Drinking water quality of various sources in Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan / Qualidade de água potável de váris fontes dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat e Swat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.

Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.

Drinking water quality of various sources in Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan

Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.

Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.

Efecto de la actividad truchícola sobre la concentración de coliformes totales y Escherichia coli en aguas de la cuenca alta del río Savegre, Costa Rica

Introducción: La acuacultura de truchas ha incrementado gradualmente en las tierras altas de Costa Rica. Las aguas residuales de esta actividad son descartadas directamente en los ríos, sin tratamientos previos. Como consecuencia, la actividad truchícola puede contaminar severamente el agua de los ríos con bacterias que pueden afectar la salud humana. Objetivo: Evaluar la contaminación bacteriana por la acuacultura de truchas en el río Savegre, Costa Rica. Métodos: Contamos los coliformes totales y Escherichia coli de muestras mensuales (2015-2018) en tres secciones del proyecto de acuacultura más grande de la cuenca alta del río. Recolectamos las muestras en la entrada de los estanques para las truchas, a la salida, y 200 m hacia abajo. Resultados: Encontramos menos coliformes totales y E. coli en el agua recolectada justo en la salida del agua de los estanques. El número de coliformes totales fue mayor en el 2016 y 2017, y de E. coli en el 2016. Conclusiones: Conteos de coliformes y de E. coli es muy alto en el río, pero inesperadamente, su número disminuye en el agua residual descartada de los estanques. Podría ser que el mucus producido por las truchas o sustancias liberadas del musgo que cubre la pared de los estanques reduzca el crecimiento de bacterias, como se ha sido sugerido en otros estudios. La contaminación del río parece venir de otras fuentes.

Introduction: The trout aquacultural activity has gradually increased in Costa Rican highlands. Residual waters from this activity are discarded directly in the rivers without any previous treatment process. Consequently, this activity could severely contaminate the river with bacteria that can affect human health. Objective: To evaluate bacterial contamination from trout aquaculture on Río Savegre, Costa Rica. Methods: We counted total coliforms and Escherichia coli from monthly samples (2015-2018) at three sections of the largest aquacultural development in the upper drainage of the river. We collected samples at the fish ponds entrance, exit and 200 m downwards. Results: We found fewer total coliforms and E. coli in the water collected just at the exit of the fish ponds. We counted more total coliforms in 2016 and 2017, and more E. coli in 2016. Conclusions: Coliform and E. coli counts are high in the river, but, unexpectedly, low in the water discarded from the fish tanks. Perhaps the mucus produced by the trouts or substances released by mosses on the fish tank walls reduce bacterial growth, as suggested by other studies. River pollution appears to come from other sources.

Calidad microbiológica y actividad antibacteriana de miel producida por Melipona beecheii en Yucatán, México

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la calidad microbiológica y actividad antibacteriana en 43 muestras de miel producida por Melipona beecheii, extraída durante las épocas de cosecha (enero a mayo del 2020 y 2021) y poscosecha (junio a octubre 2020) de meliponarios ubicados en selva baja caducifolia del Sureste de México. Materiales y métodos. La calidad microbiológica se determinó evaluando el contenido de mesófilos aerobios totales, coliformes, hongos, levaduras y anaerobios formadores de esporas. Para la actividad antibacteriana, se utilizó el ensayo de difusión en agar con pocillos utilizando concentraciones de miel al 5, 10, 20, 40 y 80%. Resultados. Se observó la presencia de mesófilos aerobios (83.7% de las muestras), coliformes (4.6%), mohos (20.9%) y levaduras (39.5%), con un máximo de 4.5x102, 2.5x10, 9.5x10 y 3.2x103 UFC/g, respectivamente. En ninguna muestra se observó la presencia de formas esporuladas de clostridios sulfito reductores. Con respecto a la actividad antibacteriana las mayores zonas de inhibición se registraron contra Staphylococcus aureus a una concentración de la miel al 80 y 40%, contrario a lo observado con Salmonella var. Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aureginosa y Escherichia coli, en donde la interferencia en el crecimiento bacteriano no fue tan evidente. Conclusiones. No obstante, el crecimiento de mesófilos y levaduras en la mayoría de las muestras, éstas presentaron actividad antibacteriana contra los patógenos referidos, lo cual puede ser atribuido a las interacciones entre microbioma, plantas, abejas y características fisicoquímicas de la miel.

ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze the microbiological quality and antibacterial activity in 43 samples of honey produced by Melipona beecheii, extracted during the years 2020 and 2021 in the harvest (January to May) and post-harvest (June to October) seasons from meliponaries located in the low deciduous forest of southeast of Mexico. Materials and methods. Microbiological quality was determined by evaluating the content of total aerobic mesophiles, coliforms, molds, yeasts, and spore-forming anaerobes. For antibacterial activity, the agar well diffusion assay was used using 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80% honey concentrations. Results. The presence of aerobic mesophiles (83.7% of the samples), coliforms (4.6%), molds (20.9%) and yeasts (39.5%) was observed, with a maximum of 4.5x102, 2.5x10, 9.5x10 and 3.2x103 CFU/g, respectively. The presence of sporulated forms of sulfite-reducing clostridia was not observed in any sample. With respect to the antibacterial activity, the highest zones of inhibition were recorded against Staphylococcus aureus at a honey concentration of 80 and 40%, contrary to what was observed with Salmonella var. Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Escherichia coli, where the interference in bacterial growth was not so evident. Conclusions. However, the growth of mesophiles and yeasts in most of the samples showed antibacterial activity against the pathogens mentioned above, which can be attributed to the interactions between microbiome, plants, bees and physicochemical characteristics of honey.

Determination of pathogens and contamination indicatorsin fresh pork sausages in the state of São Paulo / Determinação de patógenos e indicadores de contaminação em linguiças frescais de origem suína no estado de São Paulo

The highest cost of beef and chicken meat justifies higher consumption of fresh sausage products, especially linguiça, due to their easy preparation and affordability for consumers, making necessary an evaluation of sanitary hygienic conditions of these products. The objective was to investigate the presence of pathogens such as Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. in artisanal and inspected fresh pork sausages. It was found that 12% (6/50) of the artisanal sausage samples were contaminated with Salmonellaspp., 58% (29/50) presented coagulase-positive Staphylococcus levels above the acceptable limits for consumption and 76% (38/50) presented thermotolerant coliform levels above the acceptable limits. In sausage samples produced under inspected conditions, 6% (3/50) were contaminated with Salmonella spp., 24% (12/50) presented thermotolerant coliform levels above the acceptable limits, 2% (1/50) presented enteropathogenic E. coli. None samples showed coagulase-positive Staphylococcus counts above the limits, or presence of Campylobacter spp. Sensitizing traders and consumers about the importance of inspection service in food of animal origin is urgent for a sanitary acceptable production, since foodborne diseases continue to be a public health problem.

O alto custo das carnes de frango e bovina justifica maior consumo de produtos embutidos frescais, especialmente a linguiça, devido ao preço acessível ao consumidor e fácil preparo, tornando necessário estudos para avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias. Os objetivos foram verificar a presença de Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia colipatogênicas e Campylobacter spp. em linguiças suínas tipo frescal artesanais e fiscalizadas. Os resultados obtidos em linguiças artesanais foram de 12% (6/50) contaminadas com Salmonella spp., 58% (29/50) de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e 76% (38/50) nas quantificações de coliformes termotolerantes, dados que apresentam níveis de contaminação superiores aos da legislação vigente. Nas linguiças produzidas sob fiscalização detectou-se 6% (3/50) de contaminação por Salmonella spp.; 24% (12/50) de quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes acima dos limites aceitáveis, e 2% (1/50) de E. coli enteropatogênica. Nenhuma amostra apresentou contagens de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva fora dos padrões, ou contaminação por Campylobacter spp. Sensibilizar comerciantes e consumidores sobre a importância do serviço de inspeção em alimentos de origem animal é premente para que haja uma produção sanitária aceitável, pois doenças transmitidas por alimentos continuam sendo um problema à saúde pública.

Calidad microbiológica: detección de Aeromonas sp y Pseudomonas sp en garrafones provenientes de pequeñas plantas purificadoras de agua / Microbiological quality: detection of Aeromonas sp and Pseudomonas sp in jugs from small water purification establishments

RESUMEN Las plantas purificadoras de agua que carecen de un adecuado sistema de control de calidad pueden generar problemas de salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la calidad microbiológica del agua proveniente de pequeñas plantas purificadoras de la ciudad de Puebla, así como, determinar la existencia de bacterias Aeromonas sp y Pseudomonas sp, y caracterizar si presentan un fenotipo patógeno oportunista. Se recolectaron 70 muestras de garrafones de agua de 25 establecimientos. La cuantificación bacteriana se realizó mediante el método de goteo en placa. Se comprobaron los géneros microbianos mediante análisis bioquímico. En las cepas que mostraron discrepancia se utilizó la identificación molecular con base a secuencias parciales del gen 16S rRNA para confirmar su especie y se les evaluaron sus características de patogenicidad: multirresistencia a antibióticos, producción de biopelícula y actividad hemolítica. El 40 % de las plantas purificadoras no cumplieron con la calidad microbiológica del agua para consumo humano. El 41.4 % de los garrafones de agua muestreados incumplió la normativa, presentando coliformes totales 35.7 %, Pseudomonas 30 %, Enterococcus faecalis 8.6 % y bacterias coliformes fecales el 5.7 %. Se obtuvieron 56 aislados, provenientes de los 29 garrafones contaminados; 10 de ellos se caracterizaron molecularmente, resultando 7 aislados relacionados con especies diferentes de P. aeruginosa y 3 con especies de Aeromonas. De los aislados de Pseudomonas, 5 presentaron resistencia a 2 familias de antibióticos y 2 mostraron multirresistencia. El 36 % de los 10 aislados produjeron hemólisis y biopelícula. Dos cepas de Aeromonas mostraron resistencia a Cefalosporina 3a generación pero no produjeron hemólisis. Los 10 aislados analizados fueron clasificados como no patógenos. Es necesario un seguimiento sanitario más estricto para lograr el cumplimiento de las normas nacionales e internacionales relacionadas con el consumo de agua purificada, para evitar dañar la salud de los consumidores.

ABSTRACT Water purification establishments that lack an adequate quality control system can cause public health problems. The objective of this study was to examine the microbiological quality of water from small purification establishments in the city of Puebla, as well as to determine the existence of Aeromonas sp and Pseudomonas sp bacteria, and to characterize whether they present an opportunistic pathogenic phenotype. 70 water jug samples were collected from 25 establishments. Bacterial quantification was performed using the drop plate method. Microbial genera were determined by biochemical analysis using the standard methodology. In the strains that showed discrepancy, molecular identification based on partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene was used to confirm their species, and their pathogenic characteristics were evaluated: multiresistance to antibiotics, biofilm production, and hemolytic activity. The results showed that 40 % of the purification establishments did not comply with the microbiological quality of water for human consumption. Similarly, 41.4 % of the jugs of water sampled failed to comply with the regulations, presenting total coliforms 35.7 %, Pseudomonas 30 %, Enterococcus faecalis 8.6 % and fecal coliform bacteria 5.7 %. Likewise, 56 isolates were obtained from the 29 contaminated jugs, of which 10 were molecularly characterized, resulting in 4 different species for P. aeruginosa and 3 for Aeromonas. Of the 7 Pseudomonas isolates, 5 presented resistance to 2 families of antibiotics and 2 showed multiresistance. In total, 36 % of the 10 isolates produced hemolysis and biofilm. Two Aeromonas strains showed resistance to 3rd generation Cephalosporin but did not produce hemolysis. The 10 isolates analyzed were classified as non-pathogenic. A stricter sanitary monitoring is necessary to achieve compliance with national and international standards related to the consumption of purified water, to avoid harming the health of consumers.

Calidad microbiológica del agua procedente de tanques y pozos artesianos de establecimientos sanitarios

Introducción: Las aguas procedentes de establecimientos de salud, son comúnmente utilizadas por funcionarios y pacientes. Para que sean aceptables para uso humano, las aguas de los establecimientos deben cumplir con criterios microbiológicos establecidos en normas nacionales. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad microbiológica de muestras de agua de establecimientos sanitarios del departamento de Caaguazú. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional, de corte transversal. Se analizaron 104 muestras de agua potable y tratada de hospitales, unidades de salud familiar y puestos de salud, de los 22 distritos de Caaguazú. Para evaluar la calidad microbiológica del agua se analizaron heterotróficos totales, coliformes totales, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Las muestras se procesaron mediante filtración de membrana, placas rehidratables, medios convencionales y sistemas miniaturizados consistentes en una interfaz de programación de aplicaciones. Las muestras se catalogaron como aceptables o inaceptables acorde la norma NP Nº 24-001-80. Resultados: De las 104 muestras, 58 (56 %) fueron aceptables y 46 (44 %) fueron inaceptables. Las causas de esta última condición fueron presencia de coliformes totales (42 %), alto recuento de heterótrofas (13 %), presencia de coliformes termotolerantes (11,5 %), presencia de Escherichia coli (9,6 %) y presencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 %). Conclusiones: La mayoría de las muestras de agua fueron de calidad microbiológica aceptable; pero como se detectó un porcentaje considerable de muestras inaceptables y la presencia de especies como Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, es recomendable corregir las técnicas de tratamiento de agua y enfatizar en los controles de calidad microbiológica, en los centros sanitarios estudiados.

Introduction: The waters from health establishments are commonly used by officials and patients. To be acceptable for human use, water from establishments must meet microbiological criteria established in national standards. Objective: To determine the microbiological quality of water samples from sanitary establishments in the department of Caaguazú. Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in 104 samples of drinking and treated water from hospitals, family health units and health posts from the 22 districts of Caaguazú. These samples were studied to evaluate the microbiological quality of the water, total heterotrophs, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed. Samples were processed by membrane filtration, rehydratable plates, conventional media, and miniaturized systems consisting of an application programming interface. They were classified as acceptable or unacceptable according to standard NP Nº 24-001-80. Results: Fifty eight (56%) samples, out of the 104, were acceptable and 46 (44%) were unacceptable. The causes of this last condition were the presence of total coliforms (42%), high count of heterotrophs (13%), presence of thermotolerant coliforms (11.5%), presence of Escherichia coli (9.6%) and presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2%). Conclusions: Most of the water samples were assessed to be acceptable in microbiological quality; however, since a considerable percentage of unacceptable samples and the presence of species such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected, it is recommended to correct the water treatment techniques emphasizing microbiological quality controls in the health centers studied.

Characterization and Identification of Bacteria Present in the Bath Towels of Female Students in Rivers State University Hostels

Bath towels are an important part of our everyday life, but they often amass a large number of micro-organisms which may sometimes be harmful to us. For the study a total of 10 samples plus a control were collected from bath towels of female students in NDDC hostel, post-graduate hostel and control from Mile 3 market respectively between November 2021 to February 2022. Standard methods were employed for the sampling and determination of microbiological characteristics. Identification of bacteria was carried out using colonial, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Statistical analysis were performed using the T-test method and sensitivity was carried out on the isolates to detect pathogenicity. Range of microbial counts of NDDC hostel were: Total heterotrophic bacteria 2.0 x 104 cfu/ml to 3.17 x 104 cfu/ml, Total coliform count 0.48 x 104 cfu/ml to 2.99 x 104 cfu/ml in the first sampling. Post graduate hostel ranged from: Total heterotrophic bacteria 1.48 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.18 x 104 cfu/ml in the first sampling. For the second sampling, NDDC hostel microbial count ranged from 0.73 x 104 cfu/l to 1.15 x 104 cfu/ml in the total heterotrophic bacteria, and 0.31 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.13 x 104 cfu/ml for total coliform count. Post graduate hostel ranged from 0.27 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.93 x 104 cfu/ml for total heterotrophic bacteria and 0.22 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.18 x 104 cfu/ml for total coliform count. The control microbial count for total heterotrophic bacteria were 0.12 x 104 and 0.16 x 104 cfu/ml for the first and second sampling respectively and for the total coliform count, 0.18 x 104 cfu/ml and 0.17 x 104 cfu/ml for the first and second sampling respectively. Statistical analysis using student’s T-test was carried out. The mean test values for total heterotrophic bacteria in the first and second samplings were 2.2750E2 and 57.4000 in NDDC hostel and 1.5060E2 and 66.8000 in post graduate hostel. The mean values for total coliform count for the first and second samplings were 1.6220E2 and 24.5000 in NDDC hostel and 99.8000 and 26.9000 in Post graduate hostel. The test revealed that there was no significant difference in the bacterial load of NDDC hostel and Post graduate hostel from the two samplings. In the antimicrobial susceptibility test carried out, results showed that Ciproflox, Reflacine and Tarrivid were most effective against the isolates, whileth the isolates mostly showed resistance against Amplicox, Amoxil and Azithromycin. The bacteria species isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp. The study demonstrated that significant numbers of E.coli, and staphylococcus as well as other microbes occur in bath towels.

Decaimiento de coliformes fecales en lagunas aireadas de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales en Lima metropolitana / Decay of fecal coliforms in aerated lagoons of wastewater treatment plants in metropolitan Lima

A nivel mundial, el 44% de las aguas residuales domésticas no se tratan de forma segura, la recolección y tratamiento de aguas residuales, se ha convertido en un desafío, particularmente en áreas urbanas de bajos ingresos dentro de los países en desarrollo, donde las aguas residuales pueden fluir sin tratar a transportes de aguas pluviales o canales de drenaje informales. No es raro encontrar efluentes, desechos sólidos, excretas humanas y descargas líquidas de industrias y hospitales en las aguas superficiales de muchas zonas urbanas de los países en desarrollo. El proceso de tratamiento de aguas residuales puede ser llevado en lagunas mediante reacciones tanto oxidativas como reductoras. En la capa superior de la laguna, donde las aguas residuales son aeróbicas, ocurre el mecanismo convencional de la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno aeróbico (DBO) y se produce la oxidación del amoníaco. La capa inferior de la laguna es anaerobia, y en esta zona tiene lugar la digestión de los sólidos del lodo, un intermedio, la zona facultativa permite la respiración con aceptores de electrones terminales distintos del oxígeno, esto permite reacciones como la desnitrificación. Los gases producidos en las zonas inferiores se estabilizan en la zona aeróbica por disolución oxígeno, y esto reduce los problemas de olores. Este estudio tiene como objetivo, estudiar el descenso de coliformes fecales en lagunas aireadas de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Los resultados señalan que la separación diferencial de las aguas tratadas, experimentó un descenso del 13 al 26% de coleiformes fecales en todas las lagunas de tratamiento(AU)

Globally, 44% of domestic wastewater is not treated safely, and wastewater collection and treatment has become a challenge, particularly in low-income urban areas within developing countries, where wastewater may flow untreated into stormwater conveyances or informal drainage channels. It is not uncommon to find effluents, solid wastes, human excreta, and liquid discharges from industries and hospitals in the surface waters of many urban areas in developing countries. The wastewater treatment process can be carried out in lagoons through both oxidative and reductive reactions. In the upper layer of the lagoon, where the wastewater is aerobic, the conventional mechanism of aerobic biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) occurs and ammonia oxidation occurs. The lower layer of the lagoon is anaerobic, and in this zone the digestion of the sludge solids takes place, an intermediate, the facultative zone allows respiration with terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen, and this allows reactions such as denitrification. The gases produced in the lower zones are stabilized in the aerobic zone by dissolving oxygen, and this reduces odor problems. The objective of this study is to study the decrease of fecal coliforms in aerated lagoons of wastewater treatment plants in the city of Lima, Peru. The results indicate that the differential separation of the treated waters experienced a decrease from 13 to 26% of fecal coleiforms in all treatment lagoons(AU)

Peligros microbiológicos relacionados con alimentos fermentados de elaboración artesanal comercializados en Tunja, Nariño y Cauca / Microbiological risks related to artisanal fermented foods marketed in Tunja, Nariño and Cauca

RESUMEN Varios factores intervienen en la calidad de los alimentos, como los físicos, químicos, nutricionales, sensoriales y microbiológicos. Este último es importante, ya que, afecta las propiedades organolépticas del producto terminado y, además, puede ocasionar riesgos de salud pública asociados a peligros microbiológicos. Colombia es un país rico en gastronomía, incluyendo alimentos fermentados de elaboración artesanal (AFEA), los cuales son una alternativa actual para sistemas agroalimentarios que buscan alimentos más naturales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los criterios microbiológicos en AFEA y el cumplimiento de requisitos sanitarios para sensibilizar a productores de bebidas artesanales y revalorizar los productos. Se tomaron en cuenta 11 productores artesanales de Masato, Champús y Almidón agrio de yuca en zonas rurales del país, que voluntariamente aceptaron participar. Se midieron los parámetros de pH, humedad, sólidos solubles y recuentos microbiológicos. Con estos resultados, se pudo calcular el porcentaje de conformidad de los alimentos, de los cuales el 36 % de productos evaluados fueron aptos para el consumo. Se incumplieron los límites establecidos para Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus y Salmonella sp. Los análisis fisicoquímicos mostraron que el Masato y el Champús aportan condiciones abióticas para el crecimiento microbiano. Además, los productores Almidón agrio de yuca tuvieron mayor valoración en el cumplimiento de requisitos sanitarios y menor cumplimiento que los productores de Champús. Los análisis realizados indican que la mayoría de los alimentos incumplieron los límites permitidos por lo cual se debe capacitar a los productores en buenas prácticas de manufactura.

ABSTRACT Several factors intervene in the quality of the food, such as physical, chemical, nutritional, sensory, and microbiological. The latter is important as it affects the sensory properties of the finished product, and it can also cause public health risks associated with microbiological hazards. Colombia is a country rich in gastronomy, including artisanal fermented foods (AFEA), which are a current alternative for agri-food systems seeking for more natural foods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological criteria in AFEA and its compliance with the sanitary requirements to raise the awareness among crafted beverages producers and revalue the products. Eleven artisan producers of masato, champús and sour cassava starch in rural areas of the country, who voluntarily agreed to participate, were considered. The parameters of pH, humidity, soluble solids, and microbiological counts were measured. With these results, it was possible to calculate the compliance rate of the food, from which 36% of the products evaluated were fit for consumption. The limits established for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp were breached. Physicochemical analysis showed that Masato and Champús provide abiotic conditions for microbial growth. In addition, the Sour cassava starch producers had higher compliance ratings regarding sanitary requirements but lower compliance ratings than champús producers. The performed analysis indicates that most of the food did not comply with the permitted limits, which is why producers must be trained in good manufacturing practices.

Identificación de enterobacterias multirresistentes a antibióticos en muestras de heces de lactantes residentes en Talara, Piura, Perú / Identification of multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae in fecal samples from infants residing in Talara, Piura, Peru Arturo

La colonización fecal en lactantes por bacterias resistentes a los antimicrobianos es un potencial riesgo para futuras terapias antibióticas. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia y características sociodemográficas de lactantes portadores fecales de enterobacterias resistentes a ciprofloxacina (PFRC) y sus genes de resistencia asociados. Analizamos muestras fecales de 41 niños lactantes residentes en el distrito de Talara-Piura, Perú, en 2019. Evaluamos la presencia de 3 genes de resistencia a quinolonas: aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB y oqxA y 2 de betalactamasas: bla CTX-M, bla PER-2.El 68% de lactantes fueron PFRC, Escherichia coli (83,3%) fue el más frecuente. El análisis genotípico detectó: oqxA (41,1%), qnrB (26,7%) y aac(6')-Ib-cr (20%) y al gen bla CTX-M en el 93,3% de los aislados con betalactamasas. La elevada frecuencia de PFRC nos alertan sobre el potencial riesgo en la pérdida de utilidad de esta familia antibiótica en el área de estudio.

Fecal colonization by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in infants is a potential risk for future antibiotic therapy. We aimed to determine the sociodemographic characteristics and frequency of infants who were fecal carriers of ciprofloxacin-resistant enterobacteriaceae (FCCRE) and their associated resistance genes. We analyzed fecal samples from 41 infants from the district of Talara, Piura, Peru in 2019. The presence of 3 quinolone resistance genes was evaluated: aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB and oqxA as well as of 2 beta-lactamase genes: bla CTX-M,bla PER-2. We found that 68% of infants were FCCRE, Escherichia coli (83.3%) was the most frequent bacteria. The genotypic analysis detected: oqxA (41.1%), qnrB (26.7%), aac(6')-Ib-cr (20%) and the bla CTX-M gene (93.3%) of the isolates with beta-lactamases. The high frequency of FCCRE alerts us of the potential risk of this antibiotic family becoming less useful over time.

Avaliação microbiológica de sushis comercializados em dois tipos de restaurantes de Pouso Alegre ­ MG / Microbiological evaluation of sushi marketed in two types of restaurants in Pouso Alegre - MG

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os padrões microbiológicos de sushis preparados e comercializados em dois tipos de restaurantes no município de Pouso Alegre ­ MG. Foram adquiridas 32 amostras de sushis entre os meses de outubro a novembro de 2019 e realizadas pesquisa de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e estafilococos coagulase positiva. Para os testes de coliformes, as amostras foram inoculadas pela técnica pour plate utilizando o meio Agar Vermelho Violeta Bile. Para os testes de estafilococos coagulase positiva, foi utilizada a técnica de spread plate utilizando o meio Agar Baird Parker. Neste estudo não foram encontradas bactérias do grupo coliformes termotolerantes, entretanto, houve presença de coliformes totais em 59,37% das amostras. Em relação a estafilococos coagulase positiva, duas amostras foram positivas para este microrganismo, entretanto, apenas uma teve valores fora dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação. Quando comparado os resultados entre os dois restaurantes, não houve diferença estatística entre eles. Neste estudo, com exceção de uma amostra, todas as outras amostras estão de acordo com os padrões de qualidade alimentar

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological patterns of sushi prepared and sold in 2 types of restaurants in the city of Pouso Alegre ­ MG. Thirty-two samples of sushi were acquired between October and November 2019 and a search for total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and coagulase-positive staphylococci were carried out. For the coliform tests, the samples were inoculated by the pour plate technique using the Red Violet Bile Agar medium. For coagulase positive staphylococci tests, the spread plate technique using Baird Parker Agar medium was used. In this study, bacteria of the thermotolerant coliform group were not found, however, total coliforms were present in 59.37% of the samples. Regarding coagulase-positive staphylococci, two samples were positive for this microorganism, however, only one had values ​​outside the standards established by legislation. When comparing the results between the two restaurants, there was no statistical difference between them. In this study, with the exception of one sample, all other samples meet food quality standards

Caracterización físico-química y microbiológica del agua de un municipio del departamento de Boyacá (Colombia) / Physical Chemical and Microbiological Characterization of Water of a Municipality of the Department of Boyacá-Colombia / Caracterização físico-química e microbiológica da água de um município do departamento de Boyacá (Colômbia)

Introducción: El agua salubre y fácilmente accesible es importante para la salud pública, si se utiliza para beber, uso doméstico, producir alimentos o fines recreativos. El agua contaminada y el saneamiento deficiente están re-lacionados con la transmisión de enfermedades. Objetivo: Evaluar las características físico-químicas y microbiológicas de la red de distribución del acueducto urbano de un municipio de Boyacá. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo transversal. Se tomaron muestras de agua en 13 puntos, 7 concertados y materializados de la red de distribución, uno en la bocatoma de entrada de la planta, dos pozos y tres nacimientos, de donde se abastece la población. Se realizaron análisis físicos, químicos y microbiológicos de cada una de las muestras. Resultados: En las muestras sin tratamiento hubo concentraciones altas de unidades platino, cobalto y turbiedad. El cloro residual libre en dos muestras de agua tratada estaba por debajo de los límites establecidos. Se detecta-ron microorganismos heterótrofos y coliformes en las muestras de agua obtenidas de fuentes de abastecimiento. En dos puntos se encontraron quistes de Giardia y ooquistes de Cryptosporidium. De las 13 muestras estudiadas, tres arrojaron un índice de riesgo por calidad del agua inviable sanitariamente. Conclusiones: Se evidenció que el agua se encuentra en un nivel de riesgo inviable sanitariamente, lo cual demuestra que el sistema de tratamiento es insuficiente para garantizar el suministro de agua apta para el consumo humano.

Introduction: Safe and easily accessible water is important to public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production, or recreational purposes. Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to disease transmission. Objective: Evaluate the physical chemical and microbiological characteristics of the distribution network of the urban aqueduct of a municipality of Boyacá. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study, water samples were taken at thirteen points, seven points agreed and materialized from the distribution network, one at the entrance of the plant, one in a deep well and in three births, where it is supplied the population. Phy-sical, chemical and microbiological analyzes were performed. Results: The untreated samples showed high levels of cobalt platinum units and turbidity. The free residual chlorine in two samples of treated water was below the established limits. Heterotrophic and Coliform microorganisms were detected in water samples obtained from sources of supply. At two points, Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were found. Of the Thirteen samples studied, three showed a Risk Index for sanitary water quality. Conclusions: It is evident that the water is at a level of sanitary unfeasible risk, which demonstrates that the treatment system is not sufficient to guarantee the supply of water suitable for human consumption.

Introdução: Água segura e de fácil acesso é importante para a saúde pública, seja ela usada para beber, uso doméstico, produção de alimentos ou para fins recreativos. A água contaminada e o sa-neamento precário estão ligados à transmissão de doenças. Objetivos: Avaliar as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da rede de distribuição do aque-duto urbano de um município de Boyacá. Materiais e métodos: Estudo quantitativo descritivo transversal. Foram coletadas amostras de água em 13 pontos, 7 concertados e materializados da rede de distribuição, um na entrada da planta, dois poços e três nascentes, dos quais a população é abastecida. Foram realizadas analises físicas, químicas e microbiológicas em cada uma das amostras. Resultados: Nas amostras não tratadas havia concentrações altas de unidades platina, cobalto e turbidez. O cloro residual livre em duas amostras de água tratada estava abaixo dos limites estabele-cidos. Microrganismos heterótrofos e coliformes foram detectados em amostras de água obtidas de fontes de abastecimento. Os cistos de Giardia e os oocistos de Cryptosporidium foram encontrados em dois pontos. Das 13 amostras estudadas, três apresentaram um índice de risco para a qualidade não higiénica da água. Conclusões: Ficou evidente que a água está em um nível de risco sanitário inviável, o que mostra que o sistema de tratamento é insuficiente para garantir o abastecimento da água adequada para o consumo humano.

Evaluación de la calidad del agua de la vereda Río Suárez de Puente Nacional, Santander / Water quality evaluation ot the rural area of Río Suárez of Puente Nacional, Santander

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar la calidad del agua que abastece a la población de la Vereda Rio Suarez del municipio de Puente Nacional por medio del cálculo del índice de riesgo de la calidad del agua (IRCA). Métodos. Se tomaron 10 muestras de diferentes puntos de la red de distribución del agua veredal, se realizó análisis físico-químico y microbiológico por técnica de filtración por membrana bajo parámetros del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Resultados. El análisis físico-químico mostró cuantificación de hierro elevado y nivel de turbiedad inadecuado lo que puede afectar el sabor y el aspecto del agua. El recuento de coliformes totales fue >300 UFC/100ml., con identificación de Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterococcus entre otras, habitantes de suelo y aguas que pueden ser causantes de infecciones gastrointestinales e infecciones urinarias, resultados que indican que el agua no es apta para consumo humano.

Abstract Objective. To determine the quality of the water that supplies the population of the Vereda Rio Suarez of the municipality of Puente Nacional through the calculation of the risk index of water quality (IRCA). Methods. 10 samples were taken from different points of the water distribution network, physical-chemical and microbiological analysis was performed by membrane filtration technique under parameters of the National Institute of Health. Results. The physical-chemical analysis showed high iron quantification and inadequate turbidity level that can affect the taste and appearance of the water. The total coliform count> 300 CFU / 100ml., with identification of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus among others that inhabit soils and waters and can cause gastrointestinal infections and urinary infections and is not suitable for human consumption.

Coliformes totais e fecais em hortaliças de cultivos convencional, hidropônico e orgânico / Total and fecal coliforms in conventional, hydroponic and organic crops

Objetivo ­ Analisar e comparar a presença de coliformes totais e fecais em hortaliças de cultivos convencional, hidropônico e orgânico. Métodos ­ A presença de coliformes totais e fecais foi analisada em amostras de alface, da variedade crespa (Lactuca sativa var. cripa), a partir do seu enriquecimento com água peptonada 0,1% para inoculá-las em diluições de 10-1, 10-2 e 10-3 em Petrifilm EC (3M Company). Após a incubação a 37°C por 24 horas, as colônias foram contadas e o resultado foi expresso como UFC.g-1 de coliformes totais e UFC.g-1 de Escherichia coli. Resultados ­ Foram analisadas seis amostras de alface, sendo duas de cultivo tradicional, três de cultivo orgânico e uma de cultivo hidropônico. Somente uma delas se apresentou própria para consumo, uma vez que o número de coliformes totais não ultrapassou o limite exigido pela vigilância sanitária. Além disso, uma das amostras de alface orgânica estava contaminada com coliformes fecais. Conclusão ­ O presente estudo evidenciou que a maioria das amostras de alface orgânica apresentou um número maior de coliformes totais quando comparado aos outros tipos de cultivo, e uma delas estava contaminada com E. coli. Além disso, a maioria mostrou-se em desacordo com o padrão microbiológico estabelecido pela legislação brasileira

Objective ­ To analyze and compare the presence of total and fecal coliforms in conventional, hydroponic and organic crops. Methods ­ The presence of total and fecal coliforms was analyzed in lettuce samples from the crespa variety (Lactuca sativa var. Cripa) from their enrichment with 0.1% peptone water to inoculate them in 10-1, 10-2 and 10-3 in Petrifilm EC (3M Company). After incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours, the colonies were counted and the result was expressed as UFC.g-1 of total coliforms and UFC.g-1 of Escherichia coli. Results ­ Six lettuce samples were analyzed, two of them being traditional, three organic and one hydroponic. Only one of them presented itself for consumption, since the number of total coliforms did not exceed the limit required by sanitary surveillance. In addition, one of the organic lettuce samples was contaminated with fecal coliforms. Conclusion ­ The present study showed that the majority of the organic lettuce samples presented a higher number of total coliforms when compared to the other types of culture, and one of them was contaminated with E. coli. In addition, the majority were in disagreement with the microbiological standard established by Brazilian legislation

Composition and microbiological quality of refrigerated raw milk in two seasons of the year in Santa Helena, Western Paraná / Composição e qualidade microbiológica do leite cru refrigerado em duas estações do ano em Santa Helena, oeste do Paraná / Composición y calidad microbiológica de la leche cruda refrigerada en dos estaciones del año en Santa Helena, oeste de Paraná

This study aimed at quantifying the occurrence of proteolytic psychotropic microorganisms and total coliforms in refrigerated raw milk, in addition to assessing the quality through its physical-chemical composition. The samples were collected in 10 dairy farms in the municipality of Santa Helena ­ Western Paraná. Two collections were made, one during the spring and the other during the summer. Samples of refrigerated raw milk were carried out directly from the cooling tank, aseptically, packed in sterile bottles and transported under isothermal conditions (± 4 ºC) to the laboratory where the physical-chemical composition and microbial populations were determined. The levels of fat had great amplitude between the seasons, being higher in the summer, while there was no variation for the contents of protein, lactose, minerals, and non-fat solids. The total coliform count did not differ between seasons. The values obtained for proteolytic psychotropic counts were higher in the summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the total coliform counts, the proteolytic psychotropic counts (r=0.73), the levels of protein (r=0.45), non-fat solids (r=0.45), and minerals (r=0.46). Also, the proteolytic psychotropic counts showed a positive correlation with the cryoscopic index. The milk components met the requirements of NI76. The quality of refrigerated raw milk in the municipality of Santa Helena, Western Paraná was not satisfactory for total coliforms, due to its high incidence, indicating the need for good practices in milking management. Proteolytic psychotropic bacteria presented low proliferation, thus not affecting milk quality.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a ocorrência de microrganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos e de coliformes totais em leite cru refrigerado além de avaliar a qualidade por meio da sua composição físico-química. As amostras foram coletadas em 10 propriedades leiteiras no município de Santa Helena ­ Oeste do Paraná. Foram realizadas duas coletas, uma durante a primavera e outra no verão. As amostragens do leite cru refrigerado foram realizadas diretamente no tanque de resfriamento, de forma asséptica, acondicionado em frascos esterilizados e transportado sob condições isotérmicas (± 4ºC) ao laboratório onde foram determinadas a composição físico-química e as populações microbianas. Os teores de gordura tiveram grande amplitude entre as estações do ano, sendo superior no verão, enquanto que não houve variação para os teores de proteína, lactose, minerais e sólidos desengordurados. A contagem de coliformes totais não diferiu entre as estações. Os valores obtidos para contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos foram superiores no verão. Foi constatada correlação significativa positiva entre as contagens de coliformes totais com as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos (r=0,73) e os teores de proteína (r=0,45), sólidos desengordurados (r=0,45) e minerais (r=0,46). Além disto, as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos apresentaram correlação positiva com o índice crioscópico. Os componentes do leite atenderam as exigências da IN76. A qualidade do leite cru refrigerado no município de Santa Helena, Oeste do Paraná não foi satisfatória em relação aos coliformes totais, devido sua alta incidência, indicando a necessidade de boas práticas no manejo de ordenha. As bactérias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tiveram baixa proliferação, não afetando a qualidade do leite.(AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar la ocurrencia de microorganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos y de coliformes totales en leche cruda refrigerada, además de evaluar la calidad a través de su composición fisicoquímica. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en 10 granjas lecheras del municipio de Santa Helena ­ Oeste de Paraná. Se realizaron dos colecciones, una en primavera y otra en verano. Las muestras de leche cruda enfriada se realizaron directamente en el tanque de enfriamiento, de forma aséptica, se empacaron en botellas estériles y se transportaron en condiciones isotérmicas (± 4ºC) al laboratorio donde se determinó la composición fisicoquímica y las poblaciones microbianas. Los niveles de grasa tuvieron gran amplitud entre las estaciones, siendo más altos en verano, mientras que no hubo variación para los contenidos de proteínas, lactosa, minerales y sólidos desgrasados. El recuento total de coliformes no difirió entre temporadas. Los valores obtenidos para los recuentos de psicotrópicos proteolíticos fueron mayores en verano. Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa entre los recuentos de coliformes totales y los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos (r=0.73) y los niveles de proteínas (r=0.45), sólidos desgrasados (r=0.45) y minerales (r=0.46). Además, los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos mostraron una correlación positiva con el índice crioscópico. Los componentes de la leche cumplieron con los requisitos de IN76. La calidad de la leche cruda refrigerada en el municipio de Santa Helena, Oeste de Paraná no fue satisfactoria en relación a los coliformes totales, debido a su alta incidencia, lo que indica la necesidad de buenas prácticas en el manejo del ordeño. Las bacterias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tuvieron baja proliferación, no afectando la calidad de la leche.(AU)

Microbiological evaluation of pasty and soft ice cream / Avaliação microbiológica de sorvetes pastosos e expressos / Evaluación microbiológica de helados pastosos y suaves

Ice cream is susceptible to contamination by handling and bad hygiene conditions during both the storage process and the fractioning for sale, and once contaminated, it can cause diseases. The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the microbiological quality of ice cream sold in bulk, of pasty and soft types, offered for consuming. Thirty samples of pasty ice cream sold in bulk, and thirty samples of soft ice cream were analyzed through the counting of thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp., and searching for the presence of Salmonella spp. During the study, a total of ten (33%) samples of pasty ice cream and five (16%) samples of soft ice cream were found to be beyond the limits established by the Brazilian law. Salmonella spp. was found in four samples (6.7%). These results are an alert for the need of greater attention to the microbiological quality of ice cream in order to ensure the safety of its consumers.(AU)

Os sorvetes são suscetíveis à contaminação pela manipulação e más condições higiênicas durante o processamento, armazenamento e do fracionamento para venda, uma vez contaminados podem causar doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de sorvetes, vendidos a granel, pastosos e expressos, oferecidos para consumo. Trinta amostras de sorvete pastoso, vendido a granel, e trinta amostras de sorvete expresso foram analisadas realizando-se contagem de coliformes termotolerantes, Staphylococcus spp. coagulase-positiva e pesquisando-se a presença de Salmonella spp. Foram detectadas dez (33%) amostras de sorvete pastoso e cinco (16%) amostras de sorvete expresso fora dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Salmonella spp. foi encontrado em quatro amostras (6,7%). Esses resultados alertam para a necessidade de uma maior atenção à qualidade microbiológica dos sorvetes, a fim de garantir a segurança do consumidor.(AU)

Los helados son susceptibles a la contaminación por manipulación y malas condiciones higiénicas durante el procesamiento, almacenamiento y fraccionamiento para venta, una vez contaminados pueden causar enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar la calidad microbiológica de helados vendidos a granel, pastosos y suaves, ofrecidos para el consumo. Se analizaron treinta muestras de helados pastosos vendidos a granel, y treinta muestras de helados suaves, realizándose el conteo de coliformes termotolerantes, Staphylococcus spp. coagulase positiva e investigándose la presencia de Salmonella spp. Se detectaron diez (33%) muestras de helado pastoso y cinco (16%) muestras de helado blando fuera de los límites establecidos por la legislación brasileña. Salmonella spp. se encontró en cuatro muestras (6,7%). Esos resultados destacan la necesidad de una mayor atención a la calidad microbiológica de los helados, con el fin de garantizar la seguridad del consumidor.(AU)

Eletrocoagulação como pós-tratamento do efluente de um wetland construído de escoamento vertical / Electrocoagulation as post-treatment of the effluent from a vertical flow constructed wetland

RESUMO A eletrocoagulação (EC) foi aplicada como tratamento terciário para o efluente de wetland construído de escoamento vertical (WCV). O sistema de EC compreendeu um reator cilíndrico de vidro (1 L) e eletrodos de alumínio conectados a uma fonte de alimentação de corrente contínua. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. Na primeira, as condições operacionais do reator foram delimitadas por meio de um experimento bifatorial 32 (3×3) de natureza quantitativa × quantitativa, analisando intensidade de corrente e tempo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, a regressão linear resultou na combinação de 1,3 A e 18 min, com custo operacional elétrico de 2,71 R$.m−3. Em seguida, realizou-se a etapa de monitoramento durante quatro meses, aplicando a EC sob essas condições fixas estabelecidas. As eficiências médias de remoção alcançadas foram de 99,7% para P-PO43-, 20,6% para N-NO3−, 2,37 log de coliformes totais, 2,35 log de Escherichia coli, 84,9% para demanda química de oxigênio, 95% para turbidez, 95,1% para cor aparente, aumento de 19% no pH, de 18,6% na temperatura e diminuição de 15,8% na condutividade elétrica. O tratamento demonstrou elevadas e homogêneas eficiências de remoção dos poluentes, principalmente para P-PO43-, indicando que a EC produz efluente com menor potencial poluidor e é indicada para tratamento de efluente doméstico em nível terciário.

ABSTRACT Electrocoagulation (EC) was applied as a tertiary treatment for the effluent of a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW). The EC system was composed of a cylindrical glass reactor (1 L) and aluminum electrodes connected to a DC power supply. The study was developed in two stages. In the first, the reactor operating conditions were set by a 32 (3×3) two-factor experiment, quantitative × quantitative, analyzing current intensity and time (current × time). Based on the results, the linear regression resulted in the combination of 1.3 A and 18 min, with an electric operation cost of 2.71 $.m−3. Next, the monitoring stage was conducted for four months, applying the EC under the established conditions. The mean removal efficiencies were 99.6% for P-PO43-, 20.6% for N-NO3−, 2.37 log of total coliforms, 2.35 log of Escherichia coli, 84.8% for chemical oxygen demand, 94.9% for turbidity, 95% for apparent color, an increase of 18.9% in pH and of 18.6% in temperature, and a decrease of 15.8% in electrical conductivity. The treatment showed high and homogeneous pollutant removal efficiencies, mainly for P-PO43-, indicating that the EC produces an effluent with lower polluting potential and it is recommended in the tertiary treatment of domestic wastewater.

Qualidade microbiológica da água e dos mexilhões Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) cultivados em Piúma, Espírito Santo, Brasil / Microbiological quality of water and Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) mussels cultivated in Piúma, Espírito Santo, Brazil

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou verificar a qualidade microbiológica da água e dos mexilhões cultivados pela Associação dos Maricultores de Piúma (AMPI), Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram realizadas sete coletas de água e mexilhões, mensalmente, entre outubro de 2016 e maio de 2017. Os mexilhões foram coletados nos long lines da AMPI, e em cada mês foram coletados 40 mexilhões Perna perna e 100 mL de água do local. O material coletado foi destinado ao laboratório para a realização das análises microbiológicas em duplicata, número mais provável de coliformes totais (CT) e termotolerantes (Ctt), presença ou ausência de Salmonella sp e número de unidades formadoras de colônias de Staphylococcus aureus. Os resultados mostraram que o número de Ctt nas amostras de água no mês de janeiro estavam acima do permitido pela Resolução n° 357 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). Já os níveis de Ctt e Staphylococcus aureus na carne dos mexilhões mostraram-se dentro do limite aceitável pela RDC n° 12 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Entretanto, foram encontradas bactérias com características do gênero Salmonella sp nos meses de dezembro e março nos mexilhões, impossibilitando sua comercialização e seu consumo. Durante esses meses, a cidade tem alto fluxo de turistas. Por fim, recomenda-se a realização das análises microbiológicas continuamente, principalmente no período do verão, época que tem grande fluxo de turistas no município de Piúma e que registrou presença de Salmonella na carne dos mexilhões e níveis de Ctt na água acima do permitido pelas legislações vigentes.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the microbiological quality of water and mussels cultivated by the Piúma Farmers Association (Associação dos Maricultores de Piúma — AMPI), Espírito Santo, Brazil. Seven samples of water and mussels were collected monthly from October 2016 to May 2017. The mussels were collected from the long lines of the AMPI, and in each month 40 mussels Perna perna and 100 mL of water were sampled from the site. The collected material was sent to the laboratory for duplicate microbiological analysis, Most Probable Number of Total (CT) and Thermotolerant (Ctt) coliforms, presence or absence of Salmonella sp and number of Staphylococcus aureus colony forming units. The results showed that the number of Ctt in the water samples in January was higher than that allowed by Resolution 357 of the National Environment Council (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente — CONAMA). The levels of Ctt and Staphylococcus aureus in mussel meat were within the acceptable range by the Brazilian National Environment Council (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária — ANVISA) Resolution RDC No. 12. However, colonies with characteristics of Salmonella sp were found in December and March in the mussels, making it impossible to sell and consume. This period coincides with a high flow of tourists in the municipality. Finally, it is recommended to perform microbiological analyzes continuously, especially in the summer, where there are a lot of tourists in the city of Piúma, period that showed the presence of Salmonella in the meat of mussels and Ctt levels in water above the allowed current legislation.

First detection of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (HlyA gene) and enumeration of most probable number (MPN) of fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in cage cultured oysters (Crassostrea iredalei) and water from southern Malaysia

Aims@#Escherichia coli O157:H7 is known to be transmitted via fecal-oral route, where water plays a role in the transmission process. Oysters as bivalves, bio accumulate pathogens from the water through filter feeding and are suspected to play a role as disease transmission vector. In Malaysia, the data on oyster’s microbiological quality are limited. Hence, it was vital to conduct oyster related studies in Malaysia. The main objectives of this study include the enumeration of most probable number (MPN) of fecal coliforms and E. coli and isolation of E. coli from oyster (Crassostrea iredalei) and water sample for the detection of 16S rRNA and HlyA (Hemolysin A) genes of E. coli O157:H7. @*Methodology and results@#A total of 120 oysters and water samples (n=6) were collected from a fisherman village located in southern Malaysia. Total fecal coliforms and E. coli were determined using the MPN procedure. Colonies of E. coli were identified based on Gram staining, biochemical test, and PCR detection for the presence of 16S rRNA and HlyA gene of E. coli O157:H7. The enumeration results showed that the MPN of the fecal coliforms and E. coli found in the collected oyster samples do not meet the standard to be directed for human consumption (0.72 ± 0.19 × 104 MPN/100 g and 0.13 ± 0.03 × 10 4 MPN/100 g, respectively). The PCR assays showed that 16 out of the 104 (15.38%) of E. coli isolated from water and oysters showed the presence of HlyA gene. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed there were genetic relationships between the HlyA gene of the E. coli isolated in this study with the ones isolated from calf and human faeces.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The detection of Shiga toxin producing E. coli O157:H7 (HlyA gene) in cage cultured oysters (C. iredalei) and water from southern Malaysia was first time reported here. In the future, more study can be conducted to study the expression of the HlyA gene and confirm of its identity as E. coli O157:H7 using different target genes such as eaeA (encodes a 94 kD outer membrane protein called intimin) and Stx1 (Shiga toxin, Shigella dysenteriae type 1).