assembled adriamycin loaded cholesterol-modified pul ulan nanoparticles exhibited more cycitoxic activity against U251 than adriamycin solution.
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Objective To study the pathological changes related to cardiac sudden death. Methods The CCS from 179 cases with cardiac sudden death were examined histopathologically. Result There were 8 cases with hemorrhage, inflammation, or tumor infiltration in the cardiac nervous tissue or cardiac ganglion. Pathological changes such as edema, degeneration or necrosis could be found in the nervous tissue. However, no lethal pathological changes were observed out of cardiac nervous tissue. Conclusion Either primary or sencondary pathological changes in the cardiac nervous tissue might cause sudden death.
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Experimental acute myocardial ischemia model of dog was established, and the postmortem stability of fibronectin for the diagnosis of mycardial infarction was studied with immunohistochemistry and image analysis technique. The results showed that the positive reaction areas of fibronectin in ischemic myocardial tissues decreased along with the prolongation of postmortem interval, but positive reaction of fibronectin could still be found in ischemic myocardia kept for 4 weeks postmortem. No positive reaction for fibronectin could be found in normal myocardia when kept for different times. So fibronectin is a quite stable marker for the postmortem diagnosis of myocardial infarction, and is of practical value in the forensic practice.
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Experimental acute myocardial ischemia model of rat was established, and the changes of C5 complement in the ischemic myocardia were studied with immunohistochemistry and image analysis technique. The results showed that the positive reaction of C5 could be observed in ischemic myocardia at 15 min after ischemia, and the positive reaction area increased along with the prolongation of the ischemic period. It is concluded that the positive reaction of C5 in cardiomyocytes is a quite sensitive marker of early myocardial ischaemia.The immunohistochemical detection of C5 in cardiomyocytes will be a meaningful tool for the postmortem diagnosis of early myocardial ischaemia.
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In view of the high content of fluorine in the water in Guangdong pro-vince,we detected the serum fluorine level in rabbits died of drowning andcompared with that obtained from rabbits immersed in water after deathfrom hanging.The fluorine content in water is about 15 folds higher than normal whilein control cases the serum fluorine values are slightly lower than normal.The fluorine content in human serum is similar with that of rabbits.Itsuggests that detection of serum fluorine content might be a valuable methodfor the diagnosis of drowning in those areas where there are high waterfluorine content.
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Experimental studies on the myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in 16 anaethetized SDrats,of which,8 animals were pretreated with morphine(5 mg/kg,i.p.)for preventing of arrhyth-mias,were studied immunocytochemically with anti-muscle actin specific monoclonal antibody (HHF_(35)),8 shan-operated rats were used as control.With HHF_(35) ABC immunocytochemical method,the area of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury(without morphine)showed decrease or ab-sence of staining,large areas of staining loss were also seen.In the group with morphine,only smallfoci of staining absence were shown.The myocardium in control animals showed evenly positive stain-ing.No change were seen with HE staining in all groups.The results obtained with HHF_(35) stainingsupport its important value in studying on myocardic reperfusion injury,and indicated that the degreeof myocardic damage may be relative to the arrhythmias in myocardial reperfusion injury.
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The platelets in the human mixed thrombus,hyaline thrombus antemortemand postmrtem skin incision wounds were detected by the PAP-immunohisto-chemical technique using monoclonal antibodies against the human platelet mem-brane glycoprotein(GPIb,GPIIIa).The positive reaction were observed inthe mixed thrombus,hyaline thrombus and in all the antrmortem skin incisionwounds,but not in the postmortem skin wounds.The significance of theapplication of this technique in the forensic medicine practice was discussed.
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This paper reports the detection of IgE antibodies in animals died of anaphylactie shock by enzyme--linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The total IgE level in serum of shock group was significantly higher than that of control group(P
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This paper reports the immunohistochemical changes in kidneys of anaphylactic shock animals byAvidin-biotin-per-oxidase Complex Technique (ABC), Peroxidase - anti - perox idase Complex Technique(PAP)and Lablled Avidin-biotin Technique (LAB). The immediate naphylaxis was always accompanied by The immunocomplex formation in kidney. the immunocomplex adhered to the mesangial cells,the endothelial cells of capillaries and small arteries,and also to the adventitia of blnd vessels. In addition to allegens,such as penicillin and exogenous serum, IgE and IgG were observed in theimmuno-complex. This finding suggested that the IgE in the immunocomplex might be characteristicof type I anaphylaxis and could be distingushed from other kind of immunocomtplexs. Animals keptedat the room temperature (22 - 25℃)for 6 or 12 hours, or in refrigerator (4 ℃ )for 48 hours would notinfluence the positive reactions. This method seems feasible for practical use in the casework of anaphylactic shock.
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In order to explore the value of fibronectin (Fn) in the postmortem diagnosis of myocardial infarction.The changes of Fn staining in normal, infarcted and other non infarcted myocardial injuries resulted from myocarditis, mechanical asphyxia, electrocution, hemorrhagic shock, cardiac contusion and organophosphate poisoning were studied with immunohistochemistry and image analysis system. The results showed that positive Fn staining could only be observed in groups of myocardial infarction and myocarditis, but could not be found in groups of mechanical asphyxia, electrocution, hemorrhagic shock, cardiac contusion, organophosphate poisoning. It is indicated that positive reaction of Fn could be affected only by myocarditis, so it is quite specific for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
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39 cases of fatally abused children were collected during April,1984 to febraury,1987 in Los Angeless,U.S.A.73 cases of non-abused children were obtained as control.Both eyes of each case were taken and examined histo- pathologically.The intraocular changes occured in 64% of the fatally abused children.They were:Retinal hemorrhage,vitrous hemorrhage,retinal de- tachmedt,papilledema,subdural hemorrhage of the optic nerve and traum- atic cataract.On the other hand,the intraocular changes occured in 28% of control cass,especially in those of traffic and other accidents which usually caused the injuries of head and neck.Considering the intraocular changes and the general injuries together,we suggest that the most important mec- hanism of the intraocular changes be head injuries and whiplash syndrome.
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Having collected the skull of a fallen adult victim,and made artificial fractures on an autopsled adult skull as well as on two living dog skulls,we observed the edges of skull fractures under the scanning electron microscope in order to find out the submicroscopic morphologic features of skull fractures aiming at elucidating the mechanism of fracture,and differentiating ante-from post-mortem fractures.Many microfractures were found along the main fracture lines,they extended into the interior of the skull. The width of the microfractures varied from 5 to 100?m.Some of them were located in the external compact bone and some between the outer compact bone and diploe. The rest were found in the diploe in the form of transverse,longitudinal or spiral fractures of bony trabeculae.Collagenous fibre bunches embeded in the bony matrix were broken and separated. The blood vessels inside the skull were crosscut or longitudinary torn by the fracture lines. Sometimes the torn blood vessels were pulled out of the Harversian canals.In antemortem fractures as a results of hemorrhage, there were not only blood clot on the edges of the broken skull, but also hemorrhage into the microfractures. The fibrin networks and red blood cells were easily found in the depths of these cracks.A deductive mechanism of formation of the microfractures and the possibility of differentiation between ante-and post-mortem fractures are discussed.
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Localization and estimation of histamine(HA)content in the wound edge in 81cases of SD rats were carried out by microfluorometric method specific for this aminewhich forms a complex with ophthalaedehyde(OPT).At the same time,thedistribution and the density of the mast calls in the same areas were observed byToluidine blue stain.in all skin specimens with antemortem wounds,both the epidermisand upper dermis exhibited extracellular yellowish fluorescente band of the HA-OPTcomplex.The zone spreaded in wound edge with the lapse of time in antemorteminjuries.The content of HA increased gradually up to 30′,and then yellow hista- mine fluorescence in areas 0-200? extended from wound edge decreased.None of thesefeatures could be observed in normal control skin and postmortemin jured skin.themast cell degranulation could be demonstrated in all antemortem injured skin.Nostatistic relationship between the degranulation of mast cell and the HA-OPTfluorescence existed in either ante-or post-mortem injured groups.This study indi-cated that the skin HA microfluoremetry by OPT method has practical value fordistingushing the ante-from post-mortem wounds and for timing antemortem wounds.
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For the purpose of timing of wounds,the measurement of K~+/Na~+ ratio of 36specimens of wister rat's muscles taken from the local burn area by the atomicabsorption spcetrophometry was carried out.The results showed that K~+/Na~+ ratio in specimens of burn formed 15,30,60minutes before death and 20 minutes after death reduced 47～82%(mean 71%),56～89%(mean 77%),69～94%(mean 86%)and 4～38%(mean 27%)respectively ascompared with the control muscles.Reduction rate of K~+/Na~+ ratio in ante-mortem group was more obvious than the postmortem ones.With the prolongationof the antemortem interval,the reduction of K~+/Na~+ ratio becomes more marked.We believe that this method is a simple and reliable method in timing woundsand it is valuable in forensic medicine practice.
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Varying doses of cobra crude venom were injected subcutaneously into rats.Formaking frozen and methylaldehyde fixed,paraffin embeded sections,tissues blockswere taken from the injected site muscles,hearts,livers,spleens,lungs,kidneysand diaphragms either immediately,or 6,12,24hrs after death.Tissue sectionswere stained with and ABC-immunocytochemical techniques.On HE stained sections,edema,heamorrhage,congestion were observed.Coludyswelling,necrosis,and breakdown of cells were seen in most of the organs.Nospecific morphological changes has been found.On the frozen sections of the musc-les taken from the injected site,kidneys and livers,the venom has been identifiedby ABC-immunocytochemical staining.Although as little as 2LD_(50) (2mg/kg) venomwas given,it could be demonstrated on the membrane of the muscle even 24 hrs afterdeath.In case of large amount of venom (11LD_(50) ) poisoning,the venom was alsofound in nucleus of liver cells and in the endothelial cells of capillaries of renalglomeruli.The pathogenesie of localization of snake venom in endothelial cells ofrenal glomerular capillaries was discussed,there is No report about the localizationof snake venom in nucleus of liver cells It is a very interesting phenomenonIt is usggested that the ABC-immunocytochemical stain is a sensitive and specificmethodforid entifying sanke venom in tissues of snake biting victims.
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Quantitative histochemical demonstration of the nonspecific esterase in injuredskin on 32 Hartly guineapigs and 8 cases of human skin wounds was performed,using a microspectrophotometric scanning technique.In all antemortem incisions andlacerations,including those made at the agonal stage,the nonspecific esterase acti-edvity can be observed in the dermal collagen fibers in the vicinity of the woundedge.The enzyme activities increase with the antermortem duration of the injuries.Both total content and mean concentration of the nonspecific esterase in the woundedge between antemortem and postmortem wound groups are significantly different(P