Utilidad pronóstica de la procalcitonina, la proteína C reactiva, el índice PCR/PCT y el aclaramiento de ambas al ingreso a unidades de cuidados intensivos / Prognostic utility of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, CRP/PCT index, and their clearance upon admission to intensive care units / Utilidade prognóstica da procalcitonina, proteína C reativa, índice PCR/PCT e clareamento de ambos na entrada em unidades de cuidados intensivos

Resumen El presente es un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, cuantitativo y descriptivo. Se evaluó la utilidad de la proteína C reactiva (PCR), la procalcitonina (PCT) y la relación PCR/PCT como marcadores de riesgo de sepsis, sumados al aclaramiento a las 72 h, como pronóstico de mortalidad y permanencia en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Se incluyeron 23 pacientes. Se clasificaron según qSOFA y se elaboraron curvas ROC. Se obtuvo un área bajo la curva de 0,79 para PCT. El valor umbral de PCT>0,88 ng/mL predice riesgo de sepsis con 77,78% de sensibilidad y 83,33% de especificidad. Utilizando PCR<31,23 mg/dL se obtuvo como parámetros destacados un 88,89% de sensibilidad y 83,33% de valor predictivo negativo, sin diferencias significativas (Mann-Whitney p<0,05) entre los grupos de sobrevivientes y óbitos y estadía prolongada vs. no prolongada. Se postula PCR como screening y PCT como marcador de riesgo de sepsis.

Abstract This is a retrospective, observational, quantitative and descriptive study. The utility of C reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and the CRP/PCT ratio as sepsis risk markers was evaluated and these, added to clearance at 72 hours, as predictors of mortality and permanence in intensive care units (ICU). Twenty-three patients were included. They were classified according to qSOFA, and ROC curves were prepared, highlighting an area under the curve of 0.79 for PCT. The threshold value of PCT>0.88 ng/mL predicts the of sepsis with 77.78% sensitivity and 83.33% specificity. Using CRP>31.23 mg/dL, 88.89% sensitivity and 83.33% negative predictive value were obtained as outstanding parameters. No significant differences (Mann-Whitney p<0.05) were found between survivors and dead and prolonged vs. non-prolonged stay groups. CRP is postulated for screening and PCT as a sepsis risk marker.

Resumo Este é um estudo retrospectivo, observacional, quantitativo e descritivo. Foi avaliada a utilidade da proteína C reativa (PCR), da procalcitonina (PCT) e da relação PCR/PCT como marcadores de risco de sepse junto com o clareamento em 72 horas, como preditores de mortalidade e permanência em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). Vinte e três pacientes foram incluídos. Eles foram classificados de acordo com o qSOFA e foram elaboradas curvas ROC, destacando uma área sob a curva de 0,79 para PCT. O valor limite de PCT>0,88 ng/mL prediz o risco de sepse com sensibilidade de 77,78% e especificidade de 83,33%. Utilizando PCR>31,23 mg/dL, obtiveram-se como parâmetros em destaque 88,89% de sensibilidade e 83,33% de valor preditivo negativo. Não houve diferenças significativas (Mann-Whitney p<0,05) entre os grupos de sobreviventes e óbitos e permanência prolongada vs. não prolongada. A PCR é postulada como triagem e a PCT como marcador de risco de sepse.

Secondary infections in critically ill patients admitted with COVID-19 in Bogotá, Colombia. Observational cohort study / Infecciones secundarias en pacientes críticos ingresados con COVID-19 en Bogotá, Colombia. Estudio observacional de cohorte

Abstract Introduction: The presence of secondary infections in critically ill patients and antibiotic resistance are often determining factors in the clinical evolution of these patients. Objective: To describe the pathogens isolated in blood cultures and tracheal secretion cultures in ICU patients with COVID-19 and to evaluate the association between the presence of secondary infections and 60-day mortality. Methods: Retrospective analytical cohort study conducted in 273 adults admitted to the ICU with COVID-19 at the Subred Integrada de Servicios de Salud del Sur - Hospital El Tunal, Bogotá, Colombia between April and December 2020. Data from records of blood or tracheal secretion cultures were collected. A bivariate analysis was performed using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model to assess the association between the development of secondary infections and 60-day mortality. Results: At least one positive blood culture was reported in 96/511 patients (18.8%). Of the 214 blood cultures performed within 48 hours after ICU admission, 7.7% were positive. A total of 127 germs were isolated from blood cultures - mostly gram-negative bacteria (61.4%) - followed by fungi (25.2%). Additionally, 39.5% were multidrug-resistant, and carbapenem resistance was the most common antibiotic resistance pattern (33.3% of all gram-negative bacteria isolates). Finally, in this cohort, the presence of secondary infections was not associated with 60-day mortality (HR: 1.012, 95%CI: 0.7211.420; p= 0.946). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of superinfection was moderately high, the prevalence of coinfection was low. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant, and almost one third of the germs were multidrug-resistant.

Resumen Introducción: La presencia de infecciones secundarias en pacientes críticos y la resistencia a los antibióticos suelen ser factores determinantes en la evolución clínica de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Describir los patógenos aislados en cultivos de sangre y de secreciones traqueales en pacientes de la UCI con COVID-19 y evaluar la relación entre la presencia de infecciones secundarias y la mortalidad a 60 días. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte analítico retrospectivo realizado en 273 adultos ingresados a la UCI con COVID-19 de la Subred Integrada de Servicios de Salud del Sur - Hospital El Tunal, Bogotá, Colombia entre abril y diciembre de 2020. Se obtuvieron los datos de los registros de cultivos en sangre y en secreciones de la tráquea. Se llevó a cabo un análisis bivariado mediante un modelo de riesgos proporcionales o regresión de Cox para evaluar la relación entre el desarrollo de infecciones secundarias y la mortalidad a 60 días. Resultados: Se reportó al menos un cultivo en sangre positivo en 96/511 (18.8%). De los 214 cultivos de sangre realizados dentro de las 48 horas siguientes al ingreso a la UCI, 7,7% resultaron positivos. Se aislaron en total 127 gérmenes en los cultivos en sangre, en su mayoría bacterias gramnegativas (61,4%) - seguido de hongos (25,2%). Adicionalmente, 39.5% fueron multirresistentes, siendo la resistencia los carbapenémicos el patrón de resistencia a los antibióticos más frecuente (33,3% de todos los aislados de bacterias gramnegativas). Finalmente, la presencia de infecciones secundarias en esta cohorte no se asoció con mortalidad a 60 días (HR: 1,012, IC 95%: 0,721-1,420; p= 0,946). Conclusiones: A pesar de que la prevalencia de super infecciones fue moderadamente alta, la prevalencia de coinfección fue baja. Las bacterias gramnegativas fueron las predominantes y casi un tercio de los gérmenes eran multirresistentes.

Importância da assistência odontológica dentro do ambiente hospitalar / Importance of dental care within the hospital enviroment

A assistência odontológica é imprescindível para a prevenção de doenças infecciosas e para a manutenção da integridade da cavidade oral de pacientes internatos em unidades de terapia intensiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas de higiene oral dos acadêmicos do curso de Enfermagem de uma instituição de ensino superior, que realizam estágio em hospital, no controle de higiene bucal de pacientes internados em ambiente hospitalar. Participaram do estudo 40 alunos, que responderam 14 perguntas com o intuito de avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas no controle de higiene bucal, realizadas por eles, em pacientes internados em ambiente hospitalar. Os resultados demonstraram que os acadêmicos entrevistados tinham idade média de 25,8 anos, sendo 95% do sexo feminino e apenas 5% do sexo masculino. Destes, 42,5% afirmaram não haver presença de um Cirurgião-Dentista em ambiente hospitalar e 82,5% responderam que o responsável pela saúde bucal dos pacientes é do técnico de enfermagem. Quanto aos cuidados em pacientes internados em UTI, 52,5% dos entrevistados relataram que estes pacientes recebem higienização bucal, porém 30% alegaram que esta pratica não era realizada e 17,5% não sabiam responder. Além disso, 47,5% dos entrevistados afirmam ter insegurança ao realizar os procedimentos de higiene bucal dos pacientes. Pode-se concluir que os acadêmicos entrevistados possuem bom conhecimento acerca da importância dos cuidados com a saúde bucal dos pacientes internados em ambiente hospitalar. No entanto, ainda existem muitas dúvidas relacionadas ao manejo clínico de procedimentos de promoção de saúde bucal, que poderiam ser solucionados com a presença de um profissional de Odontologia inserido em uma equipe multidisciplinar(AU)

Oral care is essential for the prevention of infectious diseases and for maintaining the integrity of the oral cavity of patients hospitalized in intensive care units. The objective of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and oral hygiene practices of Nursing students at a higher education institution, who carry out internships in a hospital, in controlling the oral hygiene of patients admitted to a hospital environment. 40 students participated in the study, who answered 14 questions with the aim of evaluating the knowledge and practices in controlling oral hygiene, carried out by them, on patients hospitalized in a hospital environment. The results demonstrated that the academics interviewed had an average age of 25.8 years, with 95% being female and only 5% being male. Of these, 42.5% stated that there was no presence of a Dental Surgeon in a hospital environment and 82.5% responded that the nursing technician is responsible for the patients' oral health. Regarding care for patients admitted to the ICU, 52.5% of those interviewed reported that these patients receive oral hygiene, however 30% claimed that this practice was not performed and 17.5% did not know how to answer. Furthermore, 47.5% of those interviewed say they are insecure when carrying out oral hygiene procedures for patients. It can be concluded that the academics interviewed have good knowledge about the importance of oral health care for patients hospitalized in a hospital environment. However, there are still many doubts related to the clinical management of oral health promotion procedures, which could be resolved with the presence of a dentistry professional within a multidisciplinary team(AU)

Exclusive breastfeeding and length of hospital stay in premature infants at a Brazilian reference center for kangaroo mother care

Abstract Objective: To evaluate exclusive breastfeeding at discharge and hospital length-of-stay in pre-term infants undergoing or not the Kangaroo-Mother Care Method (KMC). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including preterm infants < 1800 g admitted to the neonatal unit of a KMC reference center. The infants were grouped into the KMC group and the non-KMC group. Multiple logistic and Poisson regressions were performed to evaluate the association between the KMC and two outcomes, exclusive breastfeeding at discharge, and hospital length-of-stay, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: 115 mother-infant dyads were included, 78 in the KMC group and 37 in the non-KMC group. In the bivariate analysis, the KMC group had a lower prevalence of maternal adverse conditions (6% vs. 32%, p < 0.001), a higher number of prenatal visits (median 6 vs. 3.5, p < 0.001), higher gestational ages (median 32 vs. 31 weeks, p < 0.05), higher birth weights (median 1530 vs. 1365 g, p < 0.01), a lower prevalence of necrotizing enterocolitis (3.8% vs. 16.2%, p < 0.05), parenteral nutrition (50% vs. 73%, p < 0.05), and deep vascular access (49.7% vs. 78.4%, p < 0.01), a higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (65% vs. 8%, p < 0.001) and a shorter length of hospital stay (median 28 vs. 42 days, p < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, the KMC group was 23 times more likely to be exclusively breastfed at discharge (OR = 23.1; 95% CI = 4,85-109,93) and had a 19% reduction in the hospital length-of-stay (IDR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.76-0.86) compared to the non-KMC group. Conclusions: The KMC is associated with better short-term neonatal outcomes and should be encouraged in all Brazilian maternity hospitals.

Enfermagem em UTI: cuidados essenciais na assistência direta ao paciente / ICU nursing: essential care in direct patient care

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e descrever os cuidados essenciais que os enfermeiros devem ter ao atuar em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura, com uma abordagem qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória. As buscas foram realizadas PubMed, SciELO, LILACS e BIREME. Resultados: Os cuidados de enfermagem desempenham um papel crucial na recuperação e bem-estar dos pacientes em estado crítico na UTI. As intervenções dos enfermeiros devem ser embasadas em conhecimento científico, empatia e habilidades técnicas avançadas. Discute-se a importância da monitorização rigorosa, controle de infecções, prevenção de complicações da imobilidade, abordagem holística ao paciente e comunicação efetiva na UTI. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os enfermeiros devem basear suas intervenções em conhecimento científico, empatia e habilidades técnicas avançadas, destacando-se a importância da monitorização, controle de infecções, prevenção de complicações da imobilidade, abordagem holística ao paciente e comunicação efetiva na UTI.(AU)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify and describe the essential care that nurses must take when working in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Methods: A bibliographical review of the literature was carried out, with a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory approach. The searches were carried out in PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and BIREME. Results: Nursing care plays a crucial role in the recovery and well-being of critically ill patients in the ICU. Nurses' interventions must be based on scientifi c knowledge, empathy and advanced technical skills. The importance of rigorous monitoring, infection control, prevention of immobility complications, a holistic approach to the patient and effective communication in the ICU are discussed. Conclusion: It is concluded that nurses must base their interventions on scientifi c knowledge, empathy and advanced technical skills, highlighting the importance of monitoring, infection control, prevention of immobility complications, a holistic approach to the patient and effective communication in the ICU.(AU)

Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue identifi car y describir los cuidados esenciales que deben tener las enfermeras cuando trabajan en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfi ca de la literatura, con un enfoque cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio. Las búsquedas se realizaron en PubMed, SciELO, LILACS y BIREME. Resultados: Los cuidados de enfermería juegan un papel crucial en la recuperación y el bienestar de los pacientes críticos en la UCI. Las intervenciones de las enfermeras deben basarse en el conocimiento científi co, la empatía y las habilidades técnicas avanzadas. Se discute la importancia de un seguimiento riguroso, el control de infecciones, la prevención de complicaciones de la inmovilidad, un enfoque holístico del paciente y una comunicación efi caz en la UCI. Conclusión: Se concluye que los enfermeros deben basar sus intervenciones en el conocimiento científi co, la empatía y las habilidades técnicas avanzadas, resaltando la importancia del seguimiento, control de infecciones, prevención de complicaciones de la inmovilidad, abordaje holístico del paciente y comunicación efectiva en la UCI.(AU)

Cumplimiento diario del bundle ABCDEF de liberación de los pacientes de cuidados intensivos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo / Daily compliance of the ABCDEF liberation bundle for patients in the intensive care unit: A retrospective descriptive study

Introducción La implementación del ABCDEF ha demostrado mejores resultados en los pacientes críticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar el cumplimiento del registro diario del ABCDEF en una unidad de cuidados intensivos chilena. Métodos Estudio observacional retrospectivo de los registros clínicos electrónicos de profesionales de enfermería, kinesiología y medicina que trataron a pacientes mayores de 18 años, hospitalizados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos durante al menos 24 horas, con o sin requerimiento de ventilación mecánica. Se determinó el cumplimiento diario del considerando la presencia del registro en la ficha clínica de cada elemento: evaluación del dolor (elemento A), prueba de interrupción de la sedación (elemento B1) y ventilación espontánea (elemento B2), elección de la sedación (elemento C), evaluación del (elemento D), movilización temprana (elemento E) y empoderamiento de la familia (elemento F). Resultados Se obtuvieron 4165 elementos del registrados provenientes de enfermería (47%), kinesiología (44%) y medicina (7%), incluyendo 1134 días/paciente (133 pacientes). Los elementos E y C mostraron un cumplimiento del 67 y 40%, mientras que D, A, y B2 mostraron 24, 14 y 11%, respectivamente. Para B1 y F se obtuvo 0% de cumplimiento. El cumplimiento fue mayor en los pacientes sin ventilación mecánica para A y E, mientras que para D fue similar. Conclusiones La movilización temprana fue el elemento con mayor cumplimiento, mientras que las pruebas de interrupción de sedación y el empoderamiento de la familia tuvieron incumplimiento absoluto. Futuros estudios deberían explorar las razones que expliquen los diferentes grados de cumplimiento por elemento del en la práctica clínica.

Introduction Implementing the ABCDEF bundle has demonstrated improved outcomes in patients with critical illness. This study aims to describe the daily compliance of the ABCDEF bundle in a Chilean intensive care unit. Methods Retrospective observational study of electronic clinical records of nursing, physiotherapy, and medical professionals who cared for patients over 18 years of age, admitted to an intensive care unit for at least 24 hours, with or without mechanical ventilation. Daily bundle compliance was determined by considering the daily records for each element: Assess pain (element A), both spontaneous awakening trials (element B1) and spontaneous breathing trials (element B2), choice of sedation (element C), delirium assessment (element D), early mobilization (element E), and family engagement (element F). Results 4165 registered bundle elements were obtained from nursing (47%), physiotherapy (44%), and physicians (7%), including 1134 patient/days (from 133 patients). Elements E and C showed 67 and 40% compliance, while D, A, and B2 showed 24, 14 and 11%, respectively. For B1 and F, 0% compliance was achieved. Compliance was higher in patients without mechanical ventilation for A and E, while it was similar for D. Conclusions Early mobilization had the highest compliance, while spontaneous awakening trials and family engagement had absolute non-compliance. Future studies should explore the reasons for the different degrees of compliance per bundle element in clinical practice.

Psychological care in ICU focused on health providers and family members of patients in the COVID 19 pandemic / Atención psicológica en unidad de cuidado crítico durante la pandemia por Covid 19

ABSTRACT Currently, research emphasizes psychological support for families and health care providers in the critical care unit, rather than patient care in each of the phases associated with the disease. In this article, we use the clinical case of a patient with COVID-19, critically ill, with multiple complications that lead to the discussion and proposal of protocols for comprehensive psychological care to patients, their families, and health care providers in critical care units. It is crucial, in the efforts required to achieve patient's recovery and medical discharge, to integrate the patient into psychological care programs. Many of the sensations and emotions experienced in the ICU could produce physical reactions that hinder the patient's hemodynamic stability and recovery process. Few studies have been found on the usefulness of psychological or psychiatric care for patients with severe or critical COVID-19. Most of the recently reported studies are focused on psychological care for families and health care providers.

RESUMEN Actualmente, las investigaciones hacen énfasis en el apoyo psicológico a las familias y proveedores de salud en la unidad de cuidados críticos, más que la atención al paciente en cada una de las fases asociadas a la enfermedad. En este artículo, utilizamos un caso clínico de un paciente con COVID-19 que se encontraba en estado crítico con múltiples complicaciones para discutir y proponer protocolos de atención psicológica integral a pacientes, sus familias y proveedores de salud en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Se evidenció que, para lograr la recuperación y el alta médica del paciente, es de mucha utilizad la atención psicológica para él, los proveedores de salud y sus familiares. Muchas de las sensaciones y emociones vividas en la UCI pueden producir reacciones físicas que dificulten la estabilidad hemodinámica y el proceso de recuperación del paciente. Se han encontrado pocos estudios sobre la utilidad de la atención psicológica o psiquiátrica a pacientes con COVID-19 grave o crítico. La mayoría de los estudios informados recientemente se centran en la atención psicológica para familias y proveedores de atención médica.

Implementing palliative care, based on family-centered care, in a highly complex neonatal unit

Abstract Objective: To describe the causes and circumstances of neonatal mortality and determine whether the implementation of a palliative care protocol has improved the quality of end-of-life care. Methods: A retrospective observational study including all patient mortalities between January 2009 and December 2019. Cause of death and characteristics of support during the dying process were collected. Two periods, before and after the implementation of a palliative care protocol, were compared. Results: There were 344 deaths. Congenital malformations were the most frequent cause of death (45.6 %). Most patients died after the transition to palliative care (74.4 %). The most frequently cited criteria for initiating transition of care was poor neurocognitive prognosis (47.2 %). Parents accompanied their children in the dying process in 72 % of cases. Twenty-three percent of patients died outside the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit after being transferred to a private room to enhance family intimacy. After the addition of the palliative care protocol, statistically significant differences were observed in the support and patient experience during the dying process. Conclusions: The most frequent causes of death were severe congenital malformations. Most patients died accompanied by their parents after the transition to palliative care. The implementation of a palliative care protocol helped to improve the family-centered end-of-life care.

Correlation between nasal anatomical characteristics in newborns and short binasal prong dimensions

Abstract Objective: To correlate the nasal anatomical characteristics of newborns with the dimensions of short binasal prongs. Method: Observational, cross-sectional study carried out in two hospitals in southern Brazil. The authors evaluated 1620 newborns with neonatal data and nasal dimensions. To measure the dimensions of the nasal region, the authors considered the width of the medial columella, the right nostril diameter, and the left nostril diameter. These data were correlated with the dimensions of two models of short binasal prongs. Results: Of the total newborns evaluated, 807 were female (49.8%), and 813 were male (50.2%). The majority were white (96.2%). The mean gestational age was 37.4 ± 2.9 weeks, ranging from 22 to 42 weeks. The birth weight was 2946.8 ± 699.3 g, ranging from 490.0 to 4740.0 g. Most of the nasal measures were significantly larger than both prong model measurements. Conclusion: The sizes of short binasal prongs available on the Brazilian market do not match the nasal anatomical characteristics of newborns.

Impacto de la implementación de la estrategia multimodal de la OMS para mejorar la higiene de manos en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Impact on implementation of multimodal of World Health Organization strategies to improve hand hygiene in an Intensive Care Unit

INTRODUCCIÓN: La higiene de manos (HM) es la principal medida para disminuir las IAAS, las que en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) presentan una alta prevalencia. En Chile no existe información sobre el impacto de la estrategia multimodal de la OMS para la HM en adultos. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de la implementación de la estrategia en una UPC. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio longitudinal con evaluación pre y post-intervención, entre los años 2018 y 2021, en la UCI del Hospital del Trabajador (HT), Santiago, Chile. La implementación se evaluó con pautas de cumplimiento de HM, consumo de jabón y productos en base alcohólica (PBA). El impacto se midió con las tasas de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (NAVM), infecciones del torrente sanguíneo asociadas a CVC (ITS- CVC) y del tracto urinario por CUP (ITU-CUP), y la incidencia anual de dermatitis. RESULTADOS: El cumplimiento de pautas aumentó de 91 a 96% (p < 0,05). El consumo total de productos para la HM aumentó de 0,17 a 0,31 L/día/cama y de PBA en 10%. Las tasas de IAAS pre y post-intervención fueron para NAVM de 10,3 y 8,4; ITS-CVC de 0,8 y 1,5 e ITU-CUP de 4,2 y 5,3 por 1.000 días de exposición. La incidencia anual de dermatitis disminuyó en 30% (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La implementación de la estrategia multimodal se asoció a una disminución de las tasas de NAVM y de dermatitis en la UCI del HT.

INTRODUCTION: Hand hygiene is the main measure to decrease infections related to healthcare and the Intensive Care Unit has a high prevalence. In Chile there aren't reports about the impact of the World Health Organization multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy. AIM: To assess the implementation impact of this strategy at the ICU. METHODOLOGY: Longitudinal study with pre- and postintervention evaluation during the years 2018-2021 at ICU. The implementation was assessed against hand hygiene compliance guidelines, soap consumption and alcohol-based products. The impact was evaluated with the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) and catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and the annual dermatitis incidence. RESULTS: The guidelines compliance increased from 91% to 96% (p < 0.05). The total product consumption increased from 0.17 to 0.31 Liters/day/bed. The use of alcohol-based products increased by 10%. HAI rates pre- and post-intervention were for VAP 10.3 and 8.4, CRBSI 0.8 and 1.5 and CAUTI 4.2 and 5.3. The annual dermatitis incidence decreased by 30.8% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The strategy implementation benefited the decrease of VAP and the dermatitis prevention in ICU.

As reações adversas frente ao uso de analgésicos e sedativos em cuidados intensivos pediátricos: implicações para a enfermagem / Adverse reactions to the use of analgesics and sedatives in pediatric intensive care: implications for Nursing

A pouca sedação em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) pode gerar estresse psicológico e físico desnecessário, além de extubação acidental. Em contrapartida, a super sedação pode provocar o uso da ventilação mecânica prolongada, levando ao maior tempo de internação dentro da UTIP, além de síndrome de abstinência, tolerância e delírio. Neste sentido, delimitou-se como objeto de estudo a identidade do cuidado de enfermagem frente às reações adversas do uso de analgésicos e sedativos nas crianças gravemente doentes. Os objetivos são: descrever as reações adversas do uso de sedativos e analgésicos identificadas pela equipe de enfermagem; analisar a prática do cuidado da equipe de enfermagem frente às reações adversas do uso de sedativos e analgésicos nas crianças; e discutir as implicações da prática do cuidado da enfermagem prestada à criança que apresenta reações adversas no uso de analgésicos e sedativos. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa. Foram entrevistados 15 membros da equipe de enfermagem que trabalhavam em uma UTIP de um hospital especializado em doenças crônicas e raras, utilizando-se a técnica de entrevista, o formulário de caracterização dos participantes, o diário de campo para observação não participante e a coleta de informações nos prontuários. Contou-se com o apoio do software Iramuteq para realizar a Análise Textual Discursiva. Obteve-se que as principais reações adversas identificadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem foram irritabilidade, choro e agitação. A prática do cuidado de enfermagem é desenvolvida de acordo com as reações adversas previamente identificadas e varia conforme profissional de enfermagem que atende a criança, não existindo um padrão institucional pré-estabelecido. Entre os cuidados descritos estão: banho momo, administração de doses fracionadas de sedação segundo a prescrição médica e acalento pelo familiar responsável ou pelo próprio profissional. No entanto, não foram observados registros no prontuário acerca dessas reações adversas, bem como desses cuidados relatados. Destaca-se que existe insegurança por parte da equipe de enfermagem no que tange os seus conhecimentos sobre as reações adversas relacionadas ao uso de sedativos e analgésicos e, como implicações para a prática, a falta de identidade no seu cuidado interferindo em sua autonomia e protagonismo profissional, sendo a figura do médico percebida como o mais atuante nessa temática. Conclui-se que a equipe de enfermagem reconhece alguns sinais e sintomas das reações adversas no uso de sedativos e analgésicos. Todavia, se faz necessário um aprimoramento e atualizações frente à utilização desses medicamentos, suas reações adversas e cuidados que devem ser prestados, de modo a reconhecer sua atuação e perceber sua posição dentro da equipe multiprofissional.

Inadequate sedation in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) can generate unnecessary psychological and physical stress, in addition to accidental extubating. On the other hand, oversedation can lead to the use of prolonged mechanical ventilation, leading to longer hospitalization in the PICU in addition to withdrawal syndrome, tolerance, and delirium. In this sense, the identity of nursing care in the face of adverse reactions from the use of analgesics and sedatives in seriously ill children was defined as the object of study. The objectives are to describe the adverse reactions caused using sedatives and analgesics identified by the nursing team; analyze the care practice of the nursing team in the face of adverse reactions from the use of sedatives and analgesics in children; and discuss the implications of nursing care practice provided to children who present adverse reactions to the use of analgesics and sedatives. This is a qualitative study. Fifteen members of the nursing team who worked in a PICU of a hospital specializing in chronic and rare diseases were interviewed, using the interview technique, the participant characterization form, the field diary for non-participant observation and data collection. information in medical records. The Iramuteq software was supported, and discursive textual analysis was used. It was found that the main adverse reactions identified by nursing professionals were irritability, crying and agitation. The practice of nursing care is developed according to previously identified adverse reactions and varies depending on the nursing professional who cares for the child, and there is no pre-established institutional standard. Among the care described are warm bath, administration of fractional doses of sedation according to medical prescription and comfort by the responsible family member or by the professional himself, however, no records were observed in the medical records regarding these adverse reactions, as well as this reported care. It is noteworthy that there is insecurity on the part of the nursing team regarding their knowledge about adverse reactions related to the use of sedatives and analgesics and, as implications for practice, the lack of identity in their care, interfering with their autonomy and protagonism professional, with the doctor being perceived as the most active on this topic. It is concluded that the nursing team recognizes some signs and symptoms of adverse reactions in the use of sedatives and analgesics, however, improvement and updates are necessary regarding the use of these medications, their adverse reactions and the care that must be provided to recognize their performance and understand their position within the multidisciplinary team.

Una mala sedación en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) puede generar estrés psicológico y físico innecesario, además de extubaciones accidentales. Por otro lado, la sobresedación puede llevar al uso de ventilación mecánica prolongada, provocando una hospitalización más prolongada en la UCIP además de síndrome de abstinencia, tolerancia y dehrio. En este sentido, se definió como objeto de estudio la identidad del cuidado de enfermería ante las reacciones adversas por el uso de analgésicos y sedantes en niños gravemente enfermos. Los objetivos son: describir las reacciones adversas provocadas por el uso de sedantes y analgésicos identificadas por el equipo de enfermería; analizar la práctica de cuidados del equipo de enfermería ante las reacciones adversas por el uso de sedantes y analgésicos en niños; y discutir las implicaciones de la práctica de los cuidados de enfermería brindados a niños que presentan reacciones adversas al uso de analgésicos y sedantes. Este es un estudio cualitativo. Se entrevistó a quince miembros del equipo de enfermería que trabajaban en una UCIP de un hospital especializado en enfermedades crónicas y raras, utilizando la técnica de la entrevista, la ficha de caracterización participante, el diario de campo para la observación no parficipante y la recolección de información en historias clínicas. Se apoyó el software Iramuteq y se utiliz6 análisis textual discursivo. Se encontró que las principales reacciones adversas identificadas por los profesionales de enfermería fueron irritabilidad, llanto y agitaci6n. La práctica del cuidado de enfermería se desarrolla según reacciones adversas previamente identificadas y varía dependiendo del profesional de enfermería que atiende al niño, no existiendo un estándar institucional preestablecido. Entre los cuidados descritos se encuentran: baño tibio, administración de dosis fraccionadas de sedación según prescripción médica y confort por parte del familiar responsable o por el propio profesional, sin embargo, no se observaron registros en las historias clínicas respecto a estas reacciones adversas, así como estos ínformamn cuidados. Se destaca que existe inseguridad por parte del equipo de enfermería respecto de su conocimiento sobre las reacciones adversas relacionadas al uso de sedantes y analgésicos y, como implicaciones para la práctica, la falta de identidad en su cuidado, interfiriendo en su autonomía y protagonismo profesional, siendo el médico el más activo en este tema. Se concluye que el equipo de enfermería reconoce algunos signos y síntomas de reacciones adversas en el uso de sedantes y analgésicos, sin embargo, es necesario mejorar y actualizar respecto al uso de estos medicamentos, sus reacciones adversas y los cuidados que se deben brindar para reconocer su desempeño y comprender su posición dentro del equipo multidisciplinario.

Percepção de fisioterapeutas sobre alterações do sistema autônomo e do estado comportamental de recém-nascidos submetidos a procedimentos de estimulação sensório-motora: estudo transversal / Physiotherapists' perception of changes in the autonomic system and behavioral state of newborns undergoing sensory motor stimulation procedures: cross-sectional study

INTRODUÇÃO: A estimulação sensório-motora (ESM) é uma intervenção precoce utilizada em recém-nascidos (RN) para a organização de seus sistemas. O fisioterapeuta que faz uso da ESM deve ter um olhar cuidadoso para os sinais apresentados pelos RN após os procedimentos. OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção de fisioterapeutas sobre alterações do sistema autônomo e do estado comportamental de RN após procedimentos de ESM. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com fisioterapeutas atuantes em unidades neonatais. Os dados foram coletados por questionário eletrônico, processados no programa SPSS (versão 21.0) e apresentados em frequência absoluta (n) e relativa (%). RESULTADOS: Participaram deste estudo 72 fisioterapeutas; 48,6% possuíam título de especialista, 63,9% atuavam em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, 38,8% residiam na região sul e 38,8% na região sudeste do Brasil. A percepção da maioria dos fisioterapeutas após procedimentos de ordem tátil foi estabilidade ou diminuição da frequência cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR), e estabilidade da saturação de oxigênio (SpO2 ), e após procedimentos de ordem vestibular foi estabilidade da FC, FR e SpO2 . Houve percepção de sono ativo, sonolência e alerta ativo após todos os procedimentos de ordem tátil e vestibular. O alerta ativo foi percebido após todos os procedimentos e o choro intenso não foi percebido. CONCLUSÃO: Do sistema autônomo, a maioria dos fisioterapeutas perceberam a FC e FR estáveis ou diminuídas e SpO2 estável ou aumentada após os procedimentos de ESM. Do estado comportamental, o alerta ativo foi percebido com maior frequência entre os fisioterapeutas.

INTRODUCTION: Sensory motor stimulation (SMS) is an early intervention used in newborns (NB) to organize their systems. The physiotherapist who uses SMS must pay careful attention to the signs presented by NB after the procedures. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perception of physiotherapists about changes in the autonomic system and behavioral state of NB after SMS procedures. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with physiotherapists working in neonatal units. Data were collected by electronic questionnaire, processed in the SPSS program (version 21.0) and presented in absolute (n) and relative (%) frequency. RESULTS: 72 physiotherapists participated in this study, 48.6% had a specialist degree, 63.9% worked in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 38.8% lived in the southern region and 38.8% in the southeastern region of Brazil. The perception of most physiotherapists after tactile procedures was stability or decrease in heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and stability of oxygen saturation (SpO2), and after vestibular procedures it was stability of HR, RR and SpO2. There was a perception of active sleep, drowsiness, and active alertness after all tactile and vestibular procedures. Active alertness was noticed after all procedures and intense crying was not noticed. CONCLUSION: Regarding the autonomic system, most physiotherapists noticed stable or decreased HR and RR, and stable or increased SpO2 after SMS procedures. Regarding the behavioral state, active alert was noticed more frequently among physiotherapists.

The Role of the Dental Surgeon in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit / O Papel do Cirurgião-Dentista na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica

Dentistry plays a significant role in the supportive care of hospitalized children in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs) as these patients arrive in this environment with altered immune systems and compromised oral health. This paper aims to present an integrative literature review on the role of dentists in the hospital setting, particularly in the PICU, and discuss the challenges encountered in this environment. A free search was conducted on the electronic platforms PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Sciences (Lilacs), and Virtual Health Library (BVS) from January to February 2023, with no defined publication period and including all types of studies. Health Science descriptors (DeCS/MeSH) were used in English and Portuguese, applying Boolean operators. According to the data collected, among the conditions requiring admission to the PICU, respiratory disorders, heart and kidney failure, neurological disorders, severe metabolic diseases, infections, injuries, traumas, near-drowning incidents, and post-operative care after complex surgeries stand out. Dental care in this environment reduce hospitalization time, costs, and improve the quality of life of pediatric patients. However, the integration of these professionals into the PICU is still limited. Dentists in the hospital setting optimize multidisciplinary work through protocol-based measures derived from studies conducted in adult patients in intensive care units. Due to the lack of robust evidence related to oral care practices in pediatric intensive care settings, further research is mandatory. (AU)

A Odontologia tem um papel importante na assistência de crianças hospitalizadas nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátricas (UTIP), pois esses pacientes chegam neste ambiente com o sistema imunológico alterado e a saúde bucal comprometida. Apresentar uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre o papel do cirurgião-dentista no hospital, em especial, na UTIP, além de discutir os desafios encontrados nesse ambiente. Uma busca foi conduzida nas plataformas eletrônicas PubMed, Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciElo), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Sciences (Lilacs) e Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS), entre janeiro a fevereiro/2023, sem período definido de publicação e sob a inclusão de todos os tipos de estudos. Os descritores em Ciências da saúde (DeCS/MeSH) foram utilizados em inglês e português, sob aplicação dos operadoress booleanos. Segundo dados coletados, dentre as condições que necessitam de internação na UTIP, destaca-se as alterações respiratórias, insuficiência cardíaca e renal, alterações do sistema nervoso, doenças metabólicas graves, infecções, ferimentos, traumatismos, quase afogamentos e pós-operatório de cirurgias complexas. O cirurgião-dentista neste ambiente reduz o tempo de internação, os custos e aumenta a qualidade de vida dos pacientes pediátricos. Todavia, ainda é escassa a inserção deste profissional em UTIP. O cirurgião-dentista em ambiente hospitalar otimiza o trabalho multidisciplinar através de medidas baseadas em protocolos obtidos a partir de estudos em pacientes adultos em unidades de terapia intensivas. Devido a falta de evidências robustas relacionadas à prática de cuidados bucais no ambiente de cuidados intensivos pediátricos, a realização de pesquisas futuras torna-se mandatória. (AU)

Síndrome de abstinência em unidade de tratamento intensivo pediátrico: protocolo de revisão sistemática / Abstinence syndrome in pediatric intensive care unit: a systematic review protocol

OBJETIVO: Verificar qual o tratamento mais indicado para a prevenção e redução dos sinais e sintomas de abstinência em crianças criticamente doentes por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura mundial. MÉTODO: A revisão sistemática será conduzida conforme a metodologia PRISMA e Cochrane, com registro no PROSPERO, sob o número de ID CRD42021274670, nas respectivas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL, Cochrane Database Systematic Review e CENTRAL. As buscas serão realizadas por dois avaliadores independentes, um terceiro realizará o intermédio se necessário. Os dados serão inseridos no programa de software Zotero que irá excluir os artigos duplicados, após o material selecionado será transferido para planilha Excel em instrumento próprio. Os estudos serão classificados quanto ao seu nível de evidência, viés e fator de risco. Os resultados serão analisados e tabulados e discutidos a fim de melhor compreensão dos resultados. Se possível, serão realizadas meta-análises para os resultados agregados.

OBEJECTIVE: To verify the most appropriate treatment for the prevention and reduction of the signs and symptoms of abstinence in critically ill children through a systematic review of the world literature. METHOD: The systematic review will be conducted according to the PRISMA and Cochrane methodology, with registration at PROSPERO, under the ID number CRD42021274670, in the respective databases, PUBMed, LILACS, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL, Cochrane Database Systematic Review, and CENTRAL, searches will be carried out by two independent evaluators, and a third party will perform the intermediate if necessary. The data will be entered into the Zotero software program that will delete duplicate articles after the selected material is transferred to an Excel spreadsheet on its instrument. The studies will be classified according to their level of evidence, bias, and risk factors. The results will be analyzed, tabulated, and discussed to understand the results better. If possible, meta-analyzes will be carried out for the aggregated results.

Establishment of a nomogram model to predict sepsis in patients with multiple trauma / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To explore the risk factors of sepsis in patients with multiple trauma and construct a nomogram prediction model.Methods:The data of patients with multiple injuries admitted to the emergency intensive care unit (EICU) of the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 2021 to April 2022 were respectively collected. Inclusion criteria: (1) meet the diagnostic criteria for multiple injuries; (2) the time from injury to admission ≤ 24 hours; (3) age>18 years old; (4) all examination or rescue measures were approved by the patient or the patient's family; (5) the patient's clinical data were complete. The patients were divided into sepsis group and non-sepsis group according to the definition of Sepsis 3.0 at the 28-day of EICU hospitalization. The receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the independent predictors for sepsis, and the nomogram was constructed.Results:A total of 291 patients were included, including 102 in the sepsis group and 189 in the non-sepsis group. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that age, acute physiology and chronic health status score (APACHE) Ⅱ, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), injury severity score (ISS), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) within 24 hours after admission, blood transfusion frequency, the application of norepinephrine, mechanical ventilation, pathogenic culture results, and history of diabetes were independent factors influencing the occurrence of sepsis. A nomogram model was constructed by combining these variables (AUC=0.913, 95% CI: 0.847-0.942), and the model had a good fitting calibration curve. Conclusions:The nomogram constructed by age, APACHE-Ⅱ, GCS score, SOFA score, ISS score, number of blood transfusions, mechanical ventilation, norepinephrine drug use, pathogenic culture and diabetes has a good predictive value for sepsis in patients with multiple trauma in the later stage, which is worth promoting.

Predictive value of renal venous Doppler waveform pattern for 28-day renal dysfunction in critically ill patients / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:This study aimed to explore the performance of renal resistive index (RRI), semiquantitative power Doppler ultrasound (PDU) score, and renal venous Doppler waveform (RVDW) pattern in predicting 28-day renal dysfunction in critically ill patients and establish nomogram model.Methods:This was a prospective, observational study. Critically ill patients admitted to the emergency intensive care unit (ICU) of Cangzhou Central Hospital from January 2018 to October 2022 were included. Patients underwent renal ultrasound examination to obtain RRI, PDU score and RVDW pattern within 24 h after ICU admission. The following clinical variables were collected during the renal ultrasound examination session, including heart rate, mean arterial pressure, type and dose of vasoactive drugs, oxygen therapy parameters, and average urine volume per hour derived from a period of 6 h prior to the ultrasound examination. The data on duration of AKI and mortality were recorded on the 28th day of follow-up. Patients were divided into 28-day normal renal function group and 28-day renal dysfunction group according to 28-day renal dysfunction. 28-days of renal dysfunction was defined as failure to achieve renal function recovery within 28 days of ICU admission. The difference of each index between the two groups was compared. Associated factors for 28-day renal dysfunction were determined by univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses. A nomogram was developed based on the independently factors associated with 28-day renal dysfunction. Survival receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to assess diagnostic performance in predicting 28-day renal dysfunction. Delong’s test was used to compare area under the curves (AUC) between each predictor.Results:187 patients were enrolled for the final analysis: 97 with no AKI, 48 with AKI stage 1, 24 with AKI stage 2, and 18 with AKI stage 3 upon enrollment. At 28-day follow up, 16 patients had renal dysfunction and 2 required continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). The multivariate COX regression showed that RVDW and SCr upon enrollment were the independent risk predictors. Nomogram based on RVDW and SCr upon enrollment showed the best performance in predicting 14-day renal dysfunction (AUC = 0.918, 95% CI:0.871-0.964, P<0.05), and the AUC was statistically significantly higher than single index (all P<0.05). Nomogram also showed the best performance in predicting 28-day renal dysfunction (AUC = 0.924, 95% CI:0.865-0.983, P<0.05), and the AUC was statistically significantly higher than single index (all P<0.05) except for SCr upon enrollment. The optimal cutoff for nomogram in predicting 28-day renal dysfunction was ≤89.5 (sensitivity, 81.2%; specificity, 90.6%; Youden index, 0.719). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the median duration of renal dysfunction in the groups with total nomogram score >85.9 and ≤85.9 was 0 and 22 days (HR=0.220, 95% CI:0.129-0.376, P<0.001). Conclusions:SCr and RVDW pattern within 24 h from ICU admission were independent factors associated with 28-day renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. The value of the nomogram model based on these two factors in predicting 28-day renal dysfunction is superior to each single intrarenal Doppler spectrum indicator and clinical indicator.

Risk factors for newly developed lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in patients after general anes-thesia in the anesthesia intensive care unit / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To identify the risk factors for newly developed lower extremity deep vein thrombosis(DVT)in patients transferred to the anesthesia intensive care unit(AICU)after general anes-thesia.Methods A total of 192 patients who were transferred to AICU with tracheal intubation after elective general anesthesia from May 2022 to August 2022,105 males and 87 females,aged 18-85 years,BMI 18-31 kg/m2,ASA physical status Ⅱor Ⅲ,were retrospectively collected.The patients'baseline da-ta,anesthesia surgery data and preoperative and postoperative laboratory examination data were obtained.The patients were divided into two groups according to the results of ultrasound within 6 hours after admission to the AICU:DVT group and non-DVT group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors and 95%confidence interval(CI)of DVT in AICU patients within 6 hours after sur-gery.ResultsNew DVT occurred in 64 patients(33.3%)in AICU after general anesthesia were calf inter-muscular venous thrombosis(CMVT).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative ar-rhythmia(OR = 2.236,95%CI 1.011-4.943,P = 0.047),high preoperative platelet count(OR = 1.006,95%CI 1.002-1.010,P = 0.007),high preoperative D-dimer concentration(OR=1.203,95%CI 1.046-1.383,P = 0.010),intraoperative hypotension(OR = 1.010,95%CI 1.002-1.019,P = 0.020),and intraoperative norepinephrine application(OR = 3.796,95%CI 1.697-8.492,P = 0.001)were risk factors for new DVT formation in AICU patients after general anesthesia.History of regular intake of aspirin(OR = 0.176,95%CI 0.060-0.518,P = 0.002)was protective factor.Conclusion Preoperative arrhythmia,high preoperative platelet count,high preoperative D-dimer concentration,intraop-erative hypotension,and administration of intraoperative norepinephrine are risk factors for new DVT within 6 hours after general anesthesia in AICU patients.

Correlation between dynamic high-density lipoprotein trajectories and clinical outcomes in critically ill children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To characterize the longitudinal and dynamic high-density lipoprotein (HDL) trajectories in critically ill children and explore their correlation with clinical outcomes.Methods:Retrospective cohort study.All critically ill children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of West China Hospital, Sichuan University from January 1, 2015 to October 1, 2020 were included in this retrospective study.Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) was applied to characterize the HDL trajectories in days 0-6 post-PICU admission and develop HDL trajectory groups.The in-hospital mortality rate was reported as frequency (%) and then compared by the Chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test between HDL trajectory groups.The length of stay (LOS) in the PICU was described by M( Q1, Q3), and its difference between HDL trajectory groups was evaluated by the Kruskal Wallis test.Logistic regression and multiple linear regression were used to determine the correlation between HDL trajectories and clinical outcomes.The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality rate, and the secondary outcome was LOS in the PICU. Results:A total of 4 384 critically ill children were ultimately enrolled in the study, and 6 HDL trajectory groups were developed based on GBTM analyses: group 1 (758 cases), the lowest HDL group; group 2 (1 413 cases), the low HDL group; group 3 (74 cases), the low-to-high HDL group; group 4 (621 cases), the medium HDL group; group 5 (1 371 cases), the high HDL group; and group 6 (147 cases), the highest HDL group.Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with critically ill children in group 1, those belonging to groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were at lower risks of in-hospital mortality with odds ratio ( OR): 0.475, 95%confidence interval ( CI): 0.352-0.641, P<0.001; OR: 0.093, 95% CI: 0.013-0.679, P=0.019; OR: 0.322, 95% CI: 0.208-0.479, P<0.001; OR: 0.263, 95% CI: 0.185-0.374, P<0.001, and OR: 0.142, 95% CI: 0.044-0.454, P=0.001, respectively.Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that compared with critically ill children in group 1, those belonging to groups 4, 5, and 6 had the trend of shorter LOS in PICU, and the β value and 95% CI were β: -4.332, 95% CI: -5.238- -3.426, P<0.001; β: -3.053, 95% CI: -3.809--2.297, P<0.001; β: -6.281, 95% CI: -7.842--4.721, P<0.001, respectively. Conclusions:The dynamic HDL trajectories during 0-6 days after PICU admission are associated with in-hospital mortality rate of critically ill children.The HDL trajectory at a persistently low level is associated with higher mortality, while the HDL trajectory at a persistently high level or with the trend from a low level rising to a high level shows a lower risk of mortality.It is suggested that the HDL trajectory model may become an indicator to predict the condition and prognosis of critically ill children.

Analysis of the knowledge,belief,and practice levels of enteral nutrition tolerance among nursing staff in intensive care units and its influencing factors / 沈阳医学院学报

Objective:To explore the level of knowledge,belief,practice,and influencing factors of tolerance to enteral nutrition(EN)among nursing staff in intensive care units(ICU).Methods:A total of 70 nursing staff who worked in the ICU of our hospital from Jan 2022 to Dec 2022 were selected as the research subjects.The current level of nurses'knowledge,belief,and practice was evaluated using the"ICU Nurse EN Tolerance Knowledge,Belief,and Practice Scale"and a general information questionnaire was self-designed.Linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze the influencing factors of ICU nursing staff's knowledge,belief,and conduct of EN tolerance.Results:The score of ICU Nurse EN Tolerance Knowledge,Belief,and Practice Scale in 70 ICU nursing staff was(72.85±6.94).The scores for knowledge,attitude,and behavior dimensions were(10.69±2.11),(13.65±2.61),and(48.51±4.69),respectively.The results of linear regression analysis showed that working experience＜5 years,non-EN group members,and low self-efficacy were influencing factors(P＜0.05)on the knowledge,belief and practice of EN tolerance of ICU nursing staff.The equation was Y=65.162+5.077X1+ 6.551X2+10.218X3.Conclusion:The knowledge,belief and practice level of EN tolerance of ICU nursing staff may be affected by working years,self-efficacy,and whether they are members of EN study group.

Effect of a three-tier delirium nursing management process on NICU patients with acute stroke / 现代临床护理

Objective To investigate the effect of a three-tier delirium care management process in patients with acute stroke in neurology intensive care unit(NICU).Methods A total of 50 patients with acute stroke admitted to the NICU of the Fourth Hospital of Changsha from May to September 2021 were assigned to the control group.The patients in the control group received routine NICU nursing care to prevent delirium.Another 50 patients with acute stroke admitted to the NICU from December 2021 to April 2022 were assigned to the trial group.They were managed with the three-tier delirium nursing management process on top of the routine NICU nursing care for the control group.The incidence of ICU delirium(DICU),duration of DICU,length of stay in NICU and the incidence of delirium-related adverse events were compared between the two groups.The degree of delirium and cognitive function before and after the intervention were compared between the two groups as well.Results The trial group had significantly shorter duration of DICU and NICU stay(both P<0.05)and lower incidence rate of delirium-related adverse events(P<0.05)compared to the control group.After the intervention,the trial group showed significantly lower scores on the intensive care delirium screening checklist(ICDSC)and significantly higher scores of cognitive function compared to those of the control group(both P<0.05).Conclusion The three-tier delirium nursing management process can lower the occurrence of delirium in NICU patients with acute stroke,shorten the NICU stay,reduce the safety risk in nursing,and improve the cognitive function.