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Introducción: Mantener poblaciones de insectos depredadores en el agroecosistema ofreciéndoles presas y recursos alimenticios provenientes de las plantas es importante para mejorar el control biológico y contribuir con la conservación. Objetivo: Determinar si el consumo de presas y recursos alimenticios florales potencia los atributos biológicos del depredado Hippodamia convergens. Métodos: Las larvas de Hippodamia convergens fueron alimentadas con dos especies de áfidos, mientras que los adultos fueron alimentados con áfidos, espigas de maíz y dos especies de plantas no cultivadas. La presencia de azúcar en el intestino del depredador se comprobó mediante la prueba de antronas frías, y la presencia de polen mediante el método de acetólisis. Los experimentos demográficos se realizaron durante los primeros 40 días después de la emergencia de la hembra bajo condiciones controladas (25 °C ± 0.5; 75 % ± 1.75 HR; L12:D12). Resultados: H. convergens no consumió fructosa de Sorghum halepense, Parthenium hysterophorus o Zea mays, sino únicamente polen. En condiciones controladas (25 °C ± 0.5, 75 % ± 1.75 HR), el tiempo de desarrollo (huevo-adulto) del depredador fue más corto (21.36 días) cuando consumió Rhopalosiphum maidis en lugar de Uroleucon nigrotibium (24.6 días), mientras que la supervivencia (L1- adulto) y la proporción sexual no cambió. La fecundidad promedio fue mayor (55.5 huevos / 40 días) al consumir U. nigrotibium con polen de P. hysterophorus, que solo U. nigrotibium (22.5 huevos / 40 días), o R. maidis con polen de Zea mays (11 huevos / 40 días). La tasa intrínseca de crecimiento natural fue mayor al consumir U. nigrotibium con polen de P. hysterophorus (0.055), que U. nigrotibium (0.034) o R. maidis con polen de Z. mays (0.019). La tasa de depredación (L1-L5) fue mayor al consumir R. maidis (0.65) que U. nigrotibium (0.51). Conclusiones: Las especies de áfidos y su combinación con polen de plantas no cultivadas afectan de manera diferente el tiempo de desarrollo, reproducción y tasa de depredación de H. convergens.
Introduction: Keeping populations of predatory insects in the agroecosystem by offering them prey, as well as food resources from plants, is important for enhancing conservation biological control. Objective: To determine if the consumption of prey and floral food resources enhances the biological attributes of the predator Hippodamia convergens. Methods: We fed the beetle larvae two species of aphids; and the adults were fed aphids, maize tassels, and two non-cultivated plant species. We checked gut sugar in the predator by the cold anthrone test and pollen presence by the acetolysis method. Demographic experiments were done in the first 40 days after female emergence, under controlled conditions (25 °C ± 0.5; 75 % ± 1.75 Relative Humidity; Light 12 h: Darkness 12 h). Results: H. convergens did not consume fructose, but only pollen from Sorghum halepense, Parthenium hysterophorus or Zea mays. Developmental time (egg-adult) of the predator was shorter (21.4 days) when it consumed Rhopalosiphum maidis than Uroleucon nigrotibium (24.6 days); survival (L1-adult) and sex ratio did not change. Average fecundity was higher (55.5 eggs / 40 days) when consuming U. nigrotibium with pollen from P. hysterophorus, than U. nigrotibium (22.5 eggs / 40 days) or R. maidis with pollen from Zea mays (11 eggs / 40 days). The intrinsic rate of natural growth was higher when consuming U. nigrotibium with pollen from P. hysterophorus (0.055), than U. nigrotibium (0.034) or R. maidis with pollen from Z. mays (0.019). Predation rate (L1-L5) was higher when consuming R. maidis (0.65) than U. nigrotibium (0.51). Conclusions: Aphid prey species and its combination with pollen from maize and non-cultivated plants affected development time, reproduction, and predation rate of H. convergens.
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Animales , Escarabajos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Control Biológico de Vectores/métodos , ColombiaRESUMEN
Objective: To establish a method for determining the content of total polysaccharides in decoction pieces of Polyporus,analyze the content of total polysaccharides in samples with different sources and grades. Method: The relative molecular weight and the polydispersity index of polysaccharides in decoction pieces of Polyporus were measured by a high performance gel chromatography coupled with a multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index system.Dextran with similar molecular weight as polysaccharides was selected as the reference substance.Orthogonal experiment and single factor tests were used to optimize the pretreatment conditions for the determination of total polysaccharides in Polyporus.Polysaccharides in Polyporus with different areas and grades were determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetric method at 630 nm. Result: The linearity,stability,precision,repeatability and recovery rate of the established method all reached the standards,respectively.The content of total polysaccharides in samples from different areas ranged from 0.87% to 1.39%.The content of total polysaccharides in samples with different grades was 1.40% for first-grade pieces,1.21% for second-grade pieces, and 1.03% for third-grade pieces. Conclusion: The established method is simple,accurate and reproducible,and it can be used for the determination of polysaccharides in decoction pieces of Polyporus.The content of polysaccharides in samples from different origins varies greatly.The content of polysaccharides in samples with different grades shows a certain regularity.The content of polysaccharides is the highest in the first-grade pieces,followed by the content in the second-grade,and the lowest in the third-grade.The results can provide a reference for formulating limits for the content of total polysaccharides and the grade standard of decoction pieces of Polyporus.
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A series of 3-(5-aryl-4H-pyrazol-3-yl)anthracen-10(9H)-ones were synthesized from anthracen-10(9H)-one (1) and studied for their in vitro antibacterial activity. Anthracen- 10(9H)-one after Friedel crafts acetylation with acetyl chloride yielded 3-acetylanthracen- 10(9H)-one (2) which on further reaction with substituted aromatic aldehydes in the presence of catalytic amount of sodium hydroxide in water and ethanol furnished the corresponding 3-(3-arylacryloyl)anthracen-10(9H)-ones (3a-g) as intermediate compounds, which on further reaction with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol formed the title compounds 3-(5-aryl-4H-pyrazol-3-yl)anthracen-10(9H)-ones (4a-g). These compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, Mass and 1H-NMR spectral data. All the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against two gram positive strains (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two gram negative strains (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) taking ciprofloxacin as a standard drug. Some of the compounds showed significant antibacterial activity.
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Objective: To establish a method for the determination of total glycosides in Chinese materia medica (CMM)-differential anthrone-sugar hydrazone colorimetry. Methods: The content of total glycosides (including sugar) in CMM was determined by anthrone colorimetry, and then sugar hydrazone-sulfuric acid colorimetric method was used to determine the content of reducing sugars. The content of total glycosides came from the two subtraction. Results: Anthrone colorimetric reaction was completed within 6 h, detection wavelength was 620 nm, linear range was 80-180 μg/mL, correlation coefficient R2 = 0.994, and recovery was 99.2%, RSD was 1.35%. Sugar hydrazone-sulfuric acid color reaction method was completed within 4 h, detection wavelength was 412 nm, linear range was 2-12 mg/mL, correlation coefficient R2 = 0.991, and recovery was 99.5%, RSD was 1.98%. The total glycosides contents in five Chinese patent medicines such as Buyang Huanwu Decoction, Liuwei Dihuang Pill, Andrographis Tablet, Astragalus Injection, and Pachymaran Oral Liquid were 15.1, 26.0, 6.68 mg/g, and 21.3, 16.9 mg/mL. Conclusion: This method is firstly established for the quantitative determination of total glycosides in CMM, and the ingredient group analysis method is established by anthrone colorimetry and sugar hydrazone-sulfuric acid colorimetric method. The methods have better accuracy, and can be used for the determination of total glycosides ingredients group of CMM.
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By studying on extraction technology of desertliving cistanche polysaccharides, it provided evidences for development and utilization of cistanche. Anthrone-sulfuric acid method was used in the measurement of desertliving cistanche polysaccharides. The yield of desertliving cistanche polysaccharides was used as index. Different types of extraction methods were compared. Then, the extraction process was optimized by orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the best extraction process was Tween-60 ultrasonic cooperated. The best extraction process was when the mass concentration of Tween-60 was 0.5%, solid-to-liquid ratio was 1:25, temperature was 60℃, and the extraction time was 30 min. The extraction yield of desertliving cistanche polysaccharides was 8.17%. It was concluded that this extraction technology was reasonable and reliable, which can be used in the development and utilization of cistanche.
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AIM: To extract and isolate polysaccharide from Poacynum Hendersonii leaves,determine its content and analyze the monosaccharide composition.METHODS: Poacynum Hendersonii leaves was extracted with hot water,crude polysaccharide was precipitated with ethanol,deproteinated according to Sevage method,coloured with acticarbon.Then of polysaccharide contents were measured by anthrone-H_2SO_4 colorimetry at the wavelength of 620 nm.The monosaccharide composition was determined by HPCE.RESULTS: The polysaccharide content was 0.97% of leaf weight,and Gal,Ara,and Man contents were three higher monosaccharides.CONCLUSION : The method is easy to carry out the baseline resolution in HPCE and has highly sensitivity.
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Objective To determine the content of polysaccharide of prepared pinellia tuber. Methods The content was determined by sulfuric acid-anthrone colorimetric method with wavelength at (624?1)nm. Results The content of polysaccharide was 2.533 mg/g in prepared pinellia tuber. The average recovery was 99.54% and RSD was 1.69%. Conclusion The methods was simple, steady and reproducible.
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AIM: To: optimize the extraction process of mussel polysaccharide, and then gain higher content of polysaccharide. METHODS: Involved in the three factors, temperature and times of extraction, concentration of NaOH solutions, to do the experiment by orthogonal design uniform design and the method of anthrone. RESULTS: The result showed that the most important factors were temperature of extraction and concentration of NaOH solutions. The optimum extraction conditions were A1B2C1, 4 ℃, 5% NaOH solutions and extracting only once. CONCLUSION: This optimized process is economical, simple, stable and efficient.
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OBJECTIVE:To compare the differences of two methods in the determination of Ganoderma or Ganoderma extract and the related products.METHODS:The content of Ganoderma in samples was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method vs.anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetric method,and the differences of the two methods were compared.RESULTS:The two methods showed similar determination results.The linear range of the standard Polysaccharide solution was 0.005～0.1 mg?mL-1(rphenol=0.999 4,ranthrone=0.999 7).CONCLUSION:Both of the two methods can be used to determinate the content of Ganoderma.
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Objective:To optimize the condition of anthrone-sulfuric acid method to determine the polysaccharide isolated from Bletilla striata by central composite design/response surface methodology.Methods:Dextron T20 was a standard substance, independent variables were the ratio of the polysaccharide and anthrone-sulfuric acid,the time of color hydrolysis and the cooling time at room temperature,dependent variable was the UV absorption,nonlinear mathematic models were used to estimate the relationship between independent and dependent variables.Response surface methodology was used to optimize be condition of determination.Results:The optimum conditions of determination:the volume ratio of the polysaccharide and anthrone-sulfuric acid is 1:2;the time of color hydrolysis is 8.00 min;the cooling time at room temperature is 15.00min.On this condition, there was favorable correlation between the absorption of Dextron T20 and polysaccharide of Bletilla striata.Conclusions: Central composite design/response surface methodology can be used to evaluate the feasibility and applicable conditions of the anthrone-sulfuric acid method to determine the polysaccharide isolated from Bletilla striata using Dextron T20 as a standard substance.
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In order to find an easy and rapid quantitative analytical method to detect rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three methods, H_ 2 SO_ 4 -anthrone analysis method, L-cysteine-H_ 2 SO_ 4 method and phenol-H_ 2 SO_ 4 method, were compared in the present paper, and the influence factors were also considered.The results showed that H_ 2 SO_ 4 -Anthrone analysis method was better than the others and its optimal reaction condition was obtained.The influence to the quantitative analysis of rhamnolipid from the residual glucose and the top clean liquid layer in the ferment solution could be ignored.But the influence from the bacterial body and the middle layer of the ferment solution reached a certain degree.Thus, the bacterial body should be removed before measuring.However, the influence from the middle layer of the ferment solution could be avoided by making a standard curve which was made by using a rhamnose mixed with the middle layer ferment solution.