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The global burden of disease caused by particulate matter exposure has increased significantly. Increasing epidemiological evidence indicates that ambient particulate matter pollution is associated with unfavorable health outcomes, including adverse birth outcomes. In addition to several determinants studies have correlated birth weight with prenatal exposure to particulate matter. This review aims to examine the relationship of pollutants with low birth weight. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases. A total of 96 studies were reviewed and 18 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In India exposure to ambient PM2.5 is strongly associated with low birth-weight. In Thailand, the entire pregnancy exposure was associated with reduced birth weight both for PM10 and biomass burning. The multiple GAM model have shown a direct and significant relationship between exposure to PM10 and SO2 on low birth weight. A 10 ?g/m3 increase in gap-filled satellite-based whole-pregnancy PM2.5 exposures was associated with a change in birth weight. The critical window period for exposure varied between the geographical locations. All of this research is subjected to several limitations regarding the assessment of outcome-exposure. We demonstrated that, maternal exposure to particulate matter during the pregnancy could increase the risk of low birth weight, and the critical window period differed for geographical locations. These findings expand our knowledge of the harmful effects of PM2.5 and biomass burning on new-born weight. Therefore, pregnant women should be informed about the negative consequences of air pollution and avoid exposure to polluted air during pregnancy.
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Background: As per the 2022 World Air Quality Report, India holds the eighth position globally for air pollution, with Karnataka in South India experiencing notably poor air quality, leading to 95 deaths per 100,000 population annually. Indoor air pollution poses substantial health risks, contributing to conditions such as pneumonia, stroke, diabetes, lung cancer, and premature mortality. Methods: This study, conducted from April to July 2023 in the urban area of UHTC, Chandabowdi, aimed to assess indoor air pollution's impact. Using simple and systematic random sampling, 128 household members were surveyed through in-person interviews with ethical clearance. Results: Of 128 participants, 44% reported respiratory symptoms, and 94% practiced unsanitary waste disposal. Ventilation issues affected 32.8%, while 75.8% reported neighborhood pollution. LPG was the primary fuel source for 97.7% of households, indicating significant environmental and health concerns. Conclusions: Urgent action is needed to address indoor air pollution's health impacts. Clean technologies, improved building design, and lifestyle changes are essential to mitigate risks. Continuous monitoring and collective efforts are necessary for a healthier and sustainable future.
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Background: Indoor air pollution (IAP) remains a major global public health hazard more so in developing countries where the use of biomass fuels is still very common. Since women tend to be in charge of cooking and young children commonly spend time with their mothers while they are cooking, women and young children are disproportionately affected. In this background, the present study was proposed to assess the bio-social correlates of IAP among women residing in rural areas. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in rural field practice areas of JSS Medical College, Mysuru for six months. Totally 210 households were included by probability proportionate to the size sampling technique. Data was collected by structured questionnaire with details on socio-demographic characteristics, house and fuel characteristics and indoor air pollution meter values of particulate matter (PM) 1, 2.5, 10 respectively. Results: Among 210 study participants, 28 (13%) had indoor air pollution in their houses. 99% of the households were using LPG. The mean concentrations of pollutants like PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 were higher among the houses with indoor air pollution compared to their counterparts (p<0.001). A statistically significant association was found between age, socioeconomic status, and poverty line and the presence of indoor air pollution. Conclusions: The present study showed that IAP had a strong relation to socio-cultural factors such as age, poverty and economic level. As women are involved in cooking in the majority of Indian households, they are more prone to be affected by the negative effects of solid fuel usage.
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In recent years, the effects of air pollutants on the neurodevelopmental disorders in children have received widespread attention. Early life is a critical period of rapid brain development, and exposure to air pollutants during this period may permanently alter brain function. This paper reviewed the epidemiological studies on the association between exposure to air pollutants during early life and children's neurodevelopmental disorders in recent years, with focus on outdoor air pollutants (e.g., PM2.5, PM10, NOx, and CO) and indoor air pollutants (e.g., cooking oil fumes, tobacco and mosquito incense smoke, and formaldehyde from home decoration), and summarized their possible biological mechanisms. Most studies indicate that pollutants in different periods and at different levels of exposure during early life can negatively affect children's neurodevelopment and that there may be a dose-response relationship between certain air pollutants and children's neurodevelopment. Current research on the effects of indoor air pollutants on children's neurodevelopment focus on exposure to tobacco smoke, while other indoor air pollutants such as cooking oil fumes and organic compounds produced by interior decorative materials are less well reported and their underlying biological mechanisms are not yet clear. Further epidemiological studies, animal and cellular experiments are needed to provide evidence for the neurodevelopmental toxicity of air pollutant exposure in the future, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for environmental eugenics and promote healthy development of children.
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Background: Around 2.6 billion people cook their food using biomass fuel (BMF), kerosene oil, and coal fuel, by which each year, 4 million people die prematurely from household air pollution or by this inefficient cooking practices. So, this study was planned to measure the effect of interventions of cooking fuel (BMF to LPG) to reduce the indoor air pollution in asthmatic children of rural India. Methods: Prospective observational study was done by door-to-door survey, among school-age children. Households of asthmatic children were encouraged to change their cooking fuel to more secure and were followed up for a period of 9 months. The intervention was in the form of a change of cooking fuel (from BMF to LPG) and proper education. The levels of indoor pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) were measured before and after 3 months of follow-up. Result: A total of 56 asthmatic children from 42 households were followed-up for the following 9 months at every 3 months visit. The mean age was 9.27 ± 3.94 years with an equivalent sex ratio. There was at least one smoker in 73.81% of households of asthmatic children. Nearly, 45% of children were living in 101–500 square yard area and 67.86% with the inhabitation of ? 3/room. The level of all particulate matter decreased significantly at 3 months (p < 0.05). At 3, 6, 9 months of follow-up, respiratory symptoms and morbidity significantly diminished. Conclusion: The change in cooking fuel to more secure was found to be one of the factors decreasing indoor pollutants and respiratory symptoms/morbidity among asthmatic children in rural areas.
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Background: The fuel used for cooking is a major source of indoor air pollution because of inefficient combustion and inadequate ventilation. This study was conducted to see if there is any association between the type of cooking fuel and common health problems in light of inadequate ventilation. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study; 688 subjects were selected randomly from various sectors and the outlying areas of Surajkund. The impact of indoor air pollution on health was assessed by questionnaires, general physical examination, and pulmonary function testing. Results: One of the key findings of the study has been the implication of LPG, touted as a safe, non-polluting fuel with a definite negative impact on health. There was significantly more breathlessness experienced by LPG users as opposed to the users of wood and cow dung. Though the prevalence of fever in both groups was similar, chest pain, burning of eyes, and fatigue were reported by wood and cow dung users much more frequently. The pulmonary function test showed restrictive pathology in cow dung and wood users, whereas obstructive pathology in LPG users. Conclusions: LPG is considered “clean” fuel because it does not produce visible emissions. However, improper burner design, blocking and clogging of the flue vent, and insufficient combustion air result in improper combustion and the emission of aldehydes, CO, hydrocarbons, and other organics. It would be folly to believe that LPG is harmless. Even a harmless material may become harmful if used inappropriately.
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Resumo Introdução: Os produtos de tabaco aquecido (HTP) têm ganhado popularidade nos últimos anos. No entanto, tem-se questionado sobre os danos que provocam na saúde, em especial aos impactos decorrentes da exposição a suas emissões. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto do uso de HTPs em ambientes internos/fechados na qualidade do ar e/ou na saúde das pessoas expostas passivamente, por meio de uma revisão sistemática de estudos originais. Métodos: Realizou-se busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e SCOPUS. As etapas de seleção, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente, e as divergências foram resolvidas por consenso. Resultados: Foram selecionados 21 estudos, incluídos nesta revisão. Os resultados indicam que os produtos de tabaco aquecido são fonte de poluição ambiental decorrente da emissão de material particulado. Conclusão: Os produtos de tabaco aquecido produzem emissões que podem expor as pessoas às substâncias tóxicas emitidas no ambiente fechado, assim como outros produtos de tabaco.
Abstract Introduction: Heated tobacco products (HTP) have gained popularity in recent years. However, questions have been raised about the damage they cause to health, especially the impacts resulting from exposure to their emissions. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the use of HTPs indoors on air quality and/or the health of passively exposed people, through a systematic review of original studies. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS) and SCOPUS databases. Results: 21 studies were selected and included in this review. The results indicate that heated tobacco products are a source of environmental pollution due to the emission of particulate matter. The stages of selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were performed in pairs, independently, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Conclusion: Heated tobacco products produce emissions that can expose people to toxic substances emitted indoors, just like other tobacco products.
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Resumen La contaminación del aire interior es un problema de salud pública, ya que afecta a unos 2.600 millones de personas en todo el mundo que siguen cocinando con combustibles sólidos como la madera, los residuos de las cosechas, etc. Esta exposición aumenta el factor de riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas. La población indígena es muy susceptible a estar expuesta a mezclas de contaminantes del humo de leña como los Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs) debido a los métodos tradicionales de cocción. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la exposición a HAPs por medio de 10 metabolitos hidroxilados en orina de la población indígena de la Huasteca Potosina, mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas; por otro lado, la salud renal y pulmonar fueron evaluadas con una prueba general de orina y la toxina urémica Indoxil sulfato, esta fue evaluada por medio cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento, y la función pulmonar con una espirometría. Los resultados indican la presencia de metabolitos hidroxilados en el 89,47% de las muestras de orina, los más frecuentes fueron el 1-OH-PIRENO, el 1,2-OH-NAFTALENO. El Indoxil sulfato se presentó en el 100% de las muestras y la media era de 193,4 ± 91,85 gg/L En cuanto a la salud pulmonar, los resultados indican que algunos sujetos presentan patrones respiratorios regulares e irregulares. Estos resultados indican que la población se encuentra expuesta de manera crónica a una mezcla de contaminantes en el aire que podría producir el desarrollo de daño en los pulmones y los riñones y aumentar el riesgo al desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas.
Abstract Interior air pollution is a public health concern, it affects about 2.6 billion people around the world who still cook using solid fuels such as wood, crop wastes, among others. This exposition increases the risk of the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The indigenous population is very susceptible to being exposed to mixtures of pollutants from the wood smoke such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to traditional methods of cooking, heating and waste burning. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the exposure to PAHs through the application of 10 hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAHs) in the urine of the indigenous population from the Huasteca Potosina, this by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and to assess renal health of the population at the time of the study, with a general test of urine and through the uremic toxin Indoxyl Sulfate (IS), this by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the and pulmonary health with spirometry. The results indicate the presence OH-PAHs in 89.47% of the urine samples, the most frequent metabolites were 1-OH-PYRENE, 2-OH-NAPTHALENE. IS was present in 100% of the samples in mean concentrations of 193.4 ± 91.85 gg/L. For pulmonary health, the results indicate some subjects have regular and irregular respiratory patterns. These results indicate that the population is highly exposed to a mixture of pollutants in the air that might damage the lungs and kidneys and increase the risk of NCDs development.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efectos adversos , Contaminación del Aire Interior , Salud de Poblaciones Indígenas , Fitoalexinas/orina , Espirometría/métodos , MéxicoRESUMEN
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in human urine is a marker reflecting oxidative stress and DNA oxidative damage. People spend 80%-90% of their life indoors; therefore, indoor air quality is directly related to human health. In this paper, the urinary 8-OHdG levels were presented in populations grouped by different demographic characteristics, lifestyle, occupational exposure, and health status, and elucidated indoor pollutants affecting human urinary 8-OHdG level, such as pollutants from outdoor sources, smoking, indoor combustion and cooking fumes, the chemicals in interior decoration materials, and building foundation soils. The article aims to provide a theoretical basis for predicting the impact of indoor air pollution on human health (DNA oxidative damage and related diseases) by measuring the concentration of 8-OHdG in human urine.
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Background Indoor air pollution is an important risk factor affecting health of the respiratory system. Studies on indoor air pollution in China are mostly limited to the central and eastern regions, and there are few studies in the rural areas of northwest China. Objective To explore the influencing factors of lung ventilation function and its relationship with indoor air pollution in rural areas of Gansu Province based on a cross-sectional investigation. Methods A total of 399 subjects were selected from four villages in Baiyin and Yuzhong of Gansu Province. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic information, lifestyle, disease history, fuel use, and other information, and physical and functional tests were ordered such as height, weight, and lung function. The Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) exposure index was calculated based on smoking, fuel type, and weekly ventilation. IAP > 5 was defined as a high level of indoor air pollution. Lung function indexes included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, forced vital capacity as a percentage of predicted value (FVC%), and forced expiratory volume in the first second as a percentage of predicted value (FEV1%), which were used to determine pulmonary ventilation dysfunction. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between indoor air pollution and pulmonary ventilation function, and subgroup analysis was further conducted according to home address and BMI , in order to identify the high-risk population of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction. Results The mean age of the subjects was (56.75±7.31) years old; 155 subjects (38.85%) had normal pulmonary ventilation function, and the other 244 subjects (61.14%) had impaired pulmonary ventilation function; about 89.97% of the subjects were exposed to high level of indoor air pollution (IAP > 5). We found that IAP > 5 (OR=2.327, 95%CI: 1.089-4.974) and use of bituminous coal as the main heating fuel in winter (OR=3.467, 95%CI: 1.197-10.037) increased the risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction after adjusting for age, BMI, residence, gender, smoking, drinking, and cardiovascular disease. The subgroup analysis results showed that no ventilation in the living room/bedroom (OR=3.460, 95%CI: 1.116-10.268) increased the risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction in Baiyin. Heating with coal stoves and Chinese Kang in the bedroom (OR=2.092, 95%CI: 1.030-4.247) and cooking in the bedroom in winter ( OR =2.954, 95% CI : 1.046-8.344) also increased the risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction in the residents with BMI≤24 kg·m−2. IAP > 5 (OR=3.739, 95%CI: 1.147-12.182) was associated with a significantly increased risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction in the BMI > 24 kg·m−2 subgroup. Conclusion The pulmonary ventilation function of rural residents in Gansu is poor, which is negatively correlated with indoor air pollution. Coal use, overweight, cooking in bedroom, and use of coal stoves and Chinese Kang for heating may increase the risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction, while room ventilation is a beneficial factor.
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In recent years, the increasing incidence of perinatal depression has become an important public health problem. In addition to the traditional social demographic factors, biological factors, obstetric factors, etc., the association between air pollution and perinatal depression (PND) has also attracted more and more attention. In this paper, studies on the association between air pollution and PND were reviewed, especially the associations of PND with ambient air pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 as well as indoor air pollutants such as tobacco smoke, and the characteristics and possible biological mechanisms of the influence of different pollutants on PND were summarized. Based on the available studies, various outdoor air pollutants are associated with PND, and some pollutants may exhibit a dose-response relationship with it. As for indoor air pollution, studies only have focused on the impact of tobacco exposure on PND, and as yet, no study has explored the association between other indoor pollutants (e.g. cooking oil smoke and solid fuel) and PND. Current studies indicate that air pollution may act on PND through oxidative stress and neuroendocrine mechanisms, but the exact biological mechanism remains to be further studied. In the future, further studies should be encouraged on the epidemiological associations of other indoor air pollutants with PND and the interactions between other factors and air pollution on PND, and the underlying biological mechanisms, to provide new insights for the prevention of PND from the perspective of environmental health.
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@#Introduction: ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) is one of the main causes of death among children under five in many countries worldwide. In Indonesia, 10% of ARI cases occur in East Nusa Tenggara, which is the highest prevalence of ARI in this country, with 90% of them leading to under-five mortality. There are various factors that cause the prevalence of ARI. In East Nusa Tenggara itself, environmental factors are suspected to be the risk factors for this disease. This study aims to analyse the association between environmental factors and the incidence of ARI among children under five years old in East Nusa Tenggara. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by analysing secondary data sets obtained from DHS, with a total of 337 subjects examined in this study. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate the association between ARI and various environmental factors. Results: This study found that the prevalence of ARI among children under five years old in East Nusa Tenggara was 9.04% of all subjects. ARI was significantly associated with the types of residence (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.1-4.3) and passive smoking status (OR 4.7, 95%CI 1.8-12.4) as its risk factors. In addition, there was strong association between ARI and the types of roof (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.3-8.9) as its protective factor. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the incidence of ARI in children under five years old was closely associated with residential area, smoke exposure, and roof materials.
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Objective:Evidence on potential cardiovascular benefits of personal-level intervention among the elderly exposed to high levels of particulate matter(PM)remains limited.We aimed to assess improvements in surrogate markers of cardiovascular injury in vulnerable populations at risks by using indoor air filtration units.Methods:We conducted a randomized crossover trial for 2 separate 2-week air filtration interventions in 20 households of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their partners in the winter of 2013,with concurrent measurements of indoor PM.The changes in biomarkers indicative of cardiac injury,atherosclerosis progression and systemic inflammation following intervention were evaluated using linear mixed-effect models.Results:In the analysis,average levels of indoor PM with aerodynamic diameters＜2.5 μm(PM2.5)decreased significantly by 59.2％(from 59.6 to 24.3 μg/m3,P＜0.001)during the active air filtration.The reduction was accompanied by improvements in levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I by-84.6％(95％confidence interval[CI]:-90.7 to-78.6),growth differentiation factor-15 by-48.1％(95％CI:-31.2 to-25.6),osteoprotegerin by-65.4％(95％CI:-56.5 to-18.7),interleukin-4 by-46.6％(95％CI:-62.3 to-31.0)and myeloperoxidase by-60.3％(95％CI:-83.7 to-3.0),respectively.Conclusion:Indoor air filtration intervention may provide potential cardiovascular benefits in vulnerable popu-lations at risks.
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Objective To investigate the indoor air quality in urban and rural areas in Xi'an, to analyze the relationship between indoor pollutants and living habits, and to study the impact of pollutants on health, so as to provide reference for improving indoor environment. Methods Through random cluster sampling, 29 families from rural areas and 53 families from urban areas were selected from Xi'an. Data was collected by questionnaire survey and on-site environmental sampling. Non-parametric test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results Overall, the values of CO, NO2, toluene and xylene in Xi'an were far lower than the national standards. The medians of CO2, PM2.5, PM10, and formaldehyde were 0.1%, 44.5 μg/m3, 51.5 μg/m3, and 34.5 μg/m3, respectively. The differences in the values of CO, NO2, formaldehyde, toluene and xylene in urban and rural areas were statistically significant (P2 were higher in families with humidifiers and potted plants (P2 were higher in families with pets (P10, CO, and NO2 were significantly correlated with children's sleep duration and colds (P<0.05). Conclusion The indoor air pollution in urban areas is higher than that in rural areas in Xi'an. It is suggested that residents should be cautious about the use of humidifiers, planting potted plants, and keeping pets, to reduce indoor air pollution and improve their health.
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BACKGROUND@#Tuberculosis (TB) and indoor air pollution (IAP) are equally critical public health issues in the developing world. Mongolia is experiencing the double burden of TB and IAP due to solid fuel combustion. However, no study has assessed the relationship between household solid fuel use and TB in Mongolia. The present study aimed to assess the association between household solid fuel use and TB based on data from the Mongolian National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey (MNTP Survey).@*METHOD@#The MNTP Survey was a nationally representative population-based cross-sectional survey targeting households in Mongolia from 2014 to 2015, with the aim of evaluating the prevalence of TB. The survey adopted a multistage cluster sampling design in accordance with the World Health Organization prevalence survey guidelines. Clusters with at least 500 residents were selected by random sampling. A sample size of 98 clusters with 54,100 participants was estimated to be required for the survey, and 41,450 participants were included in the final analysis of the present study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on environmental and individual factors related to TB. Physical examination, chest X-ray, and sputum examinations were also performed to diagnose TB.@*RESULTS@#The use of solid fuels for heating (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-2.1), male gender (aOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.6-3.2), divorced or widowed (aOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.7-3.8), daily smoker (aOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.5), contact with an active TB case (aOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2-2.3), being underweight (aOR: 3.7; 95% CI: 2.4-5.7), and previous history of TB (aOR: 4.3; 95% CI: 3.0-6.1) were significantly associated with bacteriologically confirmed TB after adjusting for confounding variables.@*CONCLUSION@#The use of solid fuels for heating was significantly associated with active TB in Mongolian adults. Increased public awareness is needed on the use of household solid fuels, a source of IAP.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Culinaria , Estudios Transversales , Calefacción/efectos adversos , Mongolia/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Tuberculosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Background: Dependence on using biomass fuels for cooking and heating leads to Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) which can lead to adverse health outcomes. Aim of this study was to observe the housing and kitchen conditions in households of tribal areas, assess the knowledge of women regarding the IAP and perceived health effects due to it.Methods: Cross-sectional community- based study conducted in 100 women above the age of 18 years in a tribal village. A semi-structured questionnaire was used and spot observations were made. Chi-Square was used to calculate the association between type of stove, housing conditions and health effects of IAP. Logistic regression was used to identify determinants of the health effects of IAP.Results: The mean age of women was 29 years; all houses had a separate kitchen; 34% used mud stove with wood. Easy availability and economic reasons were cited for using wood. 47% of women thought IAP present in their homes and the most common source was cooking. Symptoms like asthma, sweating, burns/rash, and headache had a significantly higher association in women using mud stove (P<0.05) than LPG stove. A strong association was found between cooking hours and health effects due to IAP (P< 0.004).Conclusions: IAP due to cooking and unfavorable housing conditions are associated with health problems in women. Knowledge regarding IAP is poor. Reasons for reliance on using mud stove needs to be addressed.
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BACKGROUND@#The health hazards of indoor air pollution are well-established but studies of the health effects due to pollution from heating are rare. This study investigated the association of heating and disability for activities of daily living among Chinese middle-aged and elderly.@*METHODS@#We used two consecutive surveys in a cohort of over 17,000 adults aged 45 or older, who were interviewed first in 2011-2012 and then in 2013. In these surveys, taking advantage of random survey time, we applied a random effects logit regression model that included an interaction between pollution-producing heating fuel and a dummy variable, which measured interview time based on whether or not it was heating season.@*RESULTS@#Exposure to pollution-producing heating fuel was associated with a 39.9% (OR 1.399; 95%CI 1.227-1.594) and 71.0% (OR 1.710; 95%CI 1.523-1.920) increase in the likelihood of disability in activities of daily living (DADL) and disability in instrumental activities of daily living (DIADL), respectively. In heating season between year 2011 and 2013, moving from clean heating energy for heating to pollution-producing fuel was linked with an increase in the likelihoods having DADL and DIADL, with the OR of 2.014 (95%CI 1.126-3.600) and 1.956 (95%CI 1.186-3.226), respectively. However, disability increases due to change from clean energy to pollution-producing heating energy did not appear in advantaged education respondents.@*CONCLUSIONS@#We found that exposure to heating by burning of coal, wood, or crop residue was associated with disability in performing daily living activities. Health policymakers should take indoor pollution due to heating into consideration as it is a major determinant of activities of daily living in elderly people; especially, such policy should focus on elderly people who have disadvantaged education.
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Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Actividades Cotidianas , Contaminación del Aire Interior , China , Personas con Discapacidad , Calefacción , Vivienda , Estudios LongitudinalesRESUMEN
Background: Acute respiratory illness is responsible for 19% of all deaths in children in below five years of age and 8.2% of all disability as measured by DALY. Recent studies have added other risk factors to the list including large family size, poor socioeconomic status, family history of bronchitis, advanced birth order, crowding, young age, air pollution, and the use of non-allopathic treatment in early stages of illness. Also, indoor air pollution is one of the major risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract infection in children in developing countries. The objectives of this study were to identify and compare the risk factors associated with severe and very severe pneumonia.Methods: A prospective observational study. Children between 2 months to 5 years with clinical features of severe pneumonia were included in the study. Socioeconomic history like the type of house, family size, sanitary facilities and fuel-based cooking was recorded. Detailed history about immunization, feeding practice and degree of malnutrition was recorded. Chi Square test was used to determine significant differences between two groups.Results: Total 150 patients could be included in the study. Immunization status shows that 74% were completely immunized, 9% were unimmunized and 17% were partially immunized. Most of the children were breast fed 95.33% and only 4.67% were bottle fed. 30% of the cases were grade 3 and 4 PEM and anemic. The socioeconomic status showed 84% were belonged to grade 3,4 and 5 and 16% belonged to grade 1 and 2. 96.67% were living in ill ventilated kutcha house with poor sanitation facilities and nearly 94% were living in house with fuel other than LPG.Conclusions: Factors like previous history of similar illness, inappropriate immunization for age, anemia, PEM grade 3 and 4, poor housing condition, and indoor air pollution were significantly associated with severity of pneumonia. While severity of illness, PEM grade 3 and 4 and associated illness were the important risk factors for mortality.
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Hemoglobin is the protein molecule present in red blood cells that carries O from the lungs to the body tissues and returns CO from the 2 2 tissues back to the lungs. The red blood cells have the ability to concentrate hemoglobin in the cell fluid up to about 34 grams in each 100 ml of cells. Anemia refers to a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood either due to reduced red blood cell count or decreased hemoglobin concentration. Anemia in women apart from many other causes is possibly due to the result of systemic inflammation which is probably because of the smoke of biomass fuels. To study correlation between hemoglobin levels and use of biomass fuel (wood) for cooking by females in rural areas of Lucknow district. The examination was done on the 44 females between 18 to 55 years of age and cooking food using biomass fuels for at least 5 years. Women who were pregnant, having history of bleeding disorders like hemophilia and Thalassaemia, history of tobacco intake, history of medications like steroids and history of hemorrhoids were excluded from the study. Examination of the blood sample for hemoglobin estimation was collected in the rural health training center (RHTC) of Era's Lucknow medical college and Hospital and hemoglobin estimation was done in the hospital lab services (HLS) Era's Lucknow medical college and hospital, which use fully analyzing method SYSMEX XS 8001for hemoglobin estimation . The correlation between biomass fuel (wood) smoke and hemoglobin levels was strongly positive and statistically highly significant (p= 0.004). The decrease in hemoglobin levels due to exposure to indoor air pollution resulting from the burning of biomass fuels in smoky fires for cooking have important implications for diagnosis of anemia.
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OBJECTIVES: Lung function impairment due to exposure to indoor air pollution of particulate matter size 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) is not well documented in Jakarta. METHODS: To assess whether there is an association between indoor PM2.5 concentration and lung function impairment among the adult population, a cross-sectional design was implemented. There were 109 adults selected aged between 20 years and 65 years from the Pulo Gadung industrial area, East Jakarta. Association and logistic regression analysis were implemented for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: The average exposure to indoor PM2.5 was 308 μg/m3. There were 38.5% of participants that had lung function impairment. PM2.5 concentration was found to be associated with lung function impairment among the adult population living in Pulo Gadung industrial area after controlling for gender, duration of exposure, ventilation, smoking status, and humidity. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that PM2.5 concentrations in the Pulo Gadung industrial area may be the main contributor to the impairment of lung function for adults living in the surrounding residential area.