RESUMEN
CONS are the major cause of nosocomial infection in last decade and methicillin resistant CoNS has emerged as a major clinical problem. The present study was to compare different phenotypic methods with genotypic method PCR, for the detection of methicillin resistance in CoNS. 100 CoNS isolates from different samples were studied for the detection of mecA gene. PCR was considered as “gold standard”. Oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics were used for different phenotypic tests (DD, Agar dilution and MHOX). The sensitivities of oxacillin and cefoxitin disks for all CONS were found to be 92.30% and 88.46% respectively and the specificities were 87.5% and 100% respectively. The sensitivities of the agar dilution test for oxacillin and cefoxitin were 86.53% and 80.76%, respectively, where as the specificities were 79.16% and 85.41%, respectively. The sensitivity of MHOX was observed to be 96.16% and specificity 72.91%. Cefoxitin D.D and oxacillin AD methods could be used as initial test for the determination of methicillin resistance in CoNS isolates. The result of MHOX shows that it could be the best single method for the evaluation of oxacillin resistance mediated by the mec A gene for all CoNS species.
RESUMEN
CoNS are the major cause of nosocomial infection in last decade and methicillin resistant CoNS has emerged as a major clinical problem. The present study was to compare different phenotypic methods with genotypic method PCR, for the detection of methicillin resistance in CoNS. 100 CoNS isolates from different samples were studied for the detection of mecA gene. PCR was considered as “gold standard”. Oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics were used for different phenotypic tests (DD, Agar dilution and MHOX). The sensitivities of oxacillin and cefoxitin disks for all CoNS were found to be 92.30% and 88.46% respectively and the specificities were 87.5% and 100% respectively. The sensitivities of the agar dilution test for oxacillin and cefoxitin were 86.53% and 80.76%, respectively, where as the specificities were 79.16% and 85.41%, respectively. The sensitivity of MHOX was observed to be 96.16% and specificity 72.91%. Coagulase negative staphylococcus(CoNS), antibiotic sensitivity, MIC, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Mueller Hinton Oxacillin Agar Screening test (MHOX). Cefoxitin D.D and oxacillin AD methods could be used as initial test for the determination of methicillin resistance in CoNS isolates. The result of MHOX shows that it could be the best single method for the evaluation of oxacillin resistance mediated by the mec A gene for all CoNS species.
RESUMEN
AIM OF THE STUDY: Microalbuminuria is currently the only diagnostic tool available for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. The test is based on immunological detection of small quantities of albumin in the urinary samples of diabetes patients. There are several limitations of the use of microalbuminuria as an index of renal function. It is therefore desirable to identify additional protein markers that would augment prediction of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study is to identify urinary protein markers for specific and more accurate prediction of nephropathy in diabetes patients. DESIGN: 100 registered Type II diabetic patients were studied. Abundant proteins of microalbuminuria positive urinary samples of these patients were analyzed by proteomics approaches of 2-Dimentional Gel Electrophoresis (2DGE) and mass spectrometry. RESULTS: 2-DGE analysis of the urine sample revealed four main proteins along with albumin in these samples. These were zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, alpha-1 microglobulin and IgG as identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Tune of Flight (MALDI-ToF) and by western blot. Twenty control samples and three cases with microalbuminuria negative to positive transition does suggest the early and co-appearance of the markers with albumin. We have also analyzed full length spectrum of these samples by MALDI-ToF. CONCLUSION: Our study shows the presence of additional proteins in urine samples of microalbuminuria positive diabetes patients. These proteins can be used as markers for specific and accurate clinical analysis of Diabetic nephropathy. We propose a mass spectrometry based high throughput diagnostic approach to detect these markers in the urine sample.