RESUMEN
Objective:To explore the expression of long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)ZIM2-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and its clinical significance as well as diagnostic value using the data obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA).Meth-ods:The transcriptome sequencing(RNA-seq)data and clinical information of 374 HCC tissues and 50 paired paracancerous tissues were gathered from the TCGA database,then the expression trends of ZIM2-AS1 in HCC and its correlation with clinicopathological features,prognosis,immune cell infiltration,as well as diagnostic value was inspected by bioinformatics analysis using relevant R packages.The expression of ZIM2-AS1 in human normal liver cell line and HCC cell lines was examined by qRT-PCR.Results:The ex-pression of ZIM2-AS1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues(P<0.001),and its expression level was significantly correlated with age,gender,N stage,histologic grade and AFP level(P all<0.05).The overall survival(OS)and disease specific survival(DSS)of patients with high ZIM2-AS1 expression were significantly shorter than those of patients with low expression(P<0.05),and ZIM2-AS1 was an in-dependent risk factor affecting OS.Immune cell infiltration analysis showed that ZIM2-AS1 was closely related to the infiltration of Th2 cells,CD56brightNK cells,follicular helper T cells(Tfh),neutrophils and plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDC)(|Spearman's r|>0.1,P<0.05)in HCC.ROC curve analysis revealed that the expression level of ZIM2-AS1 possesse potential diagnostic value in HCC,N0 stage,histologic grade G1 and G2,OS and DSS(AUC all>0.50).qRT-PCR results showed that the expression level of ZIM2-AS1 in HCC cell lines was significantly higher than that in human normal liver cells(P all<0.05).Conclusion:The elevated expression of lncRNA ZIM2-AS1 is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of HCC patient and has potential application value as a biomarker for HCC diagnosis,prognosis as well as tumor immune microenvironment assessment.
RESUMEN
Background Improper settings of outdoor smoking points in public places may increase the risk of secondhand smoke exposure among the population. Conducting research on air pollution in and around smoking spots and related influencing factors can provide valuable insights for optimizing the setting of outdoor smoking points. Objective To investigate the influence of the number of smokers at outdoor smoking points and the distance on the diffusion characteristics of surrounding air pollutants, in order to optimize the setting of outdoor smoking points. Methods Surrounding the exhibition halls in the China International Import Expo (CIIE), two outdoor smoking points were randomly selected, one on the first floor (ground level) and the other on the second floor (16 m above ground), respectively. At 0, 3, 6, and 9 m from the smoking points in the same direction, validated portable air pollutant monitors were used to measure the real-time fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations for consecutive 5 d during the exhibition, as well as the environmental meteorological factors at 0 m with weather meters including wind speed, wind direction, and air pressure. An open outdoor atmospheric background sampling point was selected on each of the two floors to carry out parallel sampling. Simultaneously, the number of smokers at each smoking point were double recorded per minute. The relationships between the number of smokers, distance from the smoking points, and ambient PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations were evaluated by generalized additive regression models for time-series data after adjustment of confounders such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Results The median numbers of smokers at smoking points on the first and second floors were 6 [interquartile range (IQR): 3, 9] and 9 (IQR: 6, 13), respectively. Windless (wind speed <0.6 m·s−1) occupied most of the time (85.9%) at both locations. The average concentration of ambient PM2.5 at the smoking points (0 m) [mean ± standard deviation, (106±114) μg·m−3] was 4.2 times higher than that of the atmospheric background [(25±7) μg·m−3], the PM2.5 concentration showed a gradient decline with the increase of distance from the smoking points, and the average PM2.5 concentration at 9 m points [(35±22) μg·m−3] was close to the background level (1.4 times higher). The maximum concentration of CO2 [(628±23) μmol·mol−1] was observed at 0 m, and its average value was 1.3 times higher than that of the atmospheric background [(481±40) μmol·mol−1], and there was no gradient decrease in CO2 concentration with increasing distance at 0, 3, 6, and 9 m points. The regression analyses showed that, taking smoking point as the reference, every 3 m increase in distance was associated with a decrease of ambient PM2.5 by 24.6 [95% confidence interval (95%CI): 23.5, 25.8] μg·m−3 (23.2%) and CO2 by 54.1 (95%CI: 53.1, 55.1) μmol·mol−1 (8.6%). Every one extra smoker at the smoking point was associated with an average increase of PM2.5 and CO2 by 2.0 (95%CI: 1.7, 2.8) μg·m−3 and 1.0 (95%CI: 0.7，1.2) μmol·mol−1, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicated that, under windless conditions, the concentrations of PM2.5 and CO2 at the smoking points were even higher but the decreasing and dispersion characteristics remained consistent. Conclusion Outdoor smoking points could significantly increase the PM2.5 concentrations in the surrounding air and the risks of secondhand smoke exposure, despite of the noticeable decreasing trend with increasing distance. Considering the inevitable poor dispersion conditions such as windless and light wind, outdoor smoking points are recommended to be set at least 9 m or farther away from non-smoking areas.
RESUMEN
Bioactive glass(BG)has been used as a candidate for bone and soft tissue repair materials because of its compatibility,bioactivity and ability to form a crystalline hydroxyapatite layer.This paper introduces the mechanism of BG ion release,discusses the application of borosilicate bioactive glass(BBG)in bone and soft tissue repair,and provides an overview of the potential and clinical translational challenges faced by BBG in bone cement,scaffold,hydrogel,and fiber research applications.
RESUMEN
Although WHO declared the end of the public health emergency for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), XBB lineages continue to evolve and emerge globally. In particular, XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 are raising concerns because of their high immune evasion, leading to apprehensions regarding vaccine efficacy reduction and potential reinfection. We aimed to investigate the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea and predict the likelihood of reinfection by testing neutralizing activity against live viruses from the S clade and 19 Omicron sublineages.We found a significant risk of infection with the currently prevalent XBB lineage for individuals who were either vaccinated early or infected during the initial Omicron outbreak. Vaccinated individuals were better equipped than unvaccinated individuals to produce neutralizing antibodies for other SARS-CoV-2 variants upon infection. Therefore, unvaccinated individuals do not easily develop neutralizing activity against other variants and face the highest risk of reinfection by the XBB lineage. Our study provides important information to facilitate the development of strategies for monitoring populations that would be the most susceptible to new COVID-19 outbreaks.
RESUMEN
Background@#The population of Gangneung City in South Korea has shown a gradual increase in the proportion of individuals aged 65 years and older, and the most frequently reported diseases for several years have consistently been periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis. The regional imbalance in the distribution of dental personnel and resources has emerged as a problem of inequality in the use of dental care. It has been advocated to identify areas with disadvantages in dental care and develop public dental policies based on that. This study aimed to develop a customized oral healthcare program for local seniors based on a Public-Private-Academic Partnership, and to evaluate the oral health status of older adults in Gangneung City. @*Methods@#The participants were residents aged 60 years and above in Gangneung City. A questionnaire including general information, systemic health status, and oral health status was administered to the participants. In addition, oral healthcare and education tailored to each individual’s health status were provided once or twice based on their oral health status. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 for descriptive statistical analysis. @*Results@#Among the older adults in Gangneung City, 75% had at least one prosthesis and exhibited symptoms of gingivitis or periodontitis. Additionally, the modified sulcus bleeding index decreased among participants who underwent the program twice.Over 90% of the participants expressed satisfaction with the program. @*Conclusion@#The program appeared to contribute positively to the oral health promotion among local seniors. Further oral healthcare programs should focus on seniors in rural and old urban areas to reduce disparities in oral health across regions.
RESUMEN
Background@#To train dental hygienists to utilize knowledge in practice, an integrated curriculum based on the competencies of dental hygienists is expanding; however, in the field of basic dental hygiene the curriculum is still fragmented and based on segmented knowledge. This study developed an integrated curriculum based on the competencies of dental hygienists in Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Physiology, which are subjects for basic dental hygiene that have high linkage and overlap. @*Methods@#After selecting the learning objectives for the integrated curriculum from those of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Physiology, the duties of the dental hygienist in relation to the learning objectives were analyzed. Learning objectives were combined with the duties of a dental hygienist to derive competencies for an integrated curriculum. Referring to the syllabus and learning objectives for each subject, the weekly educational content, learning objectives, and credits of the integrated curriculum were derived. After conducting a Delphi survey to validate the competency and content of the derived integrated curriculum, an integrated curriculum was developed. @*Results@#By using the first and second Delphi surveys, four competencies were developed for dental hygienists that can be achieved through an integrated basic dental hygiene curriculum. In addition, an integrated curriculum including the courses Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Physiology, Structure and Function of the Human Body/Head/Neck, and Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity was established. @*Conclusion@#This study presents a specific example for developing a competency-based integrated curriculum that can be used as a framework to derive a competency-based integrated curriculum among subjects that can be integrated according to the linkage of learning contents and the competencies that can be achieved.
RESUMEN
Objectives@#We examined factors contributing to the transmission of an acute respiratory virus within multi-use facilities, focusing on an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a movie theater in the Republic of Korea. @*Methods@#This retrospective cohort study involved a descriptive analysis of 48 confirmed cases. Logistic regression was applied to a cohort of 80 theater attendees to identify risk factors for infection. The infection source and transmission route were determined through gene sequencing data analysis. @*Results@#Of the 48 confirmed cases, 35 were theater attendees (72.9%), 10 were family members of attendees (20.8%), 2 were friends (4.2%), and 1 was an employee (2.1%). Among the 80 individuals who attended the 3rd to 5th screenings of the day, 35 became infected, representing a 43.8% attack rate. Specifically, 28 of the 33 third-screening attendees developed confirmed SARS-CoV-2, constituting an 84.8% attack rate. Furthermore, 11 of the 12 cases epidemiologically linked to the theater outbreak were clustered monophyletically within the AY.69 lineage. At the time of the screening, 35 individuals (72.9%) had received 2 vaccine doses. However, vaccination status did not significantly influence infection risk. Multivariate analysis revealed that close contacts had a 15.9-fold higher risk of infection (95% confidence interval, 4.37–78.39) than casual contacts. @*Conclusion@#SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurred within the theater, and extended into the community, via a moviegoer who attended the 3rd screening during the viral incubation period after contracting the virus from a family member. This study emphasizes the importance of adequate ventilation in theaters.
RESUMEN
Objective@#This study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of Minds.NAVI, a depression screening kit combining psychometric measures and stress hormone biomarkers, in a prospective clinical trial. The objective was to assess its potential as a depression screening tool and investigate the associations between psychological assessments, salivary hormone staging, and depression severity. @*Methods@#Thirty-five participants with major depressive disorder and 12 healthy controls (HCs) were included. The Minds.NAVI software, utilizing the PROtective and Vulnerable factors battEry Test (PROVE) and salivary cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) analysis, was employed. The PROVE test is a comprehensive self-report questionnaire that assesses depressive symptoms, suicide risk, attachment style, adverse childhood experiences, mentalization capacity, and resilience. In addition, salivary cortisol and DHEA levels were measured to evaluate the functional stage of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. @*Results@#Minds.NAVI exhibited 100% sensitivity, 91.7% specificity, and 97.9% accuracy in distinguishing depression from HCs within an exploratory small group. Salivary stress hormone phases showed changes with depression stage (p=0.030), and the proportion of patients with “adrenal exhaustion stage” was higher in the moderate/severe depression group (p=0.038). Protective/vulnerable factors differed significantly between controls and depressed groups (p<0.001). Cortisol awakening response inversely correlated with depressive symptom severity (r=-0.31, p=0.034). @*Conclusion@#This study suggested possible clinical effectiveness of Minds.NAVI, a depression screening tool that integrates psychometric measures and stress hormone biomarkers. The findings support the potential association between depression, chronic stress, and HPA axis hyporesponsiveness.
RESUMEN
Abstract@#Speed is an important component of physical fitness testing for students around the world. On the whole, the different testing systems usually set up various indexes based on the moving speed, action speed and reaction speed; the indexes are diverse but uniform in number; there are differences in the age of application of the indexes and no gender differences. As far as the classification of indexes is concerned, there are two types of movement:sprinting and shuttle run, for the moving speed test indexes; there are differences in the need for action speed and reaction speed tests. Based on this, from the perspective of energy metabolism and health benefits, the properties and testing methods for measuring moving speed and the need for action speed and reaction speed testing are analyzed. The study shows that acceleration capability should be a measured attribute of moving speed，the 30 m running can be used as a general index of moving speed for all students; the shuttle run is not suitable as an index of moving speed; action speed is less correlated with physical health, so it should not be included in the testing system for the time being; and reaction speed which closely relates to physical health,should be included in the testing system.
RESUMEN
Objective:To explore the association between different feeding patterns, emotional states, and salivary oxytocin (OT) levels during breastfeeding.Methods:From January to December 2019, 153 pairs of 3-month-old infants and their mothers were recruited from 4 maternal and child health hospitals in Chongqing, Liuzhou, Dalian and Hangzhou in China.Saliva samples were collected from the mothers at the first 5 minutes of feeding, 5 minutes during feeding, and 10 minutes after feeding.Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) was used to evaluate maternal depression.Infants were divided into exclusive breastfeeding group and artificial feeding group according to feeding patterns.ELISA of salivary oxytocin was performed by ELISA kits, and the OT levels measured at the 3 time points were converted using linear interpolation.Area under the curve with respect to ground(OTAUCG) was used to represent the total concentration of salivary OT during the mother's breastfeeding.SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Multiple linear regression analysis and two factors analysis of variance were used to explore the association between different feeding methods, emotional state and salivary oxytocin during breastfeeding.Results:The results of the two factors analysis of variance showed that the interaction between feeding pattern and mother's emotion was not significant ( F=2.440, P=0.120), the main effect of mother's emotion was not significant ( F=0.380, P=0.539), and the main effect of feeding style was significant ( F=3.350, P=0.021). The level of OTAUCG under pure breastfeeding ((151 561.47±75 738.11) pg/mL) was higher than that under artificial feeding ((122 269.03±65 029.88) pg/mL), and the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in OTAUCG levels between mothers with normal emotions ((146 106.37±75 106.76) pg/mL) and mothers with depressed emotions ((129 079.56±67 565.87) pg/mL) ( P=0.221). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that artificial feeding had a negative predictive effect on maternal salivary OT levels compared to exclusive breastfeeding( β=-0.211, t=-2.513, P=0.013). Conclusion:Feeding pattern is a factor that affects the mother's salivary OT level, and breastfeeding can improve the mother's OT level.
RESUMEN
Objective:To understand the prevalence of arboviruses in mosquito samples in Xichang City, Sichuan Province, and enrich the data of arbovirus activity and genetic characteristics in southwestern Sichuan Province.Methods:In June 2018, the nucleic acid was extracted from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected from different pigsties in three villages and suburbs of Xichang City. The specific primers of Yunnan orbivirus, Banna virus, Tibet orbivirus (S7, S10), Flavivirus and alphavirus were used for quantitative polymerase chain reaction examination, and the positive product was cloned for sequencing analysis. Results:A total of 9 012 mosquitoes were collected, of which Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species. A number of 88 batches of these mosquitoes were amplified, and 2 strains of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), 7 strains of Banna virus (BAV), 7 strains of Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) and 1 strain of Yunnan orbivirus virus (YOUV) were detected, respectively. By the results of cluster analysis and evolutionary tree analysis, the 17 newly found virus strains were close to the Yunnan isolates, and 2 JEV strains were located in the GI-b clade. The other 7 strains of BAV were A2 evolutionary clades. Of the 7 TIBOV plants, 6 were located in the same clade. One TOUV was in the same clade as the Yunnan strain. Conclusions:Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in Xichang city might carry JEV, BAV, YOUV and TIBOV, among them JEV was GI-b type and BAV was A2 type. The results provide data supporting the detection and analysis of arboviruses in Xichang city.
RESUMEN
Background and Objectives@#mRNA-based protein expression technology has been used to express functional proteins. We have previously generated dopamine neurons from rat-embryo derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) through repeated transfection of synthetic transcription factor mRNA encoding dopamine-inducible genes. However, NPCs began to die approximately 10 d post-transfection. In this study, we examined a long-term transfection protocol that did not affect cell viability. @*Methods@#and Results: Experiments were performed in eight groups sorted according to the start date of mRNA transfection. mRNA was transfected into NPCs daily for 21 d and live cell images of each group were recorded. NPCs which were differentiated for more than five days showed sustained gene expression and appreciable viability despite daily mRNA transfection for 21 d. @*Conclusions@#Repeated mRNA transfection requires cells with a sufficient differentiation period.
RESUMEN
Purpose@#The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 6 months after donation (eGFR 6m) is strongly associated with the risk of end-stage renal disease in living kidney donors. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of eGFR 6m <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 eGFR 6m <60) and identify the risk factors that can predict the occurrence of eGFR 6m <60 in living kidney donors. @*Materials and Methods@#Living kidney donors who underwent nephrectomy at Severance Hospital between January 2009 and December 2019 were identified. We excluded 94 of 1233 donors whose creatinine values at 6 months after donation were missing. The risk factors for eGFR 6m <60 were assessed using multivariate regression analysis. The optimal cutoff points for candidate risk factors for predicting eGFR 6m <60 occurrence were determined using the Youden index. @*Results@#The eGFR 6m <60 occurred in 17.3% of the participants. Older age (≥44 years), history of hypertension, lower preoperative eGFR (<101 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), and degree of increase in creatinine levels on postoperative day 2 compared to those before surgery (ΔCr2_pre) (≥0.39 mg/dL) increased the risk of eGFR 6m <60. The addition of ΔCr2_pre to preoperative eGFR yielded a higher predictive accuracy for predicting eGFR 6m <60 than that with preoperative eGFR alone {area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.886 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.863–0.908] vs. 0.862 (95% CI, 0.838–0.887), p<0.001}. @*Conclusion@#The incidence of eGFR 6m <60 was 17.3%. Older age, lower preoperative eGFR, history of hypertension, and greater ΔCr2_pre were associated with the occurrence of eGFR 6m <60 after living donor nephrectomy. The combination of preoperative eGFR and ΔCr2_pre showed the highest predictive power for eGFR 6m <60.
RESUMEN
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated an intricate association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and neurodegenerative conditions, expanding beyond previous foci of comorbidities between IBD and mood disorders. These new discoveries stem from an improved understanding of the gut-microbiome-brain axis: specifically, the ability of the intestinal microbiota to modulate inflammation and regulate neuromodulatory compounds. Clinical retrospective studies incorporating large sample sizes and population-based cohorts have demonstrated and confirmed the relevance of IBD and chronic neurodegeneration in clinical medicine. In this review, we expound upon the current knowledge on the gut-microbiome-brain axis, highlighting several plausible mechanisms linking IBD with neurodegeneration. We also summarize the known associations between IBD with Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia and ischemic stroke, and multiple sclerosis in a clinical context. Finally, we discuss the implications of an improved understanding of the gut-microbiome-brain axis in preventing, diagnosing, and managing neurodegeneration among IBD and non-IBD patients.
RESUMEN
@#With the rapid development of the field of interventional therapy of cardiac valve, the innovative researches of interventional therapy of cardiac valve products have become the focus of global research. At present, there is a serious shortage of interventional valvular medical devices on the market in China, and large-scale interventional valve products are undergoing early human trials or confirmatory clinical trials. The effective quality control of clinical trials is of great significance to ensure that clinical trial data can be used to support the marketing of device products. By analyzing the problems in clinical trials quality control of interventional valvular medical devices in our hospital, and combining the characteristics of device products and diseases, we explore the key points of quality control and provide reference for the implementation and completion of high-quality clinical trials.
RESUMEN
Iatrogenic spinal cord injury resulting from direct needle injection is an exceedingly uncommon occurrence, mainly owing to the spinal cord’s protection by surrounding bony structures, with only a few exceptions, and its location a few centimeters beneath the skin. This study presents a case of a 27-year-old female who experienced cervical spinal cord injury following acupuncture treatment around the C3–4 region. The patient reported tingling paresthesia and persistent pain in her left arm for 1 month postinjection, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealing a syringomyelia in the direction of the injection.As determined at the follow-up, after undergoing 3 months of conservative treatments, including cervical intervention, medication, and education, her pain was reduced by approximately half. Cervical injections should be administered by a knowledgeable specialist well versed in musculoskeletal anatomy and potential complications, aided by radiological examination.
RESUMEN
Spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) is commonly used to treat various musculoskeletal pains; however, it is associated with several complications. Mild complications resolve quickly; however, on rare occasions, they may cause severe complications that persist indefinitely. Here, we present a case of cervical myelopathy caused by a spinal manipulation. A 52-year-old man with a history of cervical radiculopathy at C4–7 underwent manipulation, performed by an unlicensed practitioner. After the manipulation, he explained abrupt muscle weakness in all four extremities. He was diagnosed with cervical myelopathy and had to undergo emergency surgery. Through this case, we aim to emphasize the role of doctors, with regard to spinal manipulation. Physicians must supervise the pre-evaluation of patients, manipulation, and post-manipulation monitoring, and the complications of SMT should be immediately reported.
RESUMEN
Evidence suggests that the human respiratory tract, as with the gastrointestinal tract, has evolved to its current state in association with commensal microbes. However, little is known about how the airway microbiome affects the development of airway immune system. Here, we uncover a previously unidentified mode of interaction between host airway immunity and a unique strain (AIT01) of Staphylococcus epidermidis, a predominant species of the nasal microbiome. Intranasal administration of AIT01 increased the population of neutrophils and monocytes in mouse lungs. The recruitment of these immune cells resulted in the protection of the murine host against infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogenic bacterium.Interestingly, an AIT01-secreted protein identified as GAPDH, a well-known bacterial moonlighting protein, mediated this protective effect. Intranasal delivery of the purified GAPDH conferred significant resistance against other Gram-negative pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii) and influenza A virus. Our findings demonstrate the potential of a native nasal microbe and its secretory protein to enhance innate immune defense against airway infections. These results offer a promising preventive measure, particularly relevant in the context of global pandemics.
RESUMEN
Background Public places are frequently polluted by cigarette smoking, and there is a lack of accurate, real-time, and intelligent monitoring technology to identify smoking behavior. It is necessary to develop a tool to identify cigarette smoking behavior in public places for more efficient control of cigarette smoking and better indoor air quality. Objective To construct a model for recognizing cigarette smoking behavior based on real-time indoor concentrations of PM2.5 in public places. Methods Real-time indoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured for at least 7 continuous days in 10 arbitrarily selected places (6 public service providers and and 4 office or other places) from Oct. to Nov. 2022 in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. Indoor nicotine concentrations were monitored with passive samplers simultaneously. Outdoor PM2.5 concentration data were obtained from three municipal environmental monitoring stations which were nearest to each monitoring point during the same period. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare indoor and outdoor means of PM2.5 concentrations, and Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze indoor PM2.5 and nicotine concentrations. An interactive plot and a random forest model was applied to examine the association between video observation validated indoor smoking behavior and real-time indoor PM2.5 concentrations in an Internet cafe. Results The average indoor PM2.5 concentration in the places providing public services [(97.5±149.3) µg·m−3] was significantly higher than that in office and other places [(19.8±12.2) µg·m−3] (P=0.011). The indoor/outdoor ratio (I/O ratio) of PM2.5 concentration in the public service providers ranged from 1.1 to 19.0. Furthermore, the indoor PM2.5 concentrations in the 10 public places were significantly correlated with the nicotine concentrations (rs=0.969, P<0.001). Among them, the top 3 highly polluted places were Internet cafes, chess and card rooms, and KTV. The results of random forest modeling showed that, for synchronous real-time PM2.5 concentration, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.66, while for PM2.5 concentration at a lag of 4 min after the incidence of smoking behavior, the AUC increased to 0.72. Conclusion The indoor PM2.5 concentrations in public places are highly correlated with smoking behavior. Based on real-time indoor PM2.5 monitoring, a preliminary recognition model for smoking behavior is constructed with acceptable accuracy, indicating its potential values applied in smoking control and management in public places.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND@#T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domains (TIGIT), an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells, plays a dysfunctional role in antiviral infection and antitumor activity. However, it is unknown whether TIGIT expression on T cells influences the immunological effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inactivated vaccines.@*METHODS@#Forty-five people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for more than two years and 31 healthy controls (HCs), all received a third dose of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine, were enrolled in this study. The amounts, activation, proportion of cell subsets, and magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response of TIGIT + CD4 + and TIGIT + CD8 + T cells were investigated before the third dose but 6 months after the second vaccine dose (0W), 4 weeks (4W) and 12 weeks (12W) after the third dose.@*RESULTS@#Compared to that in HCs, the frequency of TIGIT + CD8 + T cells in the peripheral blood of PLWH increased at 12W after the third dose of the inactivated vaccine, and the immune activation of TIGIT + CD8 + T cells also increased. A decrease in the ratio of both T naïve (T N ) and central memory (T CM ) cells among TIGIT + CD8 + T cells and an increase in the ratio of the effector memory (T EM ) subpopulation were observed at 12W in PLWH. Interestingly, particularly at 12W, a higher proportion of TIGIT + CD8 + T cells expressing CD137 and CD69 simultaneously was observed in HCs than in PLWH based on the activation-induced marker assay. Compared with 0W, SARS-CoV-2-specific TIGIT + CD8 + T-cell responses in PLWH were not enhanced at 12W but were enhanced in HCs. Additionally, at all time points, the SARS-CoV-2-specific responses of TIGIT + CD8 + T cells in PLWH were significantly weaker than those of TIGIT - CD8 + T cells. However, in HCs, the difference in the SARS-CoV-2-specific responses induced between TIGIT + CD8 + T cells and TIGIT - CD8 + T cells was insignificant at 4W and 12W, except at 0W.@*CONCLUSIONS@#TIGIT expression on CD8 + T cells may hinder the T-cell immune response to a booster dose of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, suggesting weakened resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in PLWH. Furthermore, TIGIT may be used as a potential target to increase the production of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 + T cells, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of vaccination.