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Objective @#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and pathogen spectrum of hand，foot mouth disease (HFMD) in Anhui province from 2015 to 2022，and to provide scientific evidence for prevention and control measures of HFMD．@*Methods @# The surveillance data of hand，foot and mouth disease in Anhui province from 2015 to 2022 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. Real-time PCR was used to detect and classify HFMD samples. @*Results @#A total of 650 590 HFMD cases were reported in Anhui province from 2015 to 2022，including 1 406 se- vere cases and 17 deaths．The annual reported incidence was 131. 45 /100 000．The epidemic features of“low incidence in odd years and high incidence in even years”were presented from 2015 to 2019．The incidence showed a continuous decline from 2020 to 2022．The monthly distribution showed the characteristics of bimodal epidemic，and the main peak was not obvious in 2020．Hefei，Fuyang，Bozhou，Chuzhou and Suzhou ranked the top five cities in terms of cumulative incidence．The age of onset was mainly distributed in children aged 5 years and below，accounting for 89. 26% of the total cases．The male to female ratio was 1. 48 ∶ 1．A total of 28 657 laboratory-confirmed cases had been reported from 2015 to 2022．EV71 cases accounted for 10. 57% ，Cox A16 cases accounted for 24. 90% ，and other enterovirus cases accounted for 64. 53%．The dominant pathogens showed dynamic changes in different years．Since 2018，the proportion of EV71 decreased significantly，and the proportion of other enteroviruses gradually increased to become the dominant pathogens．Among other enteroviruses，Cox A6 strain was dominant (80. 48% ) ．@*Conclusion @# This study suggests that the prevention and control of HFMD in Anhui province should be paid more attention from April to July and from October to December．The focus areas are the cities in northern Anhui and Hefei where the floating population is large．The focus of prevention and control is on children aged 5 years and below．Other enteroviruses have become the dominant pathogens of hand-foot-mouth disease in Anhui province，Cox A6 strain is dominant.
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Objective@#To understand the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools in Zhejiang province, and to provide evidence for effective prevention and control of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools.@*Methods@#A descriptive analysis was conducted on foodborne disease outbreaks in Zhejiang schools reported by the national foodborne disease outbreaks surveillance system from 2010 to 2019.@*Results@#During the past 10 years, a total of 86 foodborne disease outbreaks in schools were reported, with 1 755 illnesses, 240 hospitalizations, and no deaths. Pathogenic bacteria and their toxins were the main causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools, accounting for 83.0%(44/53) of all identified causes. The top four types of pathogenic bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. Meat products and mixed foods were the main foods that caused the outbreaks, each accounting for 16.3%(14/86) of total incidents. High school cafeterias were places with the highest incidence, accounting for 38.4%(33/86) of the total. School concession stands caused the largest number of hospitalizations, accounting for 37.1%(89/240) of the total. The peak month of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools was September, followed by June, May, and October. Crosscontamination and improper storage were the main causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools.@*Conclusion@#Bacterial foodborne disease is a major food safety issue in schools in Zhejiang Province. In summer and fall, school cafeterias and food stores should take effective measures to prevent bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks caused by cross-contamination and improper storage of high-risk foods such as meat products and cold-processed bakeries.
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Objective@#To understand effects of timing and duration of separation experiences from parents on emotion regulation of left-behind preschoolers,and to provide the reference for phychological instruction and intervention among the special groups of children.@*Methods@#Children’s emotion regulation strategy and the relevant information among 1 373 left-behind preschool children from Funan county in Fuyang.Qianshan county in Anqing,Changfeng county and Fexi county inFeixi were investigated.@*Results@#Children with left-behind experiences younger than 18 months old tend to use less cognitive restructuring (P=0.03) and alternative action strategies (P=0.00) than non-left behind children. Children separated from father less than 47 months (median) and 36 months (median) from mother tend to use less cognitive restructuring (P=0.00) and alternative action strategies (P=0.00) than non-left behind children.@*Conclusion@#Separation experiences from parents younger than 18 months old exert severe damage on children’s emotional regulation. With the duration of separation increases, children show resilience of emotion regulation, which might be a protective factor for negative emotion due to parent-child separation.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC method combined with pulsed amperometric detection for the analysis of ribostamycin sulfate and related substance. METHODS: The HPLC was performed on Thermo AcclaimTMAmG C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm,3 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.2%(V/V) pentafluoropropionic acid aqueous solution containing 0.15%(V/V) trifluoroacetic acid (1∶99, V/V). The pH of the aqueous solution was adjusted to 1.5 with 50%(m/m) sodium hydroxide solution. The pulsed amperometricdetector was operated with aquadruple-potential wave form at 35 ℃ and the injection volume was 25 μL. RESULTS: Ribostamycin and its related substances were adequately separated under the established HPLC conditions. The LOD and LOQ of ribostamycin were 0.15 μg•mL-1(3.75 ng injected) and 0.375 μg•mL-1(9.38 ng injected), respectively. The linearity of ribostamycin ranged from 0.15 to 40.0 μg•mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 3.The repeatability RSDs(n=6)for method validation of the content assay and total impurities test were 0.33% and 1.10%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The established method is characterized by high specificity, sensitivity and good stability. The established method has much lower test cost than the current Ch.P 2015 method and is hopeful to replace it.