Comparison of nutrient-rich and limited media in the production of biosurfactant by Achromobacter xylosoxidans BP(1)5

Aims@#This study aims to produce Achromobacter biosurfactant in nutrient-rich and nutrient-limited media.@*Methodology and results@#This study conducted fermentation on nutrient-rich and nutrient-limited media using a minimal salt medium (MSM). Dextrose and sodium citrate were used as sole carbon supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract for nutrient-rich media, while nutrient-limited media used molasses and rice straw hydrolysate (RSH) at variations of concentrations of 100 ppm and 200 ppm. The research was performed over 120 h and evaluated from growth response, surface tension and emulsification activity. The study revealed that the best surface tension value was when 2% (w/v) sodium citrate was used as C-source and 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract as N-source, after 72 h upon incubation at 30 °C/120 rpm having 45.45 ± 2.19 mN/m with emulsification activity 24.54 ± 3.42%. Whereas the best result of the nutrient-limited medium was obtained by RSH at a concentration of 200 ppm having 48.86 ± 5.36 mN/m.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The experiment showed that nutrient-limited medium from rice straw hydrolysate could compete with the nutrient-rich medium. The use of rice straw will contribute to the reduction of biosurfactant production costs and valorisation of agricultural waste.

Isolation and Antibiotic Resistance of Achromobacter xylosoxidans from Non-respiratory Tract Clinical Samples: A 10-year Retrospective Study in a Tertiary-care Hospital in Hungary

Aims: To assess the prevalence of A. xylosoxidansisolated from non-respiratory tract samples from adult inpatients and outpatients and the antibiotic resistance levels at a tertiary-care teaching hospital in Szeged, Hungary retrospectively, during a 10-year study period.Study Design:Retrospective microbiological study.Place and Duration of Study:1stof January 2008 -31stof December 2017 at the University of Szeged, which is affiliated with the Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, a primary-and tertiary-care teaching hospital in the Southern GreatPlain of Hungary.Methodology:Data collection was performed electronically. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using disk diffusion method and when appropriate, E-tests on Mueller–Hinton agar plates. Results:During the 10-year study period, a total of 68 individual A. xylosoxidansisolates were identified (6.8±3.6/year, range: 0-11 isolates). The frequency of isolation in the first half of the study period (2008-2017) was n=22, while in 2013-2017, this number was n=46. The majorityof isolates (51 out of 68) were from inpatient departments. 32 out of 68 patients were female (female-to-male ratio: 0.89).The susceptibilities of the respectiveA. xylosoxidansisolates (n=68) were the following: high levels of susceptibility for imipenem and meropenem (n=63; 92.6%), and moxifloxacin (n=55; 80.9%), while higher rates of resistance were detected for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (susceptible: n=36; 52.9%), ciprofloxacin (susceptible: n=40; 58.8%) and almost all isolates were resistant to ceftazidime (susceptible: n=3; 4.4%) and cefepime (n=2; 2.9%).Conclusion:The existing literature on Achromobacterinfections in the context of non-respiratory human infections is scarce, as the incidence of these pathogens in clinically-relevant syndromes in low. The developments in diagnostic technologies in routine clinical microbiology will probably lead to a shift in the isolation frequency of these bacteria in the future

Achromobacter: an emerging nosocomial pathogen

Background: Achromobacter is a ubiquitous, non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacterium that lives in soil and aquatic environments. In recent years, many studies have shown its potential as opportunistic pathogen. It can colonize various items used in hospital and can survive various disinfectants. The infections get complicated due to its vast spectrum of intrinsic and extrinsic resistance to antimicrobial agents and disinfectants. Achromobacter spp. is an emerging pathogen and is becoming a reservoir for horizontal genetic transfer elements involved in spreading antibiotic resistance. This study was conducted to assess the extent of the Achromobacter related infection in our hospital setting and to set a baseline for future studies.Methods: This study was conducted over a period of one year (January to December 2018) in our tertiary care hospital. All specimens submitted for aerobic culture and sensitivity were analyzed and the bacterial identification and antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates was carried out using automated method (Vitek 2 Compact, bioMerieux).Results: Achromobacter species was reported from 0.46% (63/13831) specimens, 40% of them were isolated from suction tips. Achromobacter denitrificans amounted for 47/63 (74.6%) while Achromobacter xylosoxidans was identified in 16/63 (25.4%).Conclusions: Studying the organisms in order to observe their changing trends

Achromobacter xylosoxidans Bacteremia in a Child with Neutropenia

Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a non-fermentative, aerobic, oxidase, and catalase-positive Gram-negative rod similar to Pseudomonas species. This organism colonizes aquatic environments and can cause nosocomial infections, especially in patients with immune deficiency such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, cancer, cystic fibrosis, neutropenia, and immunoglobulin M deficiency. Infections are found as bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infection, abscess formation, and osteomyelitis. It is known that most effective antibiotics are piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol. But there is no optimal antibiotic therapy so far. We present a case of Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteremia in a 13-month-old Korean girl who had past history of neutropenia.

Identification and phylogenetic analysis for Achromobacter xylose Oxidas in porcine pneumonia / 中国人兽共患病学报

To identify the pathogen of an outbreak of pneumouia in pig-farm,we used biochemical identification,pathoge nicity test in mice,PCR identification by 16S rRNA,and phylogenetic tree analysis for the identification.Results showed that the pathogen was an Achromobacter xylosoxidans with certain virulence and named TLSY-1.This TLSY-1 was the most simi lar to KF879922.1,and affinity rate were 99.9％ by homology analysis.This result identified that TLSY-1 is a new pneumonia pathogens in piglets.

Optimal condition for preservation of three Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteriophages / 军事医学

Objective To find simple and effective methods of preservation for Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteriophages.Methods The plaque forming unit( PFU) of surviving phages under different preservation conditions and temperatures at different time points was determined.Results and Conclusion The titers of phiAxp-1 and phiAxp-2 main-tained at the initial 1010 PFU/ml, and that of phiAxp-3 decreased slightly from 1011 PFU/ml to 1010 PFU/ml 16 months after the three Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteriophages were stored in glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide at -80℃, -20℃and 4℃.When stored in chloroform at 4℃for 16 months, the titers of all the three phages decreased slightly but were higher than at other temperatures (-80℃, -20℃, room temperature, and 37℃) .Thus these methods can effectively preserve Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteriophages.

A Case of Septic Shock caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans in an Immunocompetent Female Patient after Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for a Ureteral Stone / 감염과화학요법

Achromobacter xylosoxidans can cause various types of infections, but its infection in humans is rare. A. xylosoxidans has been reported as a rare etiological agent of infections including primary bacteremia, catheter-related bloodstream infection, endocarditis, otitis, and pneumonia, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. We encountered a case of septic shock caused by A. xylosoxidans in a 52-year-old, immunocompetent woman with no underlying disease, who received extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy to remove a left upper ureteral stone. She was treated with antibiotics to which the organism was susceptible but died as a result of septic shock.

Clinical impact of Achromobacter xylosoxidans colonization/infection in patients with cystic fibrosis

The rate of diagnosis of colonization/infection of the airways with Achromobacter xylosoxidans has increased in cystic fibrosis patients, but its clinical significance is still controversial. This retrospective, case-control study aimed to evaluate the clinical impact of A. xylosoxidans colonization/infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Individuals who were chronically colonized/infected (n=10), intermittently colonized/infected (n=15), and never colonized/infected with A. xylosoxidans (n=18) were retrospectively evaluated during two periods that were 2 years apart. Demographic characteristics, clinical data, lung function, and chronic bacterial co-colonization data were evaluated. Of the total study population, 87% were pediatric patients and 65.1% were female. Individuals chronically colonized/infected with A. xylosoxidans had decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 s (51.7% in the chronic colonization/infection group vs 82.7% in the intermittent colonization/infection group vs 76% in the never colonized/infected group). Compared with the other two groups, the rate of co-colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was higher in individuals chronically colonized/infected with A. xylosoxidans (P=0.002). Changes in lung function over 2 years in the three groups were not significant, although a trend toward a greater decrease in lung function was observed in the chronically colonized/infected group. Compared with the other two groups, there was a greater number of annual hospitalizations in patients chronically colonized/infected with A. xylosoxidans (P=0.033). In cystic fibrosis patients, there was an increased frequency of A. xylosoxidans colonization/infection in children, and lung function was reduced in patients who were chronically colonized/infected with A. xylosoxidans. Additionally, there were no differences in clinical outcomes during the 2-year period, except for an increased number of hospitalizations in patients with A. xylosoxidans.

Uncommon pathogen: Serious manifestation: A rare case of Achromobacter xylosoxidans septic arthritis in immunocompetetant patient.

Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a rare opportunistic Gram-negative bacilli and rarer etiology of septic arthritis. We present here the fi rst Indian case of septic arthritis due to A. xylosoxidans in 11-month-old male child confi rmed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The child was admitted as suspected case of septic arthritis and underwent arthrotomy. Drained pus revealed Gram-negative bacilli, identifi ed as Serratia odorifera by API (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Étoile, France), later subjected to VITEK 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Étoile, France) identifi cation revealing it to be A. xylosoxidans. It being a rare etiology of septic arthritis confi rmation was done with 16S rRNA Sequencing.

Characterization of two Achromobacter xylosoxidans isolates from patients with pertussis-like symptoms

OBJECTIVE@#To characterize two Achromobacter xylosoxidans recovered from 2 patients diagnosed with pertussis during a Bordetella pertussis surveillance program.@*METHODS@#Nasopharyngeal swabs from 2 children under 1 year of age with clinical suspicion of pertussis were analyzed by culture and PCR.@*RESULTS@#Two Achromobacter xylosoxidans A8, closely related to Bordetella spp. were recovered from 2 patients diagnosed of pertussis, both carrying the ptxA gene and IS418 the pertussis toxin encoding gene. Subsequently, antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by disk-diffusion method and by PCR.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Although more detailed studies are needed, the present data highlight the possibility that Achromobacter xylosoxidans, closely related Bordetella pertusssis microorganisms and not covered under the vaccine umbrella, might also result in cases of whooping cough. Thereby further surveillance is necessary to determine the extension and relevance of their pathogenic role in order to discriminate their real public health implication.

Characterization of two Achromobacter xylosoxidans isolates from patients with pertussis-like symptoms

Objective: To characterize two Achromobacter xylosoxidans recovered from 2 patients diagnosed with pertussis during a Bordetella pertussis surveillance program. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs from 2 children under 1 year of age with clinical suspicion of pertussis were analyzed by culture and PCR. Results: Two Achromobacter xylosoxidans A8, closely related to Bordetella spp. were recovered from 2 patients diagnosed of pertussis, both carrying the ptxA gene and IS418 the pertussis toxin encoding gene. Subsequently, antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by disk-diffusion method and by PCR. Conclusions: Although more detailed studies are needed, the present data highlight the possibility that Achromobacter xylosoxidans, closely related Bordetella pertusssis microorganisms and not covered under the vaccine umbrella, might also result in cases of whooping cough. Thereby further surveillance is necessary to determine the extension and relevance of their pathogenic role in order to discriminate their real public health implication.

Achromobacter xylosoxidans Infection Following Total Knee Arthroplasty / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Achromobacter xylosoxidans is an opportunistic organism, mainly causing infection in immune compromised hosts, such as patients on dialysis. However, review of the medical literature showed that few cases of A. xylosoxidans infections following total knee arthroplasty have been reported. This organism has not been reported in prosthetic joint infections of patients who are not immune compromised. Here, a case of periprosthetic infection with A. xylosoxidans following total knee arthroplasty in a man with no medical history of immune suppression is reported.

Bacteremia due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans in neonates: clinical features and outcome

OBJECTIVE: We report an outbreak of Achromobacter xylosoxidans at a neonatal intensive care unit. We aimed to present clinical, laboratory and treatment data of the patients. Materials and METHODS: All consecutive episodes of bacteremia due to A. xylosoxidans at our neonatal intensive care unit, beginning with the index case detected at November 2009 until cessation of the outbreak in April 2010, were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Thirty-four episodes of bacteremia occurred in 22 neonates during a 6-month period. Among the affected, 90% were preterm newborns with gestational age of 32 weeks or less and 60% had birth weight of 1000 g or less. Endotracheal intubation, intravenous catheter use, total parenteral nutrition and prolonged antibiotic therapy were the predisposing conditions. Presenting features were abdominal distention, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. The mortality rate was 13.6% and the majority of isolates were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, carbapenems and trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole, and resistant to gentamycin. More than half were breakthrough infections. Despite intensive efforts to control the outbreak by standard methods of hand hygiene, patient screening and isolation, containment could be achieved only after the neonatal intensive care unit was relocated. The investigation was not able to single out the source of the outbreak. CONCLUSION: A. xylosoxidans has the potential to cause serious infections in premature babies. More studies are needed to determine the importance of different sources of infection in hospital units.

Achromobacter xylosoxidans Keratitis after Contact Lens Usage

To report on Achromobacter xylosoxidans keratitis in two healthy patients who had worn contact lenses foran extended period of time. A 36-year-old female and a 21-year-old female visited our hospital with ocular pain and blurred vision. Both patients had a history of wearing soft contact lenses for over fve years with occasional overnight wear. At the initial presentation, a slit lamp examination revealed corneal stromal infiltrations and epithelial defects with peripheral neovascularization in both patients. Microbiological examinations were performed from samples of corneal scrapings, contact lenses, contact lens cases, and solution. The culture resulting from the samples taken from the contact lenses, contact lens cases, and solution were all positive for Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Confrming that the direct cause of the keratitis was the contact lenses, the frst patient was prescribed ceftazidime and amikacin drops sensitive to Achromobacter xylosoxidans. The second patient was treated with 0.3% gatifoxacin and fortifed tobramycin drops. After treatment, the corneal epithelial defects were completely healed, and subepithelial corneal opacity was observed. Two cases of Achromobacter xylosoxidans keratitis were reported in healthy young females who wore soft contact lenses. Achromobacter xylosoxidans should be considered a rare but potentially harmful pathogen for lens-induced keratitis in healthy hosts.

A Case of Chronic Dacryocystitis Caused by Achromobacter Xylosoxidans

PURPOSE: To report a case of chronic dacryocystitis caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans. CASE SUMMARY: A 73-year-old female was referred to our clinic for management of chronic dacryosyctitis from which she did not to recover despite empirical therapy. A. xylosoxidans was isolated from purulent discharge. Based on the results of susceptibility testing, therapy was changed to fortified ceftazidime eye-drop 6 times a day and intravenous tazocin 4.5 g/20 ml (piperacillin 2 g/tazobactam 0.25 g) 3 times a day. All symptoms were resolved after treatment with sensitive antibiotics and external dacryocystorhinostomy. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. xylosoxidans dacryocystitis. A. xylosoxidans are rare but potential pathogens which cause dacryocystitis. The cultures and sensitivity test were collected and processed to detect the presence of unusual pathogens in a case with persistent infection despite conventional treatment.

A Case of Achromobacter Xylosoxidans Keratitis

PURPOSE: To report a case of corneal ulcer caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a farmer. CASE SUMMARY: A previously healthy 68-year-old man presented with unilateral redness and irritation after his eye was grazed by a cow's tail. The patient had previously been treated in a local clinic for four days without improvement. Bacterial staining, culture, and an antibiotic sensitivity test were performed from a corneal scrape. The cultures revealed growth of A. xylosoxidans. The patient was treated with moxifloxacin and ceftazidime eyedrops. After three months of treatment, the infection was resolved with mild scarring. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is a rare pathogen, A. xylosoxidans should be considered as a potential pathogen in patients presenting with corneal ulceration due to trauma from an object contaminated by soil or animal feces and having a slowly progressive disease and localized infiltrate but showing Gram-negative bacilli on smear examination.

Peritonitis by Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a Patient Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis(CAPD): A Case Report / 대한신장학회지

Peritonitis is a major cause of morbidity in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a rarely reported cause of peritonitis in CAPD patients. In this report, a peritonitis case due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a 60-year-old male patient with end-stage renal failure receiving CAPD for 7 years, has been reported. White blood cell (WBC) count in peritoneal fluid was 3,160/mm3 with 95% neutrophil. Gram staining of the peritoneal fluid yielded gram negative rod. Empirical antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone was initiated intraperitoneally. But drug sensitivity test revealed these regimens were resistant. On fourth hospital day, Achromobacter xylosoxidans was cultured from peritoneal effluent, the antibiotic regimen was switched to piperacillin/tazobactam intraperitoneally. The patient rapidly recovered and the WBC count of the peritoneal effluent decreased. The therapy was continued for 14 days and then the patient was discharged. The peritoneal catheter was not removed.

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis Caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans: A Case Report and Comprehensive Literature Review / 감염과화학요법

Achromobacter xylosoxidans is an uncommon cause of peritonitis in patients on maintenance continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). CAPD peritonitis caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans carries high mortality and recurrence rates because of its virulence and resistance to most antimicrobial agents. We experienced a case of CAPD peritonitis caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a patient with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and end stage renal disease. The patient was treated with intravenous imipenem/cilastatin, and the CAPD catheter was removed. However, the patient died by aspiration pneumonia on the 34th day of hospitalization.

Conjuntivite por Achromobacter xylosoxidans: relato de caso / Conjunctivitis due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans: case report

Relatamos um caso de conjuntivite ocasionada por Achromobacter xylosoxidans em paciente imunocompetente usuária de lentes de contato rígidas. A bactéria foi isolada da solução utilizada para a desinfecção das lentes bem como do raspado conjuntival. A. xylosoxidans tem sido descrita em infecções oportunistas em pacientes imunodeprimidos, contudo pode ser confundida com outros bacilos gram-negativos, principalmente Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isoladas de infecções oculares em pacientes imunocompetentes. Devido ao reduzido perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos demonstrado pelo A. xylosoxidans, torna-se importante a identificação deste agente etiológico em quadros de conjuntivite.

We report here a case of conjunctivitis in an immunocompetent patient due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans, which was associated with the use of rigid contact lenses. The bacteria were isolated from the scraped conjunctival swab as well as from the lens cleaning fluid. A. xylosoxidans is an opportunistic pathogen, especially in immunocompromised patients; however, in isolates of ocular infections, from immunocompetent patients, it may be confused with other gram-negative organisms, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Due to an increased resistance against different antimicrobial agents, A. xylosoxidans must be fully identified and differentiated from other gram-negative isolates from ocular infections.

A case of scalp abscess caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans after vacuum delivery / 소아과

Achromobacter xylosoxidans is an aerobic gram-negative bacillus that may cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromized patients and newborns. Neonatal scalp abscess is generally a complication of fetal scalp monitoring and is typically polymicrobial. We present a case of a newborn, delivered by vacuum extraction, who developed a scalp abscess that yielded growth of Achromobacter xylosoxidans.