Resultados quirúrgicos a corto y mediano plazo por enfermedad de Crohn ileocecal / Short and medium term results of the surgical management of ileocecal Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND: The treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) is based on medical therapy and surgery is reserved for failure of medical management or complications. AIM: To evaluate endoscopic, clinical, and surgical recurrence of CD after surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospectively maintained database, consecutive patients older than 15 years subjected to an ileocecal resection for ileocolic disease from January 2011 to April 2021, were identified. The diagnosis of CD was confirmed with the pathologic report. Patients with less than one year of follow-up were excluded. Information was obtained retrospectively from the database and clinical records. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were identified. The mean age at the time of surgery was 38 years. Surgery was performed at a median of 41.5 months (0-300) after the diagnosis of CD, nine elective and five emergency procedures. In five patients there were four major and two minor postoperative complications, with no anastomotic leakage. Six patients had endoscopic recurrence and seven had clinical recurrence (50%) at a mean of 15 months, one of whom required a second operation. There was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: After the surgical treatment of CD, the clinical and endoscopic recurrence rate continues to be high.

Abordaje abierto versus laparoscópico para la reconstitución del tránsito luego de la cirugía de Hartmann: resultados de una experiencia de 10 años / Open versus laparoscopic approach for Hartmann's reversal: results of a 10-year retrospective cohort study

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los resultados perioperatorios del abordaje abierto (AA) con el abordaje laparoscópico (AL) para la reconstitución de tránsito (RT), y determinar factores de riesgo asociados a morbilidad posoperatoria. Material y Métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes consecutivos sometidos a RT entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2016 en nuestro centro. Se excluyeron aquellos con grandes hernias incisionales que requirieran reparación abierta simultánea. Se consignaron variables demográficas y perioperatorias, y se compararon ambos grupos. Además, se realizó una regresión logística para la identificación de factores de riesgo asociados a morbilidad posoperatoria en la serie. Resultados: Se realizaron 101 RT en el período. Se excluyeron 14 casos por hernia incisional, por lo que se analizaron 87 casos (46 AA y 41 AL). Diez pacientes en el grupo AL (24,4%) requirieron conversión, principalmente por adherencias. La morbilidad total de la serie fue de 36,8%, siendo mayor en el AA (50% vs 21,9%, p = 0,007). Hubo una filtración anastomótica en cada grupo. La estadía posoperatoria fue de 5 (3-52) días para el AL y 7 (4-36) días para el AA (p < 0,001). En la regresión logística, sólo el AA fue un factor de riesgo independientemente asociado a morbilidad posoperatoria (OR 2,89, IC 95% 1,11-7,49; p = 0,029). Conclusión: El abordaje laparoscópico se asocia a menor morbilidad y estadía posoperatoria que el abordaje abierto para la reconstitución del tránsito pos-Hartmann. En nuestra serie, el abordaje abierto fue el único factor independientemente asociado a morbilidad posoperatoria.

Introduction: Hartmann's reversal (HR) is considered a technically demanding procedure and is associated with high morbidity rates. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the perioperative results of the open approach (OA) with the laparoscopic approach (LA) for HR, and to determine the risk factors associated with postoperative morbidity. Material and Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing HR between January 2007 and December 2016 at a university hospital were included. Patients with large incisional hernias that required an open approach a priori were excluded from the analysis. Demographic and perioperative variables were recorded. Analytical statistics were carried out to compare both groups, and a logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with postoperative morbidity in the series. Results: A hundred and one HR were performed during the study period. Fourteen cases were excluded due to large incisional hernias, so 87 cases (46 OA and 41 LA) were analyzed. Ten patients in the LA group (24.4%) required conversion, mainly due to adhesions. The total morbidity of the series was 36.8%, being higher in the OA group (50% vs. 21.9%, p = 0.007). There was one case of anastomotic leakage in each group. The length of stay was 5 (3-52) days for LA and 7 (4-36) days for OA (p < 0.001). In the logistic regression, the OA was the only independent risk factor associated with postoperative morbidity in HR (OR 2.89, IC 95% 1.11-7.49; p = 0.029). Conclusion: A laparoscopic approach is associated with less morbidity and a shorter length of stay compared to the open approach for Hartmann's reversal. An open approach was the only factor independently associated with postoperative morbidity in our series.

Contracción paradojal del puborrectal como causa de defecación obstructiva: resultados a corto plazo del tratamiento con biofeedback y rehabilitación pelviperineal / Puborectal paradoxical contraction as a cause of obstructive defecation: short-term outcomes of treatment with biofeedback and pelviperineal rehabilitation

Resumen Introducción: En pacientes constipados crónicos por obstrucción de salida, la contracción paradojal del puborrectal (CPP) o "anismo" es frecuente. El tratamiento con Biofeedback y rehabilitación pelviperineal presenta resultados exitosos entre el 40-90%. Objetivo: Evaluar el resultado del tratamiento con Biofeedback y rehabilitación pelviperineal en pacientes con CPP a corto plazo. Materiales y Método: Serie de casos. Datos obtenidos prospectivamente de la Unidad de Piso Pelviano. Se incluyó pacientes entre 2008 y 2015 que cumplían criterios de constipación crónica secundaria a CPP, confirmado por manometría anorrectal y/o defeco-resonancia. Se analizaron datos demográficos, frecuencia de evacuaciones, uso de laxantes, enemas, pujo, Score de Altomare y Score de constipación de Wexner pre y post-tratamiento. Resultados: 43 pacientes, de los cuales 39 son mujeres. Edad media de 40 años (rango: 14-84). Duración de síntomas fue ≥ 5 años en el 72,5%. Mediana de sesiones de Biofeedback de 8 (6-10). El 62,8% presenta ≤ 2 evacuaciones semanales y disminuye a un 29,3% post-tratamiento (p < 0,001). El 76,2% requiere laxantes orales y el 42,9% enemas, disminuyendo a 35,1% (p < 0,001) y 5,4% (p < 0,001) respectivamente post-tratamiento. Sensación de evacuación incompleta/fragmentada en todos los intentos mejoró de 67,4% a 14,6% (p < 0,001) y el pujo excesivo en más de la mitad de intentos mejoró de 76,1% a 10,8% (p < 0,001). Score de Wexner para constipación y Altomare mejoró de 18 a 7 (p < 0,001) y de 16 a 5 (p < 0,001) respectivamente. Conclusión: El biofeedback y la rehabilitación pelviperineal son efectivas en el tratamiento de la CPP.

Introduction: In patients with chronic constipation by obstructive defecation syndrome Paradoxical Puborectalis Contraction or "anismus" is important. Successful results for Biofeedback treatment and Pelviperineal Rehabilitation it described between 40-90%. Aim: To evaluate the outcome of biofeedback and pelviperineal rehabilitation in patients with CPP in the short-term. Materials and Method: Case series. Data was obtained from the prospective database of Pelvic Floor Unit of Universidad Católica de Chile. Patients with anismus were included between 2008 and 2015. Diagnostic criteria were chronic constipation patients by anismus with anorectal manometry and/or defecoresonancy that confirms this disorder and discards other causes of obstruted defecation síndrome. Demographic variables, frequency of bowel movements, use of laxatives, enemas, pushing, Altomare Score and Wexner constipation Score were analyzed pre and post-treatment. Results: Series of 43 patients, 39 of whom where women. Median age: 40 years (range: 14-84). Duration of symptoms ≥ 5 years in 72.5%. Median of Biofeedback sessions: 8 (range 6-10). Pre-treatment, 62.8% had ≤ 2 evacuations weekly and 29.3% post-treatment (p < 0.001). Oral laxatives were required in 76.2% and 42.9% enemas, decreasing to 35.1% (p < 0.001) and 5.4% (p < 0.001) post-treatment respectively. Feeling of incomplete/evacuation fragmented all the time improved from 67.4% to 14.6% (p < 0.001) and excessive pushing in more than half of time improved from 76.1% to 10.8% (p < 0.001). Wexner Score for and Altomare Score improved from 18 to 7 (p < 0.001) and 16 to 5 (p < 0.001) respectively. Conclusion: Adult with chronic constipation by anismus can be treated effectively with Biofeedback and Pelviperineal Rehabilitation.

Colitis de Crohn: resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico y evolución alejada / Outcome of surgery for Crohn's colitis: review of 28 cases

Background: Exclusive involvement of the colon or rectum in Crohn's disease, called Crohn's colitis, (CC) occurs in about 25% of these patients. Aim: To analyze early surgical results and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing surgery for CC. Material and Methods: Review of a prospective database, identifying patients with Crohn's disease operated between 2003 and 2015 and excluding those with ileocecal disease. We analyzed demographic data, pre and postoperative pharmacological treatment, operations, morbidity and the need for a second bowel resection at follow-up. Results: We reviewed data from 28 patients aged 17 to 72 years (15 men). Twenty-seven (96.4%) had previous pharmacological treatment, 11 received monoclonal antibodies. The most common indications for surgical treatment were failure of medical treatment in 15 cases, acute severe colitis in 12 and anemia/malnutrition in eight. Total colectomy was performed in 17 (61%) patients, proctocolectomy in 8 (29%) and segmental colectomies in 3 (11%). Sixteen (57%) were operated laparoscopically. Major postoperative complications were observed in 5 (18%). Four needed a reintervention. There was no operative mortality. During a 55 months median follow-up of 27 patients, seven (26%) required a second bowel resection, one of them for recurrence. Nineteen (70%) patients had an ostomy, which was permanent in 11. Fifteen patients are without medical treatment. Conclusions: Most of the reviewed patients required total colectomy for the control of the disease with a low surgical morbidity. Two-thirds required an ileostomy, which became permanent in half of them.

Morbilidad global asociada a ileostomías en asa temporales / Morbidity associated to ileostomies

Introduction: The main indications for a loop ileostomy are to protect a distal anastomosis or to management of an anastomotic leak. However, it is a procedure with complications arising from its confection, function or closure. There are sparse local data on this topic. Objective: To describe the global morbidity from loop ileostomies. Method: Patients who underwent a loop ileostomy between January 2009 and January 2012 were retrospectively included. Demographics, indications, complications from the making, function and closure of the ileostomy was recorded. Results: The series consists of 64 patients. The total percentage of complications was 40.3 percent. Complications arising from the confection, function and closure were 4.7 percent, 18.7 percent and 16.9 percent respectively. Two patients were readmitted for dehydration with a total of 4 readmissions. Four patients were reoperated for morbidity of ileostomy closure, two intestinal obstructions, one leak and one enterotomy. Conclusion: In this study, loop ileostomy complications are present in a substantial proportion of patients. It should be take in consideration at the moment of making it.

Introducción: Las principales indicaciones de ileostomías en asa son proteger una anastomosis distal de alto riesgo o el manejo de una complicación séptica derivada de una filtración. Sin embargo, es un procedimiento que no está exento de complicaciones derivadas de la confección, función o cierre. En este contexto, existen escasas publicaciones que incluyen la morbilidad sumatoria. Objetivo: Describir la morbilidad global derivada de las ileostomías en asa. Método: Se incluyó en forma retrospectiva los pacientes a quienes se les practicó una ileostomía en asa de protección de una anastomosis distal entre enero de 2009 y enero de 2012. Se registraron datos demográficos, indicaciones y complicaciones derivadas de la confección, función y cierre de la ostomía. Resultados: La serie consta de 64 pacientes. Un 40,3 por ciento de los pacientes tuvieron una o más complicaciones. Complicaciones derivadas de la confección, función y cierre de la ileostomía fueron 4,7 por ciento, 18,7 por ciento y 16,9 por ciento respectivamente. Se rehospitalizaron por deshidratación 2 pacientes con un total de 4 rehospitalizaciones. Se reoperaron 4 pacientes por morbilidad del cierre de la ileostomía, 2 por obstrucción intestinal, 1 filtración y 1 enterotomía inadvertida. Conclusión: Las ileostomías en asa presentan complicaciones en un importante porcentaje de los pacientes, lo que debe ser tomado en cuenta al decidir su confección.

Factores asociados a morbilidad precoz en cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica / Factors associated with early morbidity in laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Introduction: different factors have been associated with increased risk of complications in laparosco-pic colorectal surgery. The aim of this study is to identify these factors in our series. Method: retrospective cohort. All patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery between january 2000 and june 2012 were included. Patients who had postoperative complications until 30 days postoperatively were identified and analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. A p value less than 0.2 was used was used as a criteria for entry into the multivariate model. Results: the series consists of 848 patients with a median age of 58 +/- 22 years. Main surgical indications were: neoplasia (42.3 percent), diverticular disease (27.8 percent) and inflammatory bowel disease (8.8 percent). Most frecuently-performed procedures were: sigmoidectomy (39.5 percent), anterior resection of the rectum (13.4 percent), right hemicolectomy (13 percent) and total colectomy (8.7 percent). On univariate analysis, factors associated with complications were age over 75 years (OR 1.82, 95 percent CI 1.02 to 3.25) and red blood cell transfusion (OR 8.47, 95 percent CI 3.69 to 19.43). On multivariate analysis, red blood cell transfusion (OR 7.9 95 percent CI 1.78 to 35.88) and ASA III or IV (OR 3.26 95 percent CI 1.01 to 17.23) were independent factors associated with postoperative complications. Conclusion: intraoperative red blood cell transfusion and ASA score III or IV are independent risk factors associated with complications in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

Introducción: se han descrito factores que se asocian a mayor riesgo de complicaciones en cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar estos factores en nuestra serie. Método: cohorte histórica. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica entre enero de 2000 y junio de 2012. Se identificaron los pacientes que tuvieron complicaciones post operatorias hasta 30 días después de la operación. Se analizaron mediante regresión logística uni y multivariada. Se utilizó como criterio de entrada al modelo multivariado los p < 0,2 y como criterio de significancia un p = 0,05. Resultados: la serie consta de 848 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 58 +/- 22 años. Las principales indicaciones operatorias fueron: neoplasia (42,3 por ciento), enfermedad diverticular (27,8 por ciento) y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (8,8 por ciento). Las operaciones realizadas con mayor frecuencia fueron: sigmoidectomía (39,5 por ciento), resección anterior de recto (13,4 por ciento), hemicolectomía derecha (13 por ciento) y colectomía total (8,7 por ciento). En el análisis univariado, los factores asociados a complicación fueron: la edad sobre 75 años (OR de 1,82; IC 95 por ciento 1,02-3,25) y la transfusión de glóbulos rojos (OR 8,47; IC 95 por ciento 3,69-19,43). En el análisis multivariado, la transfusión de glóbulos rojos (OR 7,9 95 por ciento IC 1,78-35,88) y el ASA III o IV (OR 3,26 95 por ciento IC 1,01-17,23) fueron factores de riesgo independientes de complicaciones en el postoperatorio. Conclusión: la necesidad de transfusión y el ASA III o IV son factores de riesgo independientes asociados a complicaciones en cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica.

Respuesta patológica completa en pacientes sometidos a neoadyuvancia en cáncer de recto / Pathologic complete response in patients with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer

Background: the standard treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (RC) of the middle and lower third of the rectum is neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (XRQT) follow by oncologic resection. After this treatment in 15-25 percent of the cases, the pathologist reports complete pathological response (pCR). Aim: to describe demographic, clinical and survival data of patients with pCR undergoing chemoradiotherapy and radical resection for RC. Material and Methods: historic cohort study. In a prospectively maintained database between 2000 and 2010, we identified patients with RC, who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy according to protocol, followed by radical resection. The preoperative staging was obtained by clinical examination, endoscopy, rectal ultrasound, CT scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis and pelvic MRI. Demographic data, tumor location, time between the end of XRTQ and surgery, postoperative staging (according AJCC) and survival, were collected. Results: 119 patients received preoperative XRTQ, 65 percent male, with a mean age of 58 years. The most frequent tumor site was the lower third (63 percent). Surgery was performed 8 weeks after the end of XRTQ. Of 119 patients with XRTQ, 15.1 percent had a pCR. Overall survival was 75 percent, and cancer-specific survival was 80.4 percent at 5 years in patients without pCR. For patients with pCR, the 5 year survival estimates for overall and cancer specific survival was 100 percent. We did not identify factors associated with pCR. Conclusions: in this study, pCR was comparable to other larger series reported elsewhere. No factors associated with pCR were identified.

Introducción: el cáncer de recto (CR) de tercio medio e inferior localmente avanzado se trata con radio-quimioterapia (XRTQ) preoperatoria. Luego XRQT y resección quirúrgica, 15-25 por ciento presentan respuesta patológica completa (RPC) de la lesión. Objetivo: comparar características demográficas, clínicas y sobrevi da de pacientes con RPC y respuesta parcial sometidos XRTQ preoperatoria y resección radical. Materiales y Métodos: estudio cohorte concurrente. En la base de datos de pacientes con CR mantenida prospectivamente, entre 2000-2010, se identificaron pacientes con CR tercio medio e inferior, sometidos XRTQ preoperatoria según protocolo, seguidos de resección radical. Etapificación preoperatoria según: examen clínico, endoscopia, endosonografía rectal, TAC tórax abdomen pelvis y resonancia nuclear magnética de pelvis. Se registraron datos demográficos, localización tumoral, lapso entre término de XRTQ y cirugía, etapificación post operatoria (AJCC), seguimiento y sobrevida. Resultados: 119 pacientes recibieron XRTQ preoperatoria por CR, 65 por ciento hombres. Edad promedio: 58 años. Localización tumoral más frecuente: tercio inferior (63 por ciento). Cirugía se realizó 8 semanas después del término de XRTQ. Etapificación post operatoria: Etapa I 26,1 por ciento, II 34,5 por ciento, III 16,8 por ciento, IV 5 por ciento y RPC 15,1 por ciento. Sobrevida global 75 por ciento, sobrevida específica por cáncer 80,4 por ciento a 5 años. Sobrevida pacientes con RPC fue 100 por ciento a 5 años. No se identificaron factores asociados a RPC. Conclusiones: en este estudio no se logró reconocer factores asociados a RPC. Con las limitaciones que impone el número de pacientes y el seguimiento, se reproducen hallazgos vistos en series más extensas.

Cáncer de recto: análisis de las complicaciones post operatorias y mortalidad de la resección radical en una serie de 10 años / Rectal cancer: early postoperative morbidity and mortality after radical resection

Introduction: there has been progress in surgical treatment of rectal cancer (CR) in the past decade due to a better knowledge of the disease and the adoption of new methods of preoperative staging and treatment. The aim of this report is to analyze the early postoperative morbidity and mortality in a ten year series of patients with CR submitted to radical resection. Methods: in the database of colorectal cancer patients prospectively maintained, all patients with CR submitted to curative radical resection electively between january 2000 and december 2010 were identified. Early postoperative (30 day) morbidity and mortality were described and analyzed in a multivariate analysis to identify predictive factors. Results: a total of 308 patients were included, 55.2 percent male with a median age of 62 years. Over two thirds of tumors were located in the mid or lower rectum. Anterior resection was performed in 83.1 percent, and neoadyuvant radio-chemotherapy was used in 37.7 percent. Overall morbidity and mortality were 13.6 percent and 0.3 percent respectively. In multivariate analysis, American Society of Anesthesiologists had an or of 3.343 (1.601- 6.982) for postoperative morbidity, and laparoscopic approach 0.188 (0.054-0.649). Conclusion: the morbidity rate of this series is similar to the one observed in other studies. The ASA score is an independent risk factor for postoperative complication and the laparoscopic approach would be a protective factor. In this series, preoperative chemoradiation was not a risk factor for postoperative morbidity.

Introducción: durante la última década ha habido progresos en el tratamiento del adenocarcinoma del recto (CR) derivado del mejor conocimiento de la enfermedad y de la incorporación de nuevas técnicas de etapificación y tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la morbilidad y mortalidad en una serie de pacientes sometidos a resección radical (resección anterior o resección abdominoperineal) por CR. Método: estudio de cohorte histórica. Se identificaron los pacientes operados por CR, en forma electiva y con intención curativa entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2010. Se analizó la morbilidad global y mortalidad a 30 días. Además se realizó un análisis uni y multivariado para encontrar factores predictores de complicaciones. Resultados: La serie consta de 308 pacientes, 55,2 por ciento de sexo masculino con una mediana de edad de 62 años. Se observó una tasa de morbilidad global de 13,6 por ciento. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron el íleo prolongado (3,2 por ciento), filtración de anastomosis (2,3 por ciento) e infección de sitio quirúrgico (1,3 por ciento). La mortalidad operatoria fue de 0,3 por ciento. En el análisis multivariado, el puntaje ASA se asoció significativamente a morbilidad. El abordaje laparoscópico se asoció a una menor tasa de complicaciones. No se observó asociación con neoadyuvancia ni tipo de cirugía. Conclusión: en esta serie, la tasa de complicaciones es similar a lo comunicado en otras series. El puntaje ASA es un factor de riesgo independiente para complicación y, por el contrario, el abordaje laparoscópico sería un factor protector. La radioquimioterapia neoadyuvante no sería, según esta serie, un factor de morbilidad.

Resección laparoscópica en cáncer de recto etapa III: ¿mejor de lo que esperábamos? / Laparoscopic resection in stage III rectal cancer: better than we expected?

Introduction: Laparoscopic approach to management of rectal cancer (CR) has shown similar results compared to conventional technique. In some series, patients in stage III showed a better survival function in laparoscopic approach. The aim of this study is to compare disease specific survival (SE) and disease free survival (SLE) in patients with stage III rectal cancer treated with radical surgery via laparoscopy or laparotomy. Method: Historic cohort study, all stage III patients treated with elective radical surgery for CR in the period between August 2005 and May 2012 were included. Demographic, surgical specimens and survivor function for SE and SLE were compared. Results: A total of 51 patients were included, 29 laparoscopic and 22 open. The groups were similar in demographic data. Number of lymph nodes, compromised lymph nodes and distal margin distance was significantly higher in the open approach. The percentage of low lymph node count was 9.1 percent in the open group and 34.5 percent in the laparoscopic group (p = 0.03). SE estimated at 5 years was 50 percent and 80 percent in the open and laparoscopic approach respectively (p = 0.019). On multivariate analysis, laparoscopic approach was an independent factor for better SE and SLE. Tumor size was an independent risk factor for poor SLE. Conclusion: In our series, laparoscopic approach would be and independent factor for better survival in patients with stage III CR. Tumor size would be associated with poor SLE.

Introducción: El abordaje laparoscópico del cáncer de recto (CR) ha mostrado resultados similares al abordaje tradicional. Incluso, el subgrupo de pacientes en etapa III tendría ventajas en sobrevida al comparar con el abordaje clásico. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la función de sobrevida específica (SE) y libre de enfermedad (SLE) en pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente por cáncer de recto etapa III y comparar según la vía de abordaje. Método: Estudio de cohorte histórica, se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a cirugía radical curativa electiva por CR, etapa III entre agosto de 2005 y mayo de 2012. Se compararon variables demográficas, de la pieza quirúrgica y las funciones de SE y SLE. Resultados: Serie compuesta por 51 pacientes, 29 abordados por laparoscopia y 22 por vía tradicional. Comparables en cuanto a variables demográficas. El número de ganglios obtenidos, comprometidos y distancia al margen distal fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo abierto. El porcentaje de cosecha ganglionar insuficiente fue de 9,1 por ciento en el grupo abierto y 34,5 por ciento en los laparoscópicos (p = 0,03). La SE a 5 años fue de 50 por ciento para los abiertos y 80 por ciento para el grupo laparoscópico (p = 0,019). El análisis multivariado mostró a la laparoscopia como factor independiente de mejor SE y SLE. El tamaño tumoral se comportó como factor de riesgo para menor SLE. Conclusión: En este estudio, el abordaje laparoscópico sería un factor de mejor SE y SLE en pacientes con CR etapa III. El tamaño tumoral sería un factor de menor SLE.

Exactitud de la endosonografía rectal en la estadificación tumoral en pacientes con cáncer de recto sin quimio-radioterapia preoperatoria / Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in tumor staging of rectal cancer patients not treated with preoperative chemo-radiation

Introduction: Preoperative T staging of rectal cancer is essential for an adequate treatment strategy. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is one of the available modalities. The reported accuracy of this technique for T staging is variable. This inconsistency might be due to neoadyuvancy, and its downstaging properties. Aim: Determine the accuracy of rectal EUS for T staging of middle and lower rectal tumors in patients not treated with neoadyuvant chemo-radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Clinical records of all consecutive patients evaluated by rectal EUS between years 2001-2009 in the Catholic University Clinical Hospital were accessed. Of 2.120 patients, 294 had the exam performed for middle or lower rectal cancer. Those who did not receive neoadyuvant chemo-radiation and whose histopathology was available were analyzed. Result: Data was obtained for 69 patients. The overall accuracy of EUS for T staging was 85 percent. For T1 tumors, the sensibility, specificity and accuracy were 82 percent, 96 percent and 94 percent respectively. For T2 tumors the sensibility, specificity and accuracy were 72 percent, 83 percent and 78 respectively. For T3 tumors the sensibility, specificity and accuracy were 82 percent, 83 percent and 83 percent respectively. Conclusion: Rectal EUS continues to be a valuable staging procedure for tumor depth invasion, with an overall accuracy of 85 percent.

Introducción: La estadificación tumoral (T) preoperatoria es esencial para el tratamiento del cáncer de recto. La endosonografía rectal (ER) es una de las modalidades disponibles. La exactitud de esta técnica para la estadificación tumoral es variable en la literatura, y se sospecha que esta inconsistencia se debe a la neoadyuvancia, por el descenso de estadio que esta produce. Objetivo: Analizar la exactitud de la endosonografía rectal para la estadificación tumoral en pacientes con cáncer de recto medio o inferior que no hayan recibido neoadyuvancia. Material y Método: Se estudió a los pacientes sometidos a endosonografía rectal entre los años 2001-2009 en el Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. De un total de 2.120 pacientes, 294 fueron evaluados por cáncer de recto en tercio medio o inferior. Se analizó el examen de aquellos que no recibieron quimio-radioterapia preoperatoria y se encontraba disponible la anatomía patológica para su comparación. Resultados: Se obtuvo información de 69 pacientes. La exactitud global del examen para la determinación del T fue 85 por ciento. Para la determinación de T1 los valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud fueron 82 por ciento, 96 por ciento y 94 por ciento respectivamente. Para T2 los valores de sensibilidad, especificad y exactitud fueron 72 por ciento, 83 por ciento y 78 por ciento respectivamente. Para T3 los valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud fueron 82 por ciento, 83 por ciento y 83 por ciento respectivamente. Conclusión: La endosonografía rectal sigue siendo un valioso examen para la determinación de la profundidad de invasión tumoral en cáncer de recto con una exactitud global de 85 por ciento.

Drenaje laparoscópico de la diverticulitis aguda complicada Hinchey II y III / Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage for acute diverticulitis

Background: The usual surgical management of acute diverticulitis is Hartmann operation that is associated with high rates of complications and mortality. Recently, less invasive procedures, that avoid ostomies have been proposed as treatment, Alm: To analyze the results of laparoscopic peritoneal lavage in patients with acute diverticulitis. Material and Methods: Prospective analysis of seven patients age 25 to 61 years (four males) admitted for a first episode of acute diverticulitis classified as Hinchey II or III, in whom a percutaneous drainage of collections was not possible. All were subjected to a laparoscopic peritoneal lavage and debridement. Results: The mean body mass index of patients was 30.3 kg/m². Operative time was 55 +/- 28 min and there was no need for ostomies or conversion to open surgery. Two patients had complications. One required a percutaneous drainage of a collection and other required an open surgical procedure for peritoneal lavage. Patients stayed with nil per os for 2 +/- 1 days, required antimicrobials for 14 +/- 4 days and stayed in the hospital for 8 +/- 4 days. Conclusions: Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage is a good alternative surgical procedure for the treatment of acute diverticulitis.

Introducción: Tradicionalmente, el manejo quirúrgico de la diverticulitis aguda complicada (DAC) ha sido la operación de Hartmann. Sin embargo, ésta presenta tasas de morbilidad de 59 por ciento y mortalidad hasta de 12 por ciento. Han aparecido algunos procedimientos no resectivos con algunas ventajas operatorias y que evitarían la confección de una ostomía. Objetivo: Analizar resultados quirúrgicos de una serie de pacientes con DAC sometidos a lavado peritoneal sin resección por vía laparoscópica (LPL). Pacientes y Métodos: Serie de registro prospectiva de siete pacientes, que ingresaron con diagnóstico de DAC Hinchey II en que no fue posible el drenaje percutáneo de las colecciones y pacientes categorizados como Hinchey III, operados entre octubre de 2008 y noviembre de 2010. Resultados: Cuatro pacientes eran de sexo masculino. La edad media fue de 49 años, con un IMC de 30,3 kg/m². Todos los pacientes ingresaron con su primer episodio de DA. El tiempo operatorio fue de 55 +/- 28 minutos. No hubo necesidad de ostomía ni conversión. Dos pacientes presentaron complicaciones que requirieron de nuevos procedimientos durante su estadía. El tiempo de reposo digestivo fue de 2 +/- 1 días y la duración del esquema antibiótico fue de 14 +/- 4 días. La estadía hospitalaria fue de 8 +/- 4 días. Conclusiones: El LPL representa una alternativa al manejo quirúrgico tradicional. Las ventajas teóricas son bajas tasas de morbimortalidad, estadía hospitalaria más corta y sin la eventual necesidad teórica de una ostomía. Esta técnica requiere ser validada en el contexto de un estudio aleatorizado con claridad en criterios de inclusión y exclusión.

Aporte de volumen en el perioperatorio: ¿debemos modificar nuestro enfoque? / Transesophageal echocardiography to monitor fluid administration during the perioperative period

Background: During the perioperative period an adequate intravascular volume must be maintained. Current recommendations overestimate perioperative volume requirements. Aim: To compare perioperative volume administration using standard monitoring methods or guided by left ventricular filling parameters. Material and Methods: Twenty-four patients subjected to colon resection were randomized to monitoring by electrocardiography, blood and central venous pressure, or by transesophageal echocardiography. In the latter, volume administration was adjusted to maintain basal values of left ventricular end diastolic volume and cardiac index. Results: Patients with the standard monitoring system and transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring received 21.1±12 and 6.3 ± 2 ml/kg/h of fluids during the perioperative period, respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The use of transesophageal echocardiography significantly reduced the perioperative fluid administration.

Análisis de los factores predictivos de conversión en cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal / Analysis of predictive factors for conversion to open surgery in laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Background: Conversion to open surgery of laparoscopic procedures is not in essence a complication, but invalidates the benefits of laparoscopy. Aim: To identify the predictive factors for conversion in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Material and Methods: Revision of medical records of all patients with colorectal disease operated using a laparoscopic approach, from 1998 to 2010. Gender, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, body mass index (BMI), previous abdominal surgery, elective/urgency procedure, benign/malignant disease, type of resection and surgeon experience were recorded. A logistic regression model was done to determine which variables were predictive for conversion to open surgery. Results: The medical records of 582 patients aged 57 +/- 17 years (45 percent men) were analyzed. The rate of conversion to open surgery was 7.1 percent. The logistic regression model selected as predictors of conversion a BMI over 25 kg/m² (odds ratio (OR) 4.9, 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) 2.4 to 9.9), cancer surgery (OR 2.1, 95 percent CI 1.1 to 4.3) and male sex (OR 2.30, 95 percent CI 1.14 to 4.65). The receiver operating curve (ROC) of the model had an are under the curve of 0.766 with 95 percent CI of 0.69 to 0.84). Conclusions: A BMI over 25 kg/m², male sex and the resection of a malignant tumor were predictive factors for conversion to open surgery.

Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo para la conversión en la cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal. Material y Método: Se revisó la base de datos prospectiva de cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal, desde 1998 a 2010. Se analizaron las variables: sexo, edad, ASA, IMC, presencia de cirugía abdominal previa, procedimiento electivo/urgencia, patología benigna/maligna, tipo de resección y experiencia del cirujano. Se realizó un análisis uni y multivariado. Para determinar las variables predictivas de conversión, la totalidad de estas fueron incluidas en un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: De un total de 621 pacientes consecutivos, la serie se compuso de 582 pacientes (hombres: 45 por ciento, edad promedio: 56,3 años) Tasa de conversión 7,1 por ciento. El modelo de regresión logística seleccionó tres variables como predictivas de conversión: IMC > 25 kg/m² (OR 4,88; IC95 por ciento 2,40-9,92), cirugía por cáncer (OR 2,12; IC95 por ciento 1,11-4,29) y sexo masculino (OR 2,30; IC95 por ciento 1,14-4,65). No fueron predictivas de conversión: edad, comorbilidades, experiencia del cirujano, tipo de procedimiento, ni cirugía previa. La calibración del modelo fue satisfactoria, al igual que su capacidad de discriminación (ABC ROC = 0,766). Conclusiones: En este estudio el IMC sobre 25 kg/m², el sexo masculino y las resecciones por cáncer son factores predictivos independientes de conversión. Este modelo predictivo mostró una calibración satisfactoria, asociada a una capacidad de discriminación acertada para el evento en estudio.

Hemangioma cavernoso rectal: caso clínico / Cavernous hemangioma of the rectum: report of one case

We report a 41 years old male with a history of hematochezia since childhood. A colonoscopy showed a highly vascularized submucosal lesion extending from the pectinate line to the distal sigmoid colon. Magnetic resonance showed a thickening of rectal wall with multiple vascular structures and phleboliths. The lesion was excised surgically. The postoperative period was uneventful. The pathological report disclosed a large rectal hemangioma.

El hemangioma rectal es una entidad infrecuente, con menos de 200 casos publicados en la literatura mundial. Se presenta un caso clínico, que debuta con rectorragia y es documentado con estudios endoscópicos e imagenológicos, siendo resuelto quirúrgicamente.

Enteroplastía transversa seriada como alternativa en el tratamiento del síndrome de intestino corto: caso clínico / Serial transverse enteroplasty for short bowel syndrome: case report

Among patients with short bowel syndrome, surgical small intestine lengthening techniques are employed to increase the absorptive surface. Among these, serial transverse enteroplasty involves transecting the bowel transversally, preserving the blood supply of the small intestine and creating a longer segment of bowel. We report a 51-year-old woman with a short bowel syndrome and multiple hospital admissions for complications. She was subjected to a serial transverse enteroplasty, increasing small intestinal length from 140 to 180 cm. During the postoperative period, she presented intra abdominal blood collections and a septic episode with bacterial endocarditis. One month after the operation, total parenteral nutrition was discontinued and nutritional and fuid balances were achieved using exclusively the oral route. During the ambulatory follow up, the patient continues with exclusive oral feeding and fve bowel movements per day.

Proctitis ulcerosa activa y refractaria: Una puesta al día: [revisión] / Active and refractory ulcerative proctitis: An update: [review]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that affects a variable length of the colon, starting from the rectum. When the disease is confined to the rectum is called ulcerative proctitis (UP). Several studies have unsuccessfully attempted to determine the factors that determine the extent of involvement. The goals of therapy in UP are to induce and maintain remission of symptoms and disease. Topical treatment with 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) is the treatment of choice to induce remission. In the maintenance phase, long-term follow up studies suggest that treatment with 5-ASA is better than placebo, to maintain the disease inactive. For those patients that do not respond to treatment with topical 5-ASA or have a moderate to severe disease, there are additional therapies such as oral 5-ASA, topical or systemic corticosteroids, immunomodulators, biological therapies (Infliximab) and cyclosporine. Surgery is seldom needed.

Anastomosis ileorrectal en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la colitis ulcerosa: resultados a largo plazo / Ileorectal anastomosis in the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis: long-term results

Background: Total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) is an alternative to the ileoanal pouch for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis in a selected group of patients. This technique leaves rectal mucosa Hable to develop persistent proctitis, dysplasia and cancer Aim: To describe short and long-term results of IRA and to assess the presence of dysplasia. Material and methods: Descriptive study of patients treated with IRA. The data were obtained from the clinical records, and the present status was evaluated with an interview. A proctoscopy and biopsy was offered free of cost to the contacted patients. Results: Between 1978 and 2005, 26 patients were operated. One patient presented an anastomotic leakage that was treated with a loop ileostomy There was no operative mortality. Twenty-three patients were followed for a períod of 1 to 23 years. Three patients evolved as Crohn 's disease and two of them needed a proctectomy. Three patients died of non-related diseases. In the remaining 17, the average evacuation rate was 3.7/24 h and all were continent. None developed a rectal cancer Only two patients had their planned annual endoscopic surveillance. In 2 of the 11 patients who accepted endoscopy and biopsy, a low-grade dysplasia was found. Conclusions: IRA has low morbidity and acceptable functional results in this selected group of patients. No patient present high-grade dysplasia or cancer; however, the adherence to the endoscopic follow-up ispoor.

Resección ileocecal por enfermedad de Crohn: resultados y seguimiento / lleocaecal resection for Crohn's disease: results and follow-up

Introducción: Aproximadamente el 50 por ciento de los pacientes con Enfermedad de Crohn (EC) necesitarán de un tratamiento quirúrgico en algún momento de su evolución. La resección ileocecal (RIC) es una de las operaciones más frecuentes en pacientes con EC. Objetivo: Identificar las indicaciones quirúrgicas y determinar el porcentaje de recurrencia de la enfermedad a largo plazo de los pacientes sometidos a RIC por EC. Material y método: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos consecutivamente a RIC entre Enero 1970 y Diciembre 2006 y se analizaron características demográficas, indicación operatoria, variables intraoperatorias, complicaciones y, en el seguimiento, la recurrencia de la enfermedad. Resultados: 28 pacientes fueron operados en el periodo mencionado. 17 mujeres (60,7 por ciento), edad promedio del diagnóstico de EC: 34,8 años (i: 14-60) y de la RIC: 43,3 años (i: 16-68). Seis pacientes habían sido operados previamente por EC (3 sobre el periné y 3 resecciones parciales de intestino, no RIC). Una o más de las siguientes condiciones contribuyeron a la indicación quirúrgica: Obstrucción intestinal intermitente en 21 pacientes, refractariedad a tratamiento médico en 10, fístula enteral en 2 y hemorragia digestiva baja en 2. Nueve pacientes (32,1 por ciento) tuvieron una o más complicaciones postoperatorias, 3 (10 por ciento) de los cuales fueron reintervenidos (2 por filtración de la anastomosis, uno por hemoperitoneo). La mediana de estadía postoperatoria fue 9 días. No hubo mortalidad operatoria. En el seguimiento a largo plazo, 3 pacientes desarrollaron Íleo mecánico por bridas. Todos ellos resueltos quirúrgicamente. Cuatro pacientes (14 por ciento) fueron reintervenidos por recidiva de la EC con tiempo medio desde la RIC de 63 meses. La sobrevida a 5 años fue de 96 por ciento. Conclusión: La RIC por EC, se indica principalmente por obstrucción intestinal debida a estenosis. La estenosis en la recidiva de la enfermedad es baja.

Background: Approximately 50 percent of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) will need a surgical treatment in the long term course of the disease. The ileocaecal resection (ICR) is the most common operations in patients with CD. Aim: To identify the surgical indications and to determine the rate of recurrence in late follow up of the patients who underwent ICR for CD. Material and method: Consecutive inclusion of patients submitted to ICR between 1970 and 2006. Demographic characteristics, surgical indications, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications and recurrence of the disease were analyzed. Results: 28 patients had an ICR inthisperiod. Average age at diagnosis of CD 34.8 years (r: 14-60), ICR 43.3 years (r: 16-68). 60.7 percent female gender. Six patients were previously operated for CD (3 over perine and 3 partial resection of small bowel, no ICR). One or more of the following clinical conditions were considered surgical indications: Intermittent intestinal obstruction in 21 patients, failure of medical treatment in 10, enteral fistulae 2 and lower intestinal bleeding 2. Nine patients (32.1 percent) had one or more postoperative complications. 3 (10 percent) of them were re-operated (2 for leakage and fistulae, one for hemoperitoneum). The median postoperative stay was 9 days. There was no postoperative mortality (30 days). In the long term follow up, 3 (10 percent) patients developed intestinal obstruction due to adhesions. All of them needed an operation. Four patients (14 percent) were reoperated for CD with a mean time of 63 months since the ICR. Two of them for stenosis of ileocolic anastomosis and two for perianal abscess and fistulae. The 5 year survival was 96 percent. Conclusion: Stenosis and intestinal obstruction of the terminal ileum is the main indication for ICR.

Reservorio ileal con anastomosis reservorio anal por colitis ulcerosa: Complicaciones y resultados funcionales a largo plazo / Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: Complications and long term functional results

Background: The ileo anal-pouch-anastomosis (IPAA) is the treatment of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Aim To analyze the surgical outcomes, long term evolution and functional results of IPAA. Material and methods: All patients subjected to an IPAA, from 1984 to 2006 were identified from a prospectively constructed inflammatory bowel disease database. Surgical variables, postoperative complications and functional evaluation, using Oresland score were analyzed. Chi square, Fischer exact test, T Student, Mann Whitney and binary logistic regression were included in the statistical analysis. Results: In the study period 107 patients, aged 14 to 62 years (61 females), subjected to an IPAA, were identified in this period. All patients, except 4, had a J pouch. All were protected with a loop ileostomy Thirteen patients (12.1 percent) had specific postoperative complications: pelvic collections in five (4.6 percent), wound infection in four (3.7 percent), fistula of the anastomosis in two (1.8 percent), hemoperitoneum and pouch necrosis in one each. Three (2.7 percent) patients were reoperated. There was no post-operative (30 days) mortality. A complete follow-up was obtained in 106 of 107 patients: four evolved as Crohn disease; four lost their pouch and two died for other causes. One patient required an ileostomy due to a vaginal fistula. Seventy two patients were followed more than 36 months after ileostomy closure and 92 percent have a satisfactory intestinal function. In the univariate analysis, poorest intestinal function was related to age of diagnosis of UC and presence of chronic pouchitis. In the multivariate analyses age of diagnosis was associated with poor function. Conclusions: IPAA has a low rate of complications. The long term intestinal function is satisfactory in most patients. A poorer intestinal function was observed in older patients and those with chronic pouchitis).