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Huoluo Xiaoling Dan is a classical prescription commonly used for blood circulation and pain relief in clinic with obvious effects. To make it directly treat lesion and improve the effect, this research optimized the preparation process of Huoluo Xiaoling gel paste and further evaluated its in vitro transdermal absorption performance, so as to provide a scientific basis for its development and utilization. Using primary viscosity, holding viscosity, and sensory score as evaluation indexes, the matrix amount of gel paste was determined by the single factor test and Box-Behnken response surface method. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) method was established to determine the content of eight active ingredients, including Danshensu, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid A, ligustilide, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, 11-keto-β-boswellic(KBA), and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid(AKBA). A mo-dified Franz diffusion cell method was used to evaluate and compare the absorption properties of the gel paste without volatile oil and with volatile oil microemulsion. The results showed that the optimal prescription for Huoluo Xiaoling gel paste matrix was NP700(1.35 g), glycerol(7.00 g), micropowder silica gel(1.25 g), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(0.20 g), tartaric acid(0.06 g), and glyceryl aluminum(0.04 g). The mass fractions of eight active ingredients in the paste were successively 0.48, 0.014, 0.95, 0.39, 0.57, 0.055, 0.35, and 0.97 mg·g~(-1). The results of the in vitro transdermal absorption test showed that the addition of the volatile oil or the volatile oil microemulsion promoted the transdermal absorption of the active ingredients, and the law of drug penetration conformed to the zero equation or the Higuchi equation. The gel paste prepared by the optimal prescription has good appearance and adhesion, with no residue, and has the characteristics of skeletal slow-release preparation, which is easy to reduce the number of administration, la-ying a foundation for the development of new external dosage forms of Huoluo Xiaoling Dan.
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Administración Cutánea , Absorción Cutánea , Cromatografía Liquida , Aceites Volátiles , ViscosidadRESUMEN
It has become a common consensus that resource conservation and intensive recycling for improving resource utilization efficiency is an important way to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality(dual carbon). Traditonal Chinese medicine(TCM)resources as national strategic resources are the material basis and fundamental guarantee for the development of TCM industry and health services. However, the rapid growth of China's TCM industry and the continuous expansion and extension of the industrial chain have exposed the low efficiency of TCM resources. Resource waste and environmental pollution caused by the treatment and discharge of TCM waste have emerged as major problems faced by the development of the industry, which has aroused wide concern. Considering the dual carbon goals, this paper expounds the role and potential of TCM resource recycling and circular economy industry development. Taking the typical model of TCM resource recycling as the case of circular economy industry in reducing carbon source and increasing carbon sink, this paper puts forward the suggestions for the TCM circular economy industry serving the double carbon goals. The suggestions mainly include strengthening the policy and strategic leading role of the double carbon goals, building an objective evaluation system of low-carbon emission reduction in the whole industrial chain of TCM resources, building an industrial demonstration park for the recycling of TCM resources, and promoting the establishment of a circular economy system of the whole industrial chain of TCM resources. These measures are expected to guide the green transformation of TCM resource industry from linear economic model to circular economy model, provide support for improving the utilization efficiency and sustainable development of TCM resources, and facilitate the low-carbon and efficient development of TCM resource industry and the achievement of the double carbon goals.
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Medicina Tradicional China , Equipo Reutilizado , Objetivos , Contaminación Ambiental , Desarrollo Económico , Carbono , ChinaRESUMEN
In recent years, the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)industry has experienced rapid development, resulting in a significant amount of Chinese medicinal residues generated during the industrial manufacturing process. Currently, the main methods of handling Chinese medicinal residues include stacking, landfilling, and incineration, which lead to substantial resource waste and potential environmental pollution. With "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality"( "Dual Carbon")becoming national strategic goals, the TCM industry is ushering in a new wave of "low-carbon" trends, and the high-value utilization of Chinese medicinal residues has become a breakthrough for implementing a low-carbon economy in the TCM sector. From the perspective of a low-carbon economy, this article reviewed literature in China and abroad to summarize the microbial transformation technology, enzymatic conversion technology, biomass pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal liquefaction, and other high-value utilization technologies for Chinese medicinal residues. It also overviewed the applications of Chinese medicinal residue in feed additives, organic fertilizers, edible mushroom cultivation substrates, preparation of activated carbon for wastewater treatment, and new energy batteries. Considering the current status of resource utilization of Chinese medicinal residues, feasible strategies and suggestions for resource development and utilization were proposed to improve the quality and efficiency of the Chinese medicinal resource industry chain and promote green development, thereby providing research ideas and theoretical basis for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals.
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Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Medicina Tradicional China , China , Tecnología , IndustriasRESUMEN
To study the regulating effect of total phenolic acids from the stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. on the intestinal flora and short-chain fatty acids in spontaneous type 2 diabetic nephropathy mice, db/db mice were taken as the research object, and were treated with the total phenolic acid of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Animal welfare and experimental procedures followed the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Drug Safety Evaluation Research Center. Fresh feces and cecal contents of mice were collected for analysis of intestinal flora composition and differential flora. Gas chromatography was used to detect short-chain fatty acids in fresh feces and cecal content. Then the correlation analysis of the two results was made. Compared with the normal group, the most significant decreased differential flora in the model group were g_Rikenellaceae_ RC9_gut_group and g_Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, while the most significant increased were g_unclassified_f__ Coriobacteriaceae and g_unclassified_p__Firmicutes. Compared with the blank group, the contents of isovaleric acid and valeric acid in fresh feces and the contents of 6 short-chain fatty acids in the cecal contents of the model group were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). After drug intervention, the intestinal flora disorder and the reduction of short-chain fatty acids were improved to varying degrees, and the effect of the total phenolic acids from the stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. was slightly better than that from the roots in regulating some flora and short-chain fatty acids. The results of correlation analysis showed that g_Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was moderately positively correlated with acetic acid and isobutyric acid in the cecal contents (r > 0.4). It is suggested that the total phenolic acid from the stems and leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. can improve the intestinal flora disorder of mice with type 2 diabetic nephropathy, and can regulate the content of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine via adjusting the content of some short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, thereby helping to restore normal.
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Bile of animal(mainly chicken, pig, snake, cow, and bear) has long been used as medicine. As the major active components of bile, bile acids mainly include cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid. They interact with intestinal microorganisms in enterohepatic circulation, thereby playing an important part in nutrient absorption and allocation, metabolism regulation, and dynamic balance. Bile acids have pharmacological effects such as protecting liver, kidney, heart, brain, and nerves, promoting bile secretion, dissolving gallstones, anti-cancer, relieving cough and dyspnea, dispelling phlegm, treating eye diseases, and regulating intestinal function and blood glucose, which are widely used in clinical practice. This study summarized and analyzed the research on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of bile acids from medicinal animals, in a bid to provide scientific basis and reference for the further development and utilization of bile acids.
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Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Ácidos y Sales Biliares , Ácido Quenodesoxicólico , Ácidos Cólicos , Ácido Desoxicólico , Porcinos , Ácido UrsodesoxicólicoRESUMEN
Two terpenes, 3-keto-tirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid(KTDA) and 2-methoxy-5-acetoxy-furanogermacr-1(10)-en-6-one(FSA), are isolated from Olibanum and Myrrha respectively, which are characterized by high yield and easy crystallization during the preparation. The present study explored the regulatory targets and anti-inflammatory mechanism of KTDA and FSA based on network pharmacology and cell viability assay. First, the drug-likeness of KTDA and FSA was predicted by Swiss ADME. The target prediction of active components was carried out by Swiss Target Prediction and Pharmmapper. TTD, Drug Bank, and Gene Cards were searched for inflammation-related target genes of KTDA and FSA. Protein-protein interaction(PPI) analysis was performed on the inflammatory targets of KTDA and FSA by STRING, and Cytoscape was used to conduct topological analysis of the interaction results and construct the PPI network. GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of inflammatory targets of KTDA and FSA were carried out by DAVID, and a " component-target-pathway" network was constructed. Finally, lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced RAW264. 7 cells were treated with KTDA and FSA at different concentrations, and nitric oxide(NO) concentration and protein and m RNA expression levels were detected. The results showed that both KTDA and FSA showed good drug-likeness. A total of 157 and 142 inflammation-related targets of KTDA and FSA were screened out. PPI network analysis showed that MAPK1, AKT1, MAPK8, PIK3 CA,PIK3 R1, EGFR, etc. might be the key proteins for the anti-inflammatory effect. PI3 K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways were obtained by KEGG and GO-BP enrichment. Cell experiment results showed that KTDA and FSA could exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO production, reducing the phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38, and AKT proteins, and down-regulating the m RNA expression of interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-6. Meanwhile, FSA could also inhibit ERK phosphorylation. The results indicated that KTDA and FSA had significant anti-inflammatory activity, which provided a scientific basis and important support for the further research,development, and utilization of Olibanum and Myrrha.
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Animales , Hormigas , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Olíbano , Lipopolisacáridos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Farmacología en RedRESUMEN
In this paper, network pharmacology method and molecular docking technique were used to investigate the target genes of Olibanum and Myrrha compatibility and the possible mechanism of action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA). Our team obtained the main active components of Olibanum-Myrrha based on literatures study, relevant traditional Chinese medicine systematic pharmacological databases and literature retrieval, and made target prediction of the active components through SwissTargetPrediction database. At the same time, RA-related targets were collected through DrugBank, GeneCards and Therapeutic Target Database(TDD) databases; and VENNY 2.1 was use to collect intersection targets to map common targets of drug and disease of Venn diagram online. The team used STRING database to construct PPI protein interaction network diagram, and screen out core targets according to the size of the interaction, and Cytoscape 3.6.0 software was used to construct network models of "traditional Chinese medicine-component-target" "traditional Chinese medicine-component-target-disease" and core target interaction network model. The intersection target was analyzed by using DAVID 6.8 online database for GO function analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and Pathon was used to visualization. AutoDock Vina and Pymol were used to connect the core active components with the core targets. Sixteen active components of Olibanum-Myrrha pairs were found and collected in the laboratory, and 320 relevant potential targets, 468 RA-related targets and 62 intersection targets were obtained through the Venn diagram. It mainly acted on multiple targets, such as IL6, TNF, IL1 B and MAPK1, involving TNF signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in RA treatment. Finally, in this study, possible targets and signaling pathways of Olibanum-Myrrha compatibility therapy for RA were discussed, and molecular docking between core targets and core active components was conducted, which could provide scientific basis for the study on the mechanism of Olibanum-Myrrha compatibility.
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Humanos , Artritis Reumatoide/genética , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Olíbano , Medicina Tradicional China , Simulación del Acoplamiento MolecularRESUMEN
This study aimed to explore the effect of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, its stems and leaves on the diversity of intestinal microflora in rats with diabetic kidney injury. Diabetic rats model was established by feeding high glucose and high fat diet and 5% glucose solution with intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg·kg~(-1) streptozocin(STZ). The rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, irbesartan control group, Huangkui Capsules control group, as well as low, middle and high dose groups of Sal-viae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, its stems and leaves. After administration for 2 weeks, 16 S rRNA technique was used to analyze the diversity of intestinal microflora in the feces of each group. The results showed rats in the model group developed renal tubular epithelial vacuole degeneration and a large amount of inflammatory cell infiltration in the renal interstitium. A small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in each administration group. The kidney structure of rats in irbesartan group, Huangkui Capsules group, high-dose group of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and its stem water extract, as well as high dose group of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and its stem ethnol extract group was close to the normal group. The diversity and structure of intestinal flora in the model group were significantly different from those in the normal group. Each administration group improved the fecal flora diversity in rats with diabetic kidney injury to a certain extent, especially the high dose of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and its stems water extract. Different flora were found in feces of diabetic nephropathy model rats on class, order, family and genus levels. On families and genera levels, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Turicibacter, Peptostreptococcaceae, Desulfovibrio, and SMB53 showed an upward trend in model group, but that of Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Rikenella, Rumen fungi showed a downward trend. The administration groups can improve the relative abundance of the above intestinal flora in the model rats to a normal-like level. The results of this study provide a reference for resource utilization and further development of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.
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Animales , Ratas , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Nefropatías Diabéticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Salvia miltiorrhizaRESUMEN
The solid wastes of Chinese materia dedica industrialization represented by Salvia miltiorrhiza residues have a strong small-molecule bio-recalcitrance in the process of high-value utilization of biotransformation. Highly tolerant strains were bred to break bio-recalcitrance of Salvia miltiorrhiza residues and produce high-value added cellulose, which has a significant significance for recycling and industrial utilization of solid waste. In this study, a strain of fungus, Penicillium expansum SZ13, was found with small-molecule antibacterial substance tanshinone contained in Salvia miltiorrhiza residues by a biological method. The optimal enzyme production process and peak period of SZ13 were determined. It was found that SZ13 could maintain peak enzyme production for 5 days by degrading residues under the conditions of temperature 35 ℃, rotation speed 180 r·min~(-1), 5% of residues addition, and 5% seed solution addition. Meanwhile, the ability of SZ13 to degrade the enzyme production of multiple types of residues was explored. The results showed a high enzyme activity and stable enzyme production of SZ13 in the process of degrading residues. SZ13 could efficiently utilize various types of Chinese medicine residues, such as Salvia miltiorrhiza residues, to realize the high-value utilization of cellulose in multiple types of residues.
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Celulasa/biosíntesis , China , Industria Farmacéutica , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Fermentación , Materia Medica , Penicillium/metabolismo , Salvia miltiorrhiza , Residuos SólidosRESUMEN
Poverty alleviation by Chinese herbal medicine industry is an important way to implement the major strategic plan of the government and to effectively alleviate poverty and increase income of poor farmers in areas with high resource's endowment of Chinese medicinal materials. Based on the analysis of the existing achievements and problems in poverty alleviation by Chinese herbal medicine industry, this paper proposes that improving the comprehensive benefits of Chinese herbal medicine industry is an important direction for poverty alleviation in the poverty-stricken areas with the high endowment of traditional Chinese medicine resources in the future. Then, based on the concept of resource recycling of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, the feasibility and strategies of utilizing by-products in the production process of Chinese medicinal materials and expanding the ways of poverty alleviation were analyzed and discussed. The aim of all these works was to provide the support for enhancing the comprehensive competitiveness of the industry in poverty-stricken regions, enlarging the poverty alleviation effect of Chinese herbal medicine industry, and consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation.
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China , Industria Farmacéutica/economía , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Medicina de Hierbas/economía , Medicina Tradicional China , PobrezaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Jujubae Fructus (JF) on the gastrointestinal toxicity and diuretic effect of Crotonis Semen Pulveratum (CT). Forty-eight mice were randomly divided into the control group, low dose of CT group (0.039 g·kg-1·d-1, CTL), high dose of CT group (0.078 g·kg-1·d-1, CTH), JF group (9.75 g·kg-1·d-1), low dose of CT combined with JF group (CT 0.039 g·kg-1·d-1 and JF 9.75 g·kg-1·d-1, JFCTL), high dose of CT combined with JF group (CT 0.078 g·kg-1·d-1 and JF 9.75 g·kg-1·d-1, JFCTH). On the 9th day of oral administration, the urine output of all mice was measured. After oral administration for ten days, fresh fecal samples were collected, and the 16S rDNA sequencing method was used to study the changes of intestinal bacteria when CT used alone and combined with JF. All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. The results showed that JF slowed down the rapid diuretic effect of CT, and significantly increased serum interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), gastrin (GAS), somatostatin (SS). JF also reduced small intestine injury and improved the disorder of intestinal flora caused by CT. Low dose CT combined with JF significantly decreased the relative abundance of Sphingomonas and Oscillospira. The level of Bilophila was decreased after the combined application of high dose CT and JF. The results suggest that JF exhibited a tendency to reduce the toxicity of CT in the aspects of serum immune index, intestinal movement, intestinal damage, and intestinal microflora structure. In addition, the JF could also slow down the rapid diuretic effect of CT, behaving a tendency to reduce the clinical effect of CT.
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The 16S rDNA sequencing method was adopted to study the effects of mulberry leaf flavonoids, polysaccharides and alkaloids on intestinal microflora in db/db diabetic mice. The animal experiment was examined by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. Ten db/m mice were control group and forty db/db mice were randomly divided into model group, metformin group, mulberry flavonoid (MF) group, mulberry polysaccharide (MP) group and mulberry alkaloid (MA) group. After intragastric administration for six weeks, fresh feces were collected for detection of intestinal microflora. There were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Saccharibacteria, Tenericutes, Deferribacteres, Verrucomicrobia, Cyanobacteria in each group. The results showed that the intestinal microflora of db/db mice changed significantly from phylum level to genus level. The proportion of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in model group decreased significantly, and the proportion of Bacteroidetes increased. The difference in species abundance distribution between model group and other groups was significant, which indicated that the community distribution was disordered in model group. After administration, the Bacteroidetes, Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia and Desulfovibrio were effectively regulated, especially in the alkaloid group. The difference in species abundance distribution between drug-treated group and blank group also became smaller. It is suggested that the active components of mulberry leaf have the effect of improving the intestinal microflora imbalance in db/db mice.
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Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most serious microvascular complications in diabetic patients, and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The interaction between metabolic and hemodynamic factors leads to activation of the common pathways of diabetic kidney injury. Studies have shown that salvianolic acid can alleviate renal fibrosis and renal injury caused by diabetes by regulating renal tubular interstitial activator A, transforming growth factor-β1 and monocyte chemokine protein-1. It can also participate in the reconstruction of the glomerular extracellular matrix by affecting the expression of protein kinase ERK1/2 protein, which serves a protective effect on diabetic kidneys. Tanshinone can inhibit oxidative stress mediated glucose-induced kidney injury, inhibit the expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activity, and improve the secretion function of beta cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy can be alleviated by blocking TGF-β/ Smad, NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. It has been suggested that salvianolic acid and salvianone are excellent candidates for prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. We provide here the scientific basis for in-depth research and development of salvianolic acid and salvianone into drugs.
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To investigate the effects of essential oil from three kinds of pungent herbs,namely Menthae Haplocalycis Herba,Atractylodis Rhizoma and Cnidii Fructus,on the transdermal absorption in vitro of alkaloids from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix. The modified vertical Franz diffusion cell was used to conduct a transdermal experiment in vitro with the isolated abdominal skin of the SD rats as the transdermal absorption barrier. The effects of such three kinds of pungent essential oil on percutaneous absorption of alkaloids from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix were investigated by determining the content of 6 alkaloids( oxymatrine,oxysophocarpine,N-methylcytisine,sophoridine,matrine,and sophocarpidine) in the transdermal acceptor with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry( UPLC-TQ-MS) technique simultaneously. With enhancement ratio( ER) as the index,their effects on promoting penetration was as follows: 1% Atractylodis Rhizoma oil > 1% Cnidii Fructus oil > 3% Azone ≈ 3% Atractylodis Rhizoma oil > 5%Atractylodis Rhizoma oil > 3% Cnidii Fructus oil ≈ 5% Cnidii Fructus oil > 3% Menthae Haplocalycis Herba oil > 5% Menthae Haplocalycis Herba oil > 1% Menthae Haplocalycis Herba oil > Blank. The results showed that these three kinds of pungent essential oil could be used as enhancers for alkaloids of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix,providing scientific guidance for improving percutaneous absorption of alkaloids from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix.
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Animales , Ratas , Alcaloides , Metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Metabolismo , Aceites Volátiles , Farmacología , Raíces de Plantas , Química , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Absorción Cutánea , Sophora , QuímicaRESUMEN
Based on the toxic characteristics caused by the compatibility between "Zaoji Suiyuan" and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, which was found in the previous studies, the expanded study was carried out on the incompatibility mechanism between Crotonis Semen Pulveratum(CT) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma(GU) with the diuretic effect and intestinal flora as the characteristic indexes. The results showed that GU could slow down the rapid diuretic effect of CT, which suggested a tendency of decreasing the efficacy. Both the high and low dose of CT could significantly induce the intestinal injury and change the intestinal bacteria structure of mice. Low dose CT combined with GU could significantly increase the levels of Streptococcus and Rikenellaceae_ukn. The relative abundance of Desulfovibrio and Streptococcaceae_ukn were increased after the combined application of high dose CT and GU. It also suggested that there was a risk of inflammation in the liver and intestines when combined application of these two herbs. The results revealed that the combination of CT and GU has a tendency to reduce the clinical effect and increase the toxicity from the aspects of its traditional efficacy and its effect on intestinal microflora structure, which could provide the data for the clinical use of CT.
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Animales , Ratones , Croton , Química , Diuréticos , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Farmacología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Glycyrrhiza , Química , Intestinos , Raíces de Plantas , Química , Semillas , QuímicaRESUMEN
To evaluate the effect and mechanism of aerial parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza(SM) on high sugar-induced Drosophila melanogaster metabolic disorder model. The levels of glucose, triglyceride and protein in SM were detected; nymphosis time was recorded, and the reliability of metabolic disorder model as well as the mechanism of aerial parts of SM were evaluated based on metabonomics. The results showed that the levels of glucose and triglyceride in model group were significantly higher than those in normal control group(<0.05). As compared with the model group, the glucose level was significantly decreased in gliclazide(GLZ) group, SM medium(SM-M) and high(SM-H) dose groups(<0.05, <0.01); the triglyceride level was significantly decreased in GLZ group and SM-H group(<0.05, <0.01). By principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), the metabolic level of model ones was recovered to a certain degree after intervention by aerial parts of SM. Seventeen marker compounds and four major metabolic pathways were obtained by screening differential metabolites, comparing literature and retrieving the database. The aerial parts of SM may regulate glycolipid metabolism through the impact on histidine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, cysteine and methionine metabolism and glycerolipid metabolism. Extract from aerial parts of SM can regulate the glycolipid metabolism of D. melanogaster metabolic disorder model and make it return to normal condition. This paper provides reference for the value discovery and resource utilization of the aerial parts of S. miltiorrhiza.
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This study was designed to determine the metabolites of Renduining injection in rats. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometric (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) and mass defect filter techniques were applied to analyze the metabolites of Reduning injection in rat plasma, bile, urine and feces. As a result, we determined 14 metabolites of geniposide, including oxidation, dehydration, hydroxymethylene loss, hydrolysis, ring-opened, cysteine conjugation and glucuronidation conjugation of aglycone; 9 metabolites of geniposidic acid, consisting of dehydration, ring-opened, double-bond reduction and cysteine conjugation; 6 metabolites of secoxylogain including hydrolysis, hydroxymethylene loss, hydroxylation and ethylation; 12 metabolites of chlorogenic acid, containing decarboxylation, hydrolysis, methylation, acetylation, cysteinylglycine conjugation and glutathione conjugation. It provided information for the therapeutic effect of Reduning in vivo.
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To study the pharmacokinetic effect of Mori Folium flavones and alkaloids in normal and diabetic rats. An UPLC-TQ-MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, kaempferol, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, DNJ and fagomine in plasma of rats. The diabetic rat model was induced through intravenous injection with alloxan and high-fat diet. Samples of plasma of rats were obtained at different time points, after the rats were administrated with Mori Folium flavones and alkaloids. After the deproteinization with acetonitrile, the concentrations of Mori Foliam constituents in rats at different time points were detected by UPLC-TQ-MS method, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 2.0 software. The results showed that quercetin and kaempferol reached peak at 0.333 h, indicating that Mori Folium flavonoid constituents were absorbed and distributed quickly. At about 4 h after administration, both of them reached the peak concentrations for the second time, suggesting that they stayed in intestine for a long time. DNJ and fagomine in gastrointestinal tract can be quickly absorbed into blood, and the concentration in plasma reached peak after 0.667 h, suggesting that both of them could be rapidly distributed in the systemic circulation of rats. Cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and rutin were found to have a higher Cmax and AUC0-t in normal rats than those in diabetic rats. The t1/2values of cryptochlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid were shorter in diabetic rats, while quercetin, kaempferol and rutin had a longer t1/2value in diabetic rats. Chlorogenic acid, astragalin, isoquercitrin, fagomine had a higher Cmax in diabetic rats, and the t1/2values of astragalin and fagomine were longer, which suggested differences in absorption of active ingredients under normal and diabetic conditions.
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The global antimicrobial resistance has been a big challenge to the human health for years. It has to make balance between the safety of animal products and the use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry. Any methods that can minimize or even phase out the use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry should be encouraged. We herein describe the research strategies for feed additives and veterinary medicines from the side products of Chinese medicine resources industrialization. Killing two birds with one stone-besides the major purposes, the rational utilization of non-medicinal parts and wastes of industrialization of Chinese herbal medicines is also achieved under the proposed strategies.
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This paper investigated the diversity of the silkworm excrement bacterial communities in different ages before and after drying, aiming to clarify the differences of bacterial communities in composition and bacterial abundance and the influences of drying treatment, and provide scientific basis for the efficacy of scientific connotation and utilization of silkworm excrement. High-throughput sequencing technique was used to measure the sequence of 16S rDNA-V4 variable region of bacteria in silkworm excrement. QIIME, Mothur and PICRUSt software programs were employed to sort and calculate the number of sequences and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for each sample. Thereafter, the abundance, distribution, alpha diversity index of species, beta diversity and bacterial communities diversity among different sample groups and predicted the bacterial gene functions were analyzed. In this study, the numbers of effective sequences for six samples were 259 250; the rarefaction curves showed a sufficient sequencing depth, and the number of OTUs was close to saturation. The bacteria in silkworm excrement belonged to the following five phylums: Proteobacteria (89.3%), Actinobacteria (5.0%), Firmicutes (4.4%), Bacteroidetes (1.1%) and Cyanobacteria (0.2%). The dominant specie was Cyanobacteria of the total bacteria identified, respectively. The abundances and diversities of the silkworm excrement bacterial communities have been reduced after drying treatment, especially the silkworm excrement of the fifth instar. PICRUSt analysis was performed to show that abundance of the functional genes such as membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, cellular processes and signaling were relatively high. The result showed that the drying treatment could decreased the species and numbers of pathogenic bacteria in silkworm excrement obviously and improve the quality of medicinal materials. Compared with the lower ages, silkworm excrement of fifth instar seems like to be more suitable for use in medicine. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing system provides a more accurate and scientific data resource for the study of bacteria in silkworm excrement.