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AIM To explore the effects of Yishen Ruanjian Powder on endometrial vascular remodeling in a mouse model of dysfunctional uterine bleeding(DUB).METHODS Forty female pregnant mice were randomly divided into the control group,the model group,Gongxuening Capsule group and Yishen Ruanjian Powder group,with 10 mice in each group.The mouse models were given mifepristone(8.5 mg/kg)and misoprostol(100 μg/kg)by gavage to prepare DUB mouse model,in contrast to those of the control group given the same volume of normal saline.On the first day after successful modeling,the control group and model group were given normal saline,and the other two groups went on with their 7-day regime of Gongxuening Capsule(0.07 g/kg)and Yishen Ruanjian Powder decoction(28.9 g/kg),respectively.After the administration,the mice had their endometrial pathological changes observed by HE staining;their endometrial expression of α-SMA protein detected by immunohistochemistry;their endometrial activities of Ang Ⅱ and NO,and serum levels of FSH,LH,E2 and P hormones detected by ELISA;their endometrial protein expressions of VEGF,bFGF,MMP-9 and TGF-β detected by Western blot;and theirendometrial apoptosis detected by TUNEL.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the model group displayed disordered arrangement in the endometrial epithelial cells;thinner endometrium thickness(P<0.01);decreased endometrial NO activity and the expressions of α-SMA and VEGF(P<0.01);increased Ang Ⅱ activity,apoptosis rate and protein expressions of bFGF,MMP-9 and TGF-β(P<0.01);increased serum levels of E2,FSH,and P hormones(P<0.01);and decreased LH level(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,Yishen Ruanjian Powder and Gongxuening Capsule groups displayed superior efficacy in terms of the improvements in all aforementioned incices levels(P<0.05,P<0.01).CONCLUSION Yishen Ruanjian Powder may improve endometrial vascular remodeling disorder in mouse models of DUB by regulating the level of vasoactive substances and the expression of growth factors.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the clinicopathologic features of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL-N), to explore the expression of NK cell-associated receptors in ENKTCL-N and the relationship with prognosis, and to establish a prognostic model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and twenty-six cases of ENKTCL-N were selected from the files of the Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University. The relevant clinical and follow-up data were collected, and the histopathology was reviewed. All specimens were stained immunohistochemically for CD16, ICAM-1 and LFA-1. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of CD94, NKG2 and KIR. The relationship between the prognosis of ENKTCL-N, clinical features, histopathological characteristics and expression of these markers were also analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ENKTCL-N mainly occurred in middle-age and young patients (median age, 41 years). The male to female ratio was 3.2:1. Sites more commonly involved were the nose and upper aerodigestive tract whereas those for the non-nasal type were the skin and gut. Only six cases involved two or more extranodal sites. Most (86.5%, 109/126) of the patients were in clinical stages I/II. The tumors showed predominately medium-sized tumor cells and large-sized tumor cells accounted for only 9.5% (12/126). Coagulative necrosis was present in all cases. The expression rates of CD56, CD16, CD94, LFA-1 and ICAM-1 were 82.6% (95/115), 15.1% (19/126), 55.4% (41/74), 40.5% (51/126) and 0, respectively. The expression rate of NKG2 receptor was 90.5% (67/74) overall. NKG2 receptor expression was independent of CD94. The overall expression rate of KIR receptor was 33.8% (25/74) and KIR receptor restriction was not detected in 20.8% (5/24) of the cases. Follow-up data was available in all patients, with median and average survival time being 15 months and 20.2 months, respectively. Survival analysis showed that prognostic factors included the gender, age, disease type, extranodal involvement, stage, the expression of CD16, LFA-1 and CD94. Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis revealed four factors, age, involved site, stage and CD16 expression, were independent prognostic factors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The age, disease type, stage and CD16 expression are independent prognostic factors. Establishment of a prognostic model based on the above four factors can be more accurate in the prognostication of ENKTCL-N. The differences in the clinical features, prognosis, and expression of NK cell-associated receptors are obvious between nasal NK-cell lymphoma and non-nasal NK-cell lymphoma.</p>
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Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Antígeno CD56 , Metabolismo , Estudios de Seguimiento , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular , Metabolismo , Antígeno-1 Asociado a Función de Linfocito , Metabolismo , Linfoma Extranodal de Células NK-T , Metabolismo , Patología , Subfamília D de Receptores Similares a Lectina de las Células NK , Metabolismo , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Nasales , Metabolismo , Patología , Pronóstico , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Receptores de IgG , Metabolismo , Receptores KIR , Metabolismo , Receptores Similares a Lectina de Células NK , Metabolismo , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the cost-effectiveness of once-in-a-lifetime cervical cancer screening program and to predict the optimal modality for its operation on women living in rural and urban areas of China, based on Markov modeling and simulation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three modalities including visual inspection with acetic acid plus Lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI), conventional Pap Smear (Pap Smear), and simple HPV DNA testing (careHPV) were hypothesized for the rural cohort, whereas other five modalities including Pap Smear, liquid-based cytology (LBC), simple HPV DNA testing (careHPV), Hybrid Capture 2 HPV DNA testing (HC2), and LBC plus HC2 (LBC + HC2) were tested for the urban cohort. A Markov model was constructed based on the factors as natural history, screening, diagnosis and treatment on cervical cancer using data related to the epidemics and the costs from rural and urban areas of the country. Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness were predicted through simulation of the model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared to the non-screening scenario, the amount of life years saved were 277.97 - 2727.53 and 134.02 - 1446.84 years per 100 000 women, respectively, for different cohorts in rural and urban areas. The cost-effectiveness ratios were 1520.99 - 2453.74 and 3847.35 - 44 570.35 RMB per life year saved, respectively, for different cohorts in rural and urban areas. The incremental cost-effective ratio for careHPV starting from 40 years old (careHPV@40) and careHPV from 30 years old (careHPV@30) dominated other strategies for the rural cohort, while careHPV@40, careHPV@30, HC2 from 30 years old (HC2@30), and LBC + HC2 from 30 years old (LBC + HC2@30) were dominant for the urban cohort.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All eight once-in-a-lifetime cervical cancer screening modalities were cost-effective based on our model. In particular, careHPV screening starting from 40 years old seemed to be the most cost-effective one for women living in both rural and urban areas.</p>
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Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Edad , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Tamizaje Masivo , Economía , Evaluación de Procesos y Resultados en Atención de Salud , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , DiagnósticoRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the appropriate strategies which are suitable for the areas with diverse health and economic resource settings in China by estimating the life outcomes and cost-effectiveness of several cervical cancer screening strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Markov model was used to calculate the long-term effectiveness, utility, benefit and cost among screened and unscreened cohorts in rural and urban areas, and then analyses of cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-benefit were performed. The assessed screening strategies were acetic acid of visual inspection combined with Lugol's iodine staining (VIA/VILI), conventional Pap smear and simple HPV DNA testing (careHPV) in rural areas, and conventional Pap smear, simple HPV DNA testing (careHPV), HPV DNA testing (HC2) and liquid-based cytology (LBC) alone or combined with HPV DNA testing (LBC+HC2) in urban areas. We estimated the life outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the above screening strategies at one-year, 3-year and 5-year intervals.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All of the screening strategies were effective to decrease cervical cancer mortality and to increase life years, with a trend of shorter screening interval having better effectiveness. However, no matter in urban or rural areas, compared with careHPV testing at 5-year interval, the costs of other screening strategies were 1.28 - 13.86 folds, 1.31 - 14.14 folds, and 1.27 - 12.80 folds higher to avoid one death, to save a year of life, and a QALY, and the benefit per cost of other screening strategies was 9.9%-90.2%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>careHPV testing at 5-year interval has the best cost-effectiveness performance and the highest benefit-cost ratio with the moderate life outcomes. It is the optimal cervical cancer screening strategy to be generalized in our country. careHPV testing at 3 years interval can be considered in more developed areas to achieve better effectiveness.</p>
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Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ácido Acético , Displasia del Cuello del Útero , Diagnóstico , Economía , Epidemiología , Virología , China , Epidemiología , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Técnicas Citológicas , ADN Viral , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Economía , Métodos , Pruebas de ADN del Papillomavirus Humano , Yoduros , Cadenas de Markov , Tamizaje Masivo , Economía , Métodos , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Estadísticos , Prueba de Papanicolaou , Años de Vida Ajustados por Calidad de Vida , Población Rural , Población Urbana , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Diagnóstico , Economía , Epidemiología , Virología , Frotis VaginalRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find out the prevalence and risk factors related obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in Chinese women aged 40 years and older. METHODS Participants living in communities must be of age > or = 40 years and were given questionnaires, which developed a scale of 11 questions. Subjects were divided into three groups by scale scores. Those with higher scores were oversampled (2.4%, 14.8%, 42.1% respectively) and subjects of this community-based sample were recorded in the sleep laboratory to ascertain patients (apnea hypopnea index, AHI > or = 5/h and daytime sleepiness). Contrasting patients with the others as a control group, explored differences in symptoms. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to determine the principal covariates affecting AHI.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>34.3% of 1336 eligible women admitted various degree of snoring and 91.0% of those completed questionnaires. Crombach's alpha coefficient of scale reached 0. 7025. Factor analysis reduced 11 questions of scale to four common factors as we have designed: snoring, apneas, other symptoms, risk factors. Fifty-nine subjects experienced polysomnography evaluation. The ratios of patients to controls were 2: 25, 4: 18, 10: 16 from lower scores group to higher. We estimated the prevalence of AHI 5,10,15/h and OSAHS in this population were 41.1%, 24.0%, 17.0% and 11.1%, respectively. As far as the frequency of sleep choking, xerostomia or pharyngoxerosis in the morning, these were significant differences between the OSAHS and non-OSAHS groups. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis identified serum level follicle-stimulating hormone and BMI as predictors of AHI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This scale had good validity and reliability. Snoring and OSAHS are very common in Chinese women 40 years of age and older. Women with OSAHS did report sleep choking, xerostomia or pharyngoxerosis in the morning. BMI and sex steroids may all play a role in OSAHS.</p>