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BACKGROUND:For the replacement treatment of long-segment tracheal defects,although tissue engineering research has made some progress in recent years,it is still not perfect,and one of the biggest difficulties is that the hemodynamic reconstruction of the tracheal replacement cannot be achieved rapidly. OBJECTIVE:To preliminarily explore the potential of polycaprolactone scaffolds modified with exosome-loaded hydrogels to construct a rapidly vascularized tracheal substitute. METHODS:Exosomes were extracted from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of SD rats.After preparation of hyaluronic acid methacrylate solution,the exosome solution was mixed with hyaluronic acid methacrylate solution at a volume ratio of 1:1.Hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogels loaded with exosomes were prepared under ultraviolet irradiation for 5 minutes.The degradation of exosome-unloaded hydrogels and the controlled release of exosome-loaded hydrogels were detected.Polycaprolactone scaffolds were prepared by 3D printing.The pure hyaluronic acid methacrylate solution and the exosome-loaded hyaluronic acid methacrylate solution were respectively added to the surface of the scaffold.Hydrogel-modified scaffolds and exosome-modified scaffolds were obtained after ultraviolet irradiation.Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups with 10 rats in each group and subcutaneously implanted with simple scaffolds,hydrogel-modified scaffolds and exosome-modified scaffolds,respectively.At 30 days after surgery,the scaffolds and surrounding tissues of each group were removed.Neovascularization was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining and the expression of CD31 was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)As time went by,the hydrogel degraded gradually,and the exosomes enclosed in the hydrogel were gradually released,which could be sustained for more than 30 days.The exosome release rate was faster than the degradation rate of the hydrogel itself,and nearly 20%of the exosomes were still not released after 30 days of soaking.(2)Under a scanning electron microscope,the surface of the simple polycaprolactone scaffold was rough.After hydrogel modification,a layer of gel was covered between the pores of the scaffold,and the scaffold surface became smooth and dense.(3)After 30 days of subcutaneous embedding,hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining showed that more neovascularization was observed inside the scaffolds of the exosome-modified scaffold group compared with the hydrogel-modified scaffold group.The hydrogels on the scaffolds of the two groups were not completely degraded.Immunofluorescence staining showed that CD31 expression in the exosome-modified scaffold group was higher than that in the hydrogel-modified scaffold group(P<0.000 1).(4)These results indicate that hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogels can be used as controlled-release carriers for exosomes.The 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffold modified by hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogel loaded with exosomes has good biocompatibility and has the potential to promote the formation of neovascularization.
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@#The treatment of patients with advanced lung cancer has been revolutionized with the advent of immunotherapy. However, not all patients can benefit equally from immunotherapy. In recent years, the relationship between intestinal flora and the efficacy of immunotherapy has gradually attracted scholars' attention. During the treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the use of antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors and other drugs will affect the patient's intestinal flora, thus affecting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, leading to poor prognosis of patients. This review will discuss that antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors reduce the efficacy of immunotherapy by affecting the diversity of intestinal flora, in order to facilitate the rational use of related drugs in clinical practice and improve the patient's outcomes.
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@#Objective To analyze the current development of researches on biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer and to provide reference for subsequent studies. Methods Studies on biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2017 to 2021 were searched by computer. The annual distribution, journals, authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of studies were visualized and analyzed by CiteSpace. Results A total of 426 studies were collected, including 298 articles and 128 reviews. The average number of published studies was about 85, and increased year by year. PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, tumor microenvironment and liquid biopsy were hot keywords in this field. Conclusion In the future, combination of biomarkers in the liquid biopsy and tumor microenvironment with radiomics analysis will be the research hotspot and frontier in this field for more accurate assessment with tumor-related signatures such as lymphocytic immune status and characteristics of tumor lesions in non-small cell lung cancer patients.
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The morbidity and mortality of lung cancer were the highest in malignant tumors. In recent years, with the update of clinical assistant examination technology and the popularization of physical examination, especially the development of CT examination, more and more lung cancer in early stage are found in the form of pulmonary nodules. Surgery treatment should be considering as the first choice for early lung cancer. At present, various 3D technologies have been widely used in the field of medicine, leading the thoracic surgery to the direction of minimal invasion and precision. This review focuses on the current application of 3D technology in the perioperative period of early lung cancer.
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Objective To prepare 3D printed porous tracheal graft fabricated by PCL and to select the appropriate pore size and surface modification techniques,in order to explore its effect on cell behavior.Methods The PCL porous tracheal graft was prepared by 3D printing technology and biomechanical properties of the graft were measured by means of longitudinal tension,radial compression and three-point bending test.The porous grafts were surface-modified through hydrolysis,amination and nanocrystallization treatment and then characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The effect of different pore sizes and surface modifications on the cell proliferation behavior was evaluated by CCK-8 and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results The 3 D printed porous tracheal graft had similar morphology with the native tracheas(P ＞ 0.05) and better biomechanical properties(P ＜0.05).It was more suitable for cell adhesion and proliferation when the pore size is 200 μm (P ＜ 0.05).Compared to hydrolysis and amination,nanocrystallization treatment successfully improved the cytotropism of the 3D printed tracheal graft(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion 3 D printed porous tracheal graft shows favorable biomechanical properties.The appropriate pore size of the 3D printed porous tracheal graft is 200 μm and the appropriate surface modification techniques is nanocrystallization.
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In recent years,the detection rate of early lung cancer with microscopic lesions such as ground-glass nodules and sub-centimeter nodules (≤ 1 cm) has been significantly higher.For such lesions,early surgical intervention can effectively prolong the survival time of patients.But in the actual operation of these small lesions difficult to detect,which brought great difficulties to surgery.At present,clinically for such small lesions,usually in the preoperative CT-guided puncture positioning based on the implementation of surgical resection.This method of location there are trauma,complications and other shortcomings,so how to more precise positioning and labeling of lung lesions is a clinical problem to be solved urgently.In this paper,the localization and localization of lung lesions in recent years are reviewed,and the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and materials are summarized and analyzed.
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Tissue engineering can regenerate damaged tissues and restore the biological functions by cell or tissue reconstruction,and is becoming a promising method for trachea replacement.Seed cells,cell growth factors and tracheal scaffolds are the three major elements of tissue engineering trachea,as a result researchers have paid a lot of attention to find ideal seed cells.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a kind of stem cells with high self-renewal ability and muhi-directional differentiation potential.MSCs are widely distributed in bone marrow,umbilical cord,adipose tissue,myocardial tissue,brain,muscle and skin,and can differentiate into a variety of cells,including osteocytes,chondrocytes,adipocytes and neurocytes.MSCs have the characteristics of high proliferation ability,wide differentiation range and immunomodulatory function,which can be used to repair damaged tissue.These advantages make the MSCs an ideal candidate of seed cells for tissue engineering trachea.This review mainly summarized the application of MSCs in tissue engineering trachea.
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In recent years,the detection rate of early lung cancer with microscopic lesions such as ground-glass nodules and sub-centimeter nodules (≤ 1 cm) has been significantly higher.For such lesions,early surgical intervention can effectively prolong the survival time of patients.But in the actual operation of these small lesions difficult to detect,which brought great difficulties to surgery.At present,clinically for such small lesions,usually in the preoperative CT-guided puncture positioning based on the implementation of surgical resection.This method of location there are trauma,complications and other shortcomings,so how to more precise positioning and labeling of lung lesions is a clinical problem to be solved urgently.In this paper,the localization and localization of lung lesions in recent years are reviewed,and the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and materials are summarized and analyzed.
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There is a high incidence of esophageal cancer(EC) in China.The survival and prognosis of EC is unoptimistic due to the lack of efficient early diagnostic markers.There is an urgent demand of novel biomarkers with more stability,sensitivity and specificity.miRNAs are a class of small non-coding single stranded RNAs consisting of 21-23 nucleotides,which are involved in the pathological and physiological process of life activities.miRNAs are stable not only in tumor tissues,but also in serum/plasma.There are significant differences in the expression patterns of circulating miRNAs between two main types of EC.They are closely related to the occurrence and progression of EC,which make circulating miRNAs a novel kind of biomarkers for differential diagnosis,early supervision of esophageal cancer,and prognosis.
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Objective To prepare 3D printed tracheal graft and investigate its cellular biocompatibility and biomechanical properties.Methods Bone marrow was isolated from tibial plateau of young New Zealand white rabbit,and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were obtained by whole bone marrow culture method and adherent purification method.Biomechanical test was performed for 3D printed trachea graft.After co-cultured of 3D printed trachea graft and BMSCs,cell morphology was observed and the proliferation index of the cells on 3D printed trachea graft was quantified using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay.Results 3D printed trachea graft showed excellent biomechanical properties.Cell morphology was normal and cells grew well after co-culture with 3D printed trachea graft.The SRB assay indicated good proliferation of BMSCs on 3D printed trachea graft.Conclusions 3D printed trachea graft shows favorable cellular biocompatibility and biomechanical properties,and therefore can be used as a scaffold material for tissue-engineered trachea.