Propiedades nutritivas y tecno funcionales de barras de pseudocereales adicionadas con soya, mango y granada / Nutritional and techno functional properties of pseudocereal bars added with soy, mango and pomegranate

Las barras de cereal (BC), se comercializan como un snack saludable, no obstante, su calidad nutricional es baja. Una alternativa para mejorar esto, es la incorporación de ingredientes como pseudocereales, germinados y subproductos de fruta. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido nutricional y propiedades tecnofuncionales de una barra de cereal formulada a partir de pseudocereales, germinados de soya y subproductos del procesamiento de frutas. Materiales y Métodos. Se desarrollaron 6 formulaciones (F0-F5). Se determinó el contenido de proteína y fibra cruda, se seleccionó la formulación que presentó el mayor contenido de estos componentes. A la BC seleccionada se le determinó la digestibilidad in-vitro de la proteína, las propiedades tecnofuncionales potencial prebiótico y actividad inhibitoria de ECA-I. Resultados. La formulación seleccionada fue F1 (13,6 g/100 g p.s. proteína y 13,1 g/100 g p.s. fibra cruda). La digestibilidad de la proteína fue del 69 %, el cual es cercano a valores reportados para algunos componentes de la BC. La capacidad de hinchamiento y retención de agua fue 2,55 ml/g; 12,74 %, respectivamente. El crecimiento de L. brevis en medio MRS modificado con BC no presentó diferencias estadísticas con el medio control, indicando el potencial prebiótico presente en la BC. La barra de cereal tuvo un 39% de actividad inhibitoria de ECA-I, demostrando la acción de los compuestos bioactivos posiblemente liberados durante la digestión de la BC. Conclusión. La formulación desarrollada presenta propiedades funcionales importantes y podría generar beneficios para la salud(AU)

Introduction. Cereal bars (CB) are marketed as a healthy snack; however, their nutritional quality is low. An alternative to improve this is the incorporation of ingredients such as soybean sprouts, which have a higher protein content than some seeds; as well as fruit by-products that contain important bioactive compounds. Objective. To evaluate the nutritional content and techno-functional properties of a cereal bar formulated from pseudocereals, soybean sprouts, and fruit processing by-products. Materials and Methods. 6 formulations (F0-F5) were developed. The content of protein and crude fiber was determined, the formulation that presented the highest content of these components was selected. The in-vitro digestibility of the protein, the technofunctional properties, potential prebiotic and inhibitory activity of ACE-I were determined for the selected BC. Results. The selected formulation was F1 (13.6g/100g p.s. protein and 13.1g/100 g p.s. crude fiber). Protein digestibility was 69%, which is close to reported values for some CB components. The swelling and water retention capacity was 2.55 ml/g; 12.74%, respectively. The growth of L. brevis in modified MRS medium with CB did not present statistical differences with the control medium, indicating the prebiotic potential present in CB. The cereal bar had 39% ACE-I inhibitory activity, demonstrating the action of bioactive compounds possibly released during CB digestion. Conclusion. The developed formulation has important functional properties and could generate health benefits(AU)

Potential for healthy eating in a Brazilian public university food environment / Potencial para alimentação saudável no ambiente alimentar de uma universidade pública brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the food environment healthy eating potential in the authorized food services on the campus of a Brazilian university. Methods This is an observational study carried out between March and April 2014 on a campus of a public university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The elements of the food environment were evaluated using an audit instrument, containing 86 questions: availability (amount of food services and types of food offered), convenience (days and hours of operation), incentives and barriers to healthy eating (nutrition information, payment strategies and food advertisements). Preparations based on whole grains and fresh or minimally processed products were considered healthy foods; and, preparations with high caloric density, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, desserts, cookies, and savory snacks were considered unhealthy food. The questionnaire allowed us to calculate a score for each service, which could range from 0 to 36 points, and indicates the potential for promoting healthy eating in the establishment, with higher scores indicating a greater presence of elements that contribute to healthy eating. The different types of food service facilities were compared based on the scores (p<0.05 for statistical significance). Results Among the establishments evaluated, 24% were snack bars/cafeterias, 26%, restaurants, and 50% offered mixed services. Healthy food items were scarcely available in the establishments (fruits: 24%; vegetables: 20%; brown rice: 15%); while added-sugar beverages (98%), sweets and treats (76%) were widely offered. There was a higher frequency of advertising encouraging consumption of unhealthy items than that aimed at healthy foods (44% vs 30%). In general, the score was 13,2 points (SD=3.3) and the mean score for snack bars/cafeterias (9.3 points) was lower (p<0,05) than that of restaurants and mixed establishments (14,4 points). Conclusion On the campus assessed, the food environment had limited potential for healthy eating, since elements that did not favor healthy food choices were more frequent.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar o potencial do ambiente alimentar para alimentação saudável em serviços permissionários no campus de uma universidade brasileira. Métodos Realizou-se um estudo observacional entre março e abril de 2014, em 54 serviços de alimentação permissionários de um campus de uma universidade pública do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os elementos do ambiente alimentar foram avaliados por meio de instrumento de auditoria contendo 86 questões: disponibilidade (quantidade de serviços de alimentação e tipos de alimentos comercializados), conveniência (dias e horários de funcionamento), estímulos e barreiras para a alimentação saudável (informação nutricional, estratégias de pagamento e propagandas de alimentos). As preparações à base de cereais integrais e produtos frescos ou minimamente processados foram considerados alimentos saudáveis e aquelas com elevada densidade calórica, bebidas com adição de açúcar, doces, sobremesas, guloseimas, biscoitos e lanches salgados foram considerados não saudáveis. O questionário permitiu calcular um escore, para cada serviço, que poderia variar entre 0 a 36 pontos, e indica o potencial para promoção da alimentação saudável no estabelecimento, sendo que escores mais elevados indicam maior presença de elementos que favorecem a alimentação saudável. Os diferentes tipos de serviços de alimentação permissionários foram comparados segundo os escores (p<0,05 para significância estatística). Resultados Dos estabelecimentos avaliados, 24% eram lanchonetes/cafeterias, 26%, restaurantes e 50%, mistos. Itens saudáveis eram disponibilizados de forma incipiente nos estabelecimentos (frutas: 24%; hortaliças: 20%; arroz integral: 15%), enquanto bebidas com adição de açúcar (98%) e doces e guloseimas (76%) eram amplamente ofertados. Havia maior frequência de propagandas incentivando o consumo de itens não saudáveis do que aquelas voltadas para alimentos saudáveis (44% vs 30%). De modo geral, o escore foi de 13,2 pontos (DP=3,3) e a média do escore de lanchonetes/cafeterias (9,3 pontos) era menor (p<0,05) do que a de restaurantes e estabelecimentos mistos (14,4 pontos). Conclusão O ambiente alimentar do campus avaliado apresentou potencial limitado para a alimentação saudável, uma vez que eram mais frequentes os elementos que não favoreciam escolhas alimentares saudáveis.

Alterações comportamentais em adolescentes e jovens adultos durante a pandemia da covid-19 / Behavior changes in adolescents and young adults during covid-19 pandemic

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a autopercepção de adolescentes e jovens adultos sobre possíveis modificações em comportamentos relacionados à atividade física, ao tempo em atividades sedentárias e aos hábitos alimentares durante o período de distanciamento social provocada pela pandemia da Covid-19. Participaram do estudo 186 adolescentes e jovens adultos matriculados no ensino médio técnico-integrado de uma escola pública federal da cidade de Bagé/RS. Os participantes foram caracterizados em relação ao sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico. A autopercepção em relação aos três comportamentos durante o período de distanciamento social foi analisada através de respostas a um questionário eletrônico (Google Formulário) enviado para os estudantes por meio de uma rede social. Os resultados foram descritos utilizando-se os valores de média, desvio padrão, e frequências absolutas e relativas. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 17,9 (±1,16) anos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (51,6%) e com renda familiar inferior a três salários mínimo (72,6%). A maior parte dos participantes do estudo (89,8%) relatou alguma alteração desfavorável nos níveis de atividade física. Setenta por cento dos entrevistados relataram um decréscimo na prática de atividade física no âmbito geral; 72% relataram modificação desfavorável no nível de atividade física vigorosa; 76,9% rela taram permanecer mais tempo em atividades sedentárias, principalmente àquelas envolvendo smartphones e tablets. Em relação aos hábitos alimentares, as principais modificações desfavoráveis estiveram relacionadas ao consumo de doces e salgadinhos (36% dos participantes relataram essa elevação no consumo). O período de distanciamento social provocou alterações comportamentais desfavoráveis em adolescentes. O planejamento e orientação de rotinas mais saudáveis contemplando esses desfechos devem ser fomentados visando amenizar o impacto dessas alterações comportamentais. (AU)

The aim of this study was to describe the self-perception of adolescents and young adults about possible changes in behaviors related to physical activity, time in sedentary activities and eating habits during the period of social distance due the Covid-19 pandemic. 186 adolescents and young adults enrolled in the technical-integrated high school of a federal public school in the city of Bagé, Brazil participated in the study. Participants were characterized according gender, age and socioeconomic status. Self-perception regarding the three behaviors during the period of social distance was analyzed through responses to an electronic questionnaire (Google Form) sent to students through a social network. The results were described using mean, standard deviation, and absolute and relative frequencies. The participants mean of age was 17.9 (±1.16) years and most of them were male (51.6%) and from familiar income less than three minimum wages (72.6%). Most of the participants (89.8%) reported some unfavorable change in the physical activity level. Seventy percent of participants reported a decrease in physical activity in general; 72% reported an unfavorable change in the level of vigorous physical activity; 76.9% reported increase in time involving sedentary activities, especially those using smartphones and tablets. Regarding eating habits, the main unfavorable changes were related to the consumption of sweets and snacks (36% of participants reported consumption increase of these foods). The period of social distance is associated to unfavorable behavioral changes in adolescents. The planning and guidance of healthier routines contemplating these outcomes should be encouraged in order to mitigate the impact of these behavioral changes. (AU)

Consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e fatores associados em uma amostra de base escolar pública no Sul do Brasil / Ultraprocessed food consumption and factors associated with a sample of public school bases in the South of Brazil

Resumo O estudo tem por objetivo analisar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados relacionando com fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e nutricionais em escolares da rede municipal de ensino de Caxias do Sul-RS. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 1.309 escolares na faixa etária entre 6 e 16 anos. O consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi obtido por meio de um questionário de acordo com o autorrelato do escolar. Utilizou-se um questionário pré-testado para avaliar as características do escolar e dos familiares. Utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson para análise do desfecho e fatores associados por meio de um modelo hierárquico. Considerou-se estatisticamente significtivos resultados com valor p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Identificou-se elevada prevalência de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados entre os escolares (69,7%). Após análise ajustada, maiores prevalências de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foram associadas a comprar/levar lanche para escola e realizar lanches. Já o aconselhamento nutricional foi associado à proteção em relação ao consumo destes alimentos. Conclusão: Fazem-se necessárias ações de educação nutricional para escolares e responsáveis a fim de reduzir o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados pelos escolares principalmente nos lanches.

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the consumption of ultraprocessed foods and its association with sociodemographic, behavioral and nutritional factors in schoolchildren from public schools in Caxias do Sul-RS. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,309 students aged 6-16 years. The consumption of ultraprocessed foods was obtained by means of a questionnaire according to the self-report of the student. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to evaluate the characteristics of the students. A Poisson regression analysis was performed following a statistical hierarchical modeling to determine factors associated with outcome. Results with p value ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A high prevalence of ultraprocessed food consumption was identified (69.7%) among schoolchildren. After adjusted analysis, higher prevalence of ultraprocessed food consumption was associated with buying/taking snacks to school and snacking. Nutritional counseling was also associated with protection against the consumption of these foods. Nutrition education actions are necessary for schoolchildren and caregivers in order to reduce the consumption of ultraprocessed foods by schoolchildren, especially in snacks.

Evolution of out-of-home food consumption in Brazil in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 / Evolução do consumo de alimentos fora do domicílio no Brasil de 2008-2009 a 2017-2018

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution of out-of-home food consumption in Brazil in 2008-2018. METHODS We used the 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 data from the Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação (INA - National Food Surveys), conducted amid 34,003 and 46,164 individuals, to estimate the frequency of out-of-home food consumption and the contribution of this consumption to specific foods. Food consumption was analyzed using food records in the 2008-2009 INA and 24-hour recalls in 2017-2018. Estimates were generated for Brazil in general, for urban and rural areas, for age groups (adolescent, adult, elderly), and for income bracket. RESULTS The frequency of out-of-home consumption decreased by 8.8% between the two surveys, with no change in the rural area, in the Northeast and South regions, and for the lowest income brackets. We observed a slight increase among the elderly and in the Midwest region. The contribution of out-of-home food consumption to daily energy intake also decreased (16.3% vs. 12.7%), excepting the rural area, where there was a reduction in the difference in relation to the urban area between the two surveys. For most items evaluated, the out-of-home food consumption decreased. The most consumed out-of-home food were alcoholic beverages, fried and baked snacks, soft drinks, pizza, sweets, and sandwiches in both surveys. CONCLUSION In 10 years, the prevalence of food consumption and the percentage of contribution of out-of-home food decreased in Brazil, but ultra-processed foods still figure as the most consumed food group outside the home.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a evolução do consumo de alimentos fora do domicílio no Brasil no período 2008-2018. MÉTODOS Foram usados dados dos Inquéritos Nacionais de Alimentação (INA) de 2008-2009 e 2017-2018, realizados com 34.003 e 46.164 indivíduos, respectivamente, para estimar a frequência de consumo de alimentos fora de casa e a contribuição desse consumo para alimentos específicos. O consumo de alimentos foi investigado por meio de registros alimentares no INA 2008-2009 e de recordatórios 24 horas em 2017-2018. As estimativas foram geradas para o Brasil como um todo, para áreas urbana e rural, para faixas de idade (adolescente, adulto, idoso) e para faixas de renda. RESULTADOS A frequência de consumo fora de casa diminuiu 8,8% entre os dois inquéritos, sem alteração na área rural, nas regiões Nordeste e Sul e nas menores faixas de renda. Houve leve aumento entre idosos e na região Centro-Oeste. De modo geral, a contribuição do consumo alimentar fora de casa para a ingestão diária de energia também diminuiu (16,3% vs. 12,7%), com exceção da área rural, onde houve redução da diferença em relação à área urbana entre os dois inquéritos. O consumo de alimentos fora de casa foi reduzido para a maioria dos itens avaliados. Os alimentos mais consumidos fora de casa em ambos os inquéritos foram as bebidas alcoólicas, salgadinhos fritos e assados, refrigerantes, pizzas, doces e sanduíches. CONCLUSÃO Em 10 anos, a prevalência de consumo de alimentos e o percentual de contribuição dos alimentos consumidos fora de casa diminuíram no Brasil, mas os alimentos ultraprocessados ainda figuram como o grupo de alimento mais consumido fora de casa.

Stages of change in the purchase of ultra-processed snacks among university students after the implementation of the chilean food law; a multi-center study

The Objective is to determine the stages of change in the behavior of university students regarding the purchase of ultra-processed snacks consumed. Multi-center study (14 Chilean universities). The participants (4,807 students)evaluated were applied a survey to determine the stage of change of behavior regarding the purchase of foods with warning signs. The students were evaluated and classified as (a) Nutrition Students, (b) Healthcare-related Students and (c) Other degree Students. More than 90% of the students were aware of the food regulation and knew the warning signs. More than 60% of Healthcare-related and Other degree students are in the stage of pre-contemplation or contemplation regarding purchase intent of sugary drinks, juices, cookies, sweet snacks and potato chips; this value is twice the percentage of Nutrition students in this stages ( Chi2, p<0.001). In conclusion there is a high proportion of pre-contemplation and contemplation with respect to purchase intent among the students(AU)

Determinar las etapas de cambio en el comportamiento de los estudiantes universitarios con respecto a la compra de colaciones ultraprocesadas. Estudio Multicéntrico (14 universidades chilenas). A los participantes (4.807 estudiantes) se les aplicó una encuesta para determinar el cambio en el comportamiento con respecto a la compra de alimentos con sellos de advertencia. Los estudiantes se clasificaron como (a) estudiantes de nutrición, (b) estudiantes del área de la salud y (c) estudiantes de otras carreras. Se evaluaron. Más del 90% de los estudiantes conocían la regulación alimentaria y conocían las señales de advertencia. Más del 60% de los estudiantes de la salud y de otras carreras se encuentran en la etapa de pre-contemplación o contemplación con respecto a la intención de compra de bebidas azucaradas, jugos, galletas, bocadillos dulces y papas fritas; Este valor es el doble del porcentaje de estudiantes de nutrición en estas etapas ( Chi2, p <0,001). Se concluye que existe una alta proporción de pre-contemplación y contemplación con respecto a la intención de compra entre los estudiantes universitarios(AU)

Survival of commercial probiotic strains and their effect on dark chocolate synbiotic snack with raspberry content during the storage and after simulated digestion

BACKGROUND: A key challenge for manufacturers of pro-health food containing active probiotic microorganisms is to develop a product with attractive sensory features along with maintenance of declared number of microorganisms during storage and transfer by alimentary tract. RESULTS: The highest concentration of polyphenols was observed in snacks without an additive of probiotics as well as those with an additive of L. rhamnosus and B. animalis bacteria and concentration of these compounds increased by 9.5% during six months of storage. None of the products distinguished itself in the sensorial assessment although each was assessed positively. The number of microorganisms was stable and comparatively high during six months of storage at a room temperature and in cooling conditions (108 cfu/g). In the digestion model, an influence of aggressive digestion conditions was examined in the alimentary tract on the number of microorganisms, which allowed to arrange strains from the most resistant (S. boulardii) to the most sensitive (B. breve). It must be noted that currently on the market there is no available snack containing probiotic yeast as well as there is no literature data on works on such formulation of food. CONCLUSIONS: In the newly developed snack made of chocolate, in which sugar has been replaced with maltitol, a raw material was added in the form of raspberry, prebiotic in the form of inulin and a strain of probiotic bacteria, including the unprecedented so far S. boulardii, which stands a high chance to occupy a good place on the market of functional food.

Capacidad saciante y tamaño de porción para comida y snack en universitarios mexicanos / Satiating capacity and portion size for food and snacks in Mexican university

Un snack es una porción pequeña de alimentos consumida entre comidas principales con el fin de obtener energía. Su presencia en la dieta de adultos ha incrementado en la última década. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el tamaño de porción ingerida y la percepción de la capacidad saciante esperada (CSE) de diferentes alimentos si son ofrecidos como "comida" o "snack". Se diseñó y validó la encuesta para evaluar las elecciones de tamaño de porción ingerida y la CSE de 12 alimentos seleccionados a través del Análisis Descriptivo Cuantitativo (QDA). Participaron 453 estudiantes de 22±4,0 años, los resultados se evaluaron mediante análisis de varianza (ANOVA) con un nivel de confianza del 95%. En la mayoría de los alimentos (83,3%) la CSE fue mayor cuando eran "snack" que en "comida". El tamaño de porción elegido en 5 alimentos fue menor cuando eran "snack" (p<0,05); para el resto de los alimentos no se mostraron diferencias significativas. Respecto al contenido energético ingerido en los dos tiempos de comida, únicamente dos productos, ampliamente reconocidos como snacks, no presentaron diferencias. La densidad energética ingerida de los alimentos estudiados sería mayor si lo consumieran como comida vs snack (p<0,05). Los resultados concuerdan con la evidencia previa sobre los determinantes para consumo de alimentos: los ingredientes del alimento y su complejidad, la saciedad percibida y sus características orosensoriales. Se puede concluir que el contenido energético y nutrimental no fue tomado en cuenta al elegir la cantidad de alimento independientemente de si se ingiriera en "comida" o "snack"(AU)

'Snack' is a small portion of food consumed between main meals to obtain energy. Its presence in the diet of adults has increased in the last decade. The objective of the study was to determine the size of the ingested portion and the perception of the expected satiating capacity (ESC) of different kinds of food if they are offered as 'meals' or 'snacks'. A survey was conducted to evaluate the ingested portion size choices and the ESC of 12 selected foods through QDA methodology. 453 students aged 22±4.0 years participated in the study, results were analyzed with ANOVA (95% as confidence level). In most of the given choices of food (83.3%) the ESC was greater when they were offered as 'snacks' compared to 'meals'. The portion size chosen for five food options was smaller when they were considered 'snack' (p<0.05); for the rest of the food options, no significant differences were shown. Regarding the energy content ingested at the two mealtimes, only two products, widely recognized as snacks, did not present statistical differences. The consumed energy density of the food choices studied was higher when they were chosen to be consumed as meals vs snacks (p<0.05). The results correspond with previous evidence about the determinants for food consumption: ingredients and complexity of the foods, perceived satiety, and its sensorineural characteristics. It can be concluded that energy and nutritional content was not considered when choosing the amount of food regardless of whether it was ingested as a 'meal' or as 'snack'(AU)

Comparison of methodologies for fat determination and evaluation of calcium and phosphorus content in snacks for dogs / Comparação de metodologias para determinação de gordura e avaliação do conteúdo de cálcio e fósforo em petiscos para cães

In recent years, the relationship between humans and companion animals has tightened considerably and resulted in the expansion of the range of pet food industry products available in the market. In this context, snacks have gained greater popularity as pet owners seek to please their animals by providing such foods. Due to the growing importance of the snack segment, a need exists for accurate information on the nutritional composition of these products, such as fat concentration. No studies were found that evaluated the effectiveness of different methods applied for determining the content of this nutrient in dog snacks. In addition, too much mineral content can pose health risks. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare three methodologies for determining fat in pet snack products. The moisture, calcium and phosphorus content of each was also determined to compare the obtained results with each value stated on their product labels. Fat determination methods evaluated were ether extract (EE), ether extract after acid hydrolysis (EEHA), and fat content obtained from Ankom XT15 analyzer (ANKOM). Twenty-four snacks produced by 17 companies were evaluated. The results of the three methodologies were compared using the Tukey test. The comparison between the results of the laboratory analysis and the values stated on the labels was performed using descriptive statistics. There was no difference between the three methods evaluated (p = 0.34) regarding fat content. Regarding the nutritional compliance of the labels, 25% (n = 6) of the snacks presented higher moisture content than the declared amount, 50% (n = 12) presented lower fat content, 25% (n = 6) lower phosphorus content and, in 50% (n = 12), the calcium content was not within the minimum and maximum range stated on the label. Therefore, due to the absence of difference between the results, any of the three fat determination methodologies could be used. Regarding compliance of labels for calcium, phosphorus and fat content, greater control over the nutritional composition of these foods is required since most pet owners tend to supply large quantities of snacks to dogs, leading to excessive daily energy intake.(AU)

Nos últimos anos a relação entre seres humanos e animais de companhia estreitou-se consideravelmente e houve uma expansão da gama de produtos da indústria pet food disponíveis no mercado. Nesse contexto, os petiscos ganharam maior popularidade, uma vez que os tutores buscam agradar seus pets com esse tipo de alimento. Devido à crescente importância do segmento de petiscos, há a necessidade de informações precisas sobre a composição nutricional desses produtos, como o teor de gordura, uma vez que não foram encontrados estudos que avaliassem a eficácia dos métodos de determinação do teor deste nutriente em petiscos destinados a cães e o excesso de minerais pode implicar em riscos para a saúde. Assim, o presente trabalho comparou três metodologias para determinação de gordura em petiscos para cães, e também determinou os seus respectivos teores de umidade, cálcio e fósforo, cujos resultados foram comparados aos valores declarados pelos fabricantes nos rótulos dos produtos. Os métodos de determinação da gordura avaliados foram: extrato etéreo (EE), extrato etéreo após hidrólise ácida (EEHA) e teor de gordura obtido em analisador Ankom XT15 (ANKOM). Vinte e quatro petiscos produzidos por 17 empresas foram avaliados. Os resultados das três metodologias de determinação da gordura foram comparados com o emprego do teste Tukey. A comparação entre os resultados das análises laboratoriais e os valores declarados nos rótulos foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva. Não houve diferença entre os três métodos avaliados (p = 0,34) em relação ao teor de gordura dos petiscos examinados. Em relação à conformidade nutricional dos rótulos, 25% (n = 6) dos petiscos apresentaram teor de umidade superior ao declarado, 50% (n = 12) apresentaram menor teor de gordura; 25% (n = 6) menor teor de fósforo e, em 50% (n = 12) deles, o teor de cálcio estava fora da faixa mínima e máxima declarada no rótulo. Portanto, devido à ausência de diferença entre os resultados, as três metodologias de determinação de gordura podem ser utilizadas. Quanto à conformidade dos rótulos em relação aos teores de cálcio, fósforo e gordura, é necessário maior controle sobre a composição nutricional desses alimentos, uma vez que a maioria dos tutores fornece petiscos em elevadas quantidades para os cães, que podem determinar excessivo consumo de energia.(AU)

Preparing multicomponent snack bars based on tapioca flour, Brazil nut, and regional fruits / Preparación de barras multicomponentes a base de harina de tapioca, castaña de brasil y frutos regionales

ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop and assess the physicochemical, sensory parameters, and shelf life estimation of multicomponent snack bars based on tapioca flour, Brazil nut, and açaí or cupuassu pulp. The physicochemical composition of açaí- and cupuassu-flavored snack bars had, respectively, 0.92 and 0.99% ash, 19.22 and 17.02% lipids, 3.02 and 3.03% protein, 1.06 and 1.69% fiber, and 448 and 436 kcal/100 g energy value. The shear stress test showed the consumer needs to bite more strongly to break the açaí-flavored bar. The opposite was observed in the hardness test, in which the bite compression force during mastication was greater for the cupuassu-flavored bar. The bars had water activity below 0.6, which denotes microbiological stability. The sensory analysis ranked the bars between "liked slightly" and "liked very much," which was confirmed by the acceptability index above 75% for all attributes assessed. According to the results a significant increase in water activity over storage was observed suggest the packaging used in the tests did not present a satisfactory barrier to water vapor permeability. Only water activity was used to estimate shelf life, which was determined as 58 days and 49 days for the açaí- and cupuassu-flavored bars, respectively. Thus, the snack bars represent an alternative for athletes as well as individuals with celiac disease since they are gluten free.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar y evaluar los parámetros físicos, físico-químicos, microbiológicos, sensoriales y la vida útil en estante de barras a base de harina de tapioca, castaña de Brasil y pulpa de açaí o cupuaçu. En cuanto a la composición físico-química, las barras multicomponentes sabor açaí y cupuaçu presentaron, respectivamente, 0,92 y 0,99% de cenizas, 19,22 y 17,02% de lípidos, 3,02 y 3,03% proteínas, 1,06 y 1,69% de fibras y 448 y 436 kcal/100g de valor energético. La prueba de cizallamiento y dureza mostraron que el consumidor necesita una fuerza de mordida mayor para romper la barra sabor açaí. El comportamiento contrario fue observado en la prueba de dureza donde la fuerza de compresión de la mordida, durante la masticación, fue mayor en la barra sabor cupuaçu. Para el análisis sensorial se observó que las barras evaluadas recibieron notas situadas entre las categorías "me gustó ligeramente" y "me gustó mucho", resultado comprobado por el índice de aceptabilidad con valores superiores al 75% para todos los atributos evaluados. De acuerdo con los resultados, se observó un aumento significativo en la actividad de agua durante el almacenamiento, lo que sugiere que el embalaje utilizado en las pruebas no presentó una barrera satisfactoria para la permeabilidad al vapor de agua. Para la estimación de vida de estante sólo la actividad de agua fue utilizada para los cálculos, siendo el tiempo de vida de estante determinado en 58 días para la barra sabor açaí y 49 días para la barra sabor cupuaçu. Así, las barras multicomponentes elaboradas representam una alternativa para atletas, así como para portadores de la enfermedad celíaca, visto la ausencia de gluten en su composición.

Consumo de grupos de alimentos y su asociación con características sociodemográficas en población mexicana. Ensanut 2018-19 / Food groups consumption and its association with sociodemographic characteristics in Mexican population. Ensanut 2018-19

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el consumo de grupos de alimentos recomendables y no recomendables para consumo cotidiano y su asociación con características sociodemográficas en población mexicana. Material y métodos: Información tomada de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19, utilizando un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se estimaron cuartiles de consumo de siete grupos de alimentos por grupo poblacional. Se analizó la asociación del consumo con tipo de localidad, región y terciles de condición de bienestar (ICB). Resultados: Pertenecer a localidades urbanas, región norte e ICB medio y alto se asoció con mayor posibilidad de estar en los cuartiles más altos de consumo de huevo y lácteos y carnes procesadas, mientras que la región sur se asoció con mayor consumo de leguminosas y bebidas endulzadas. Conclusión: En el sur de México se consume más frutas, pero menos leguminosas, huevo y lácteos, mientras que en localidades urbanas se consume más carnes procesadas, botanas, dulces y postres.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the consumption of recommended and non-recommended food groups for daily consumption, and their association with sociodemographic characteristics in Mexican population. Materials and methods: Information from the 2018-19 National Health and Nutrition Survey from Mexico, using a 7-day food consumption frequency questionnaire, in children and adults. We estimated consumption of seven food groups in quartiles by age group. We analyzed the association of locality of residence, region and tertil of well-being index (WBI). Results: Living in urban locality, north region, or medium or high WBI were associated with higher possibility of being in higher quartiles of egg and dairy, legumes, processed meat and snacks, candies and desserts consumption. Conclusions: In the southern Mexico more fruits are consumed, but less legumes, eggs and dairy products, while in urban locations more snacks, sweets and desserts are consumed.

University food environment: characterization and changes from 2011 to 2016 in a Brazilian public university / Ambiente alimentar universitário: caracterização e mudanças no período de 2011 a 2016 em uma universidade pública brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the food environment of a public university located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to review the changes that occurred between the years 2011 and 2016. Methods Time trend study (through repeated cross-sectional studies) of the sale of food, culinary preparations and beverages in the University Campus establishments in 2011, 2012 and 2016. Variables regarding the description of the establishments and the offer, price and advertising of food, beverages and culinary preparations were assessed through a checklist. Comparisons between establishments in each year and the analysis of such comparison changes during the period were performed by assessing the difference between absolute and relative values observed in each year. Results Increased number of establishments available, good convenience and financial accessibility were observed. There was a relative disadvantage in the availability of fresh or minimally processed foods and culinary preparations; a predominance of advertising of ultra-processed foods; and lack of nutritional information of culinary preparations. The predominance of establishments selling snacks and candies increased over the years. Conclusion In the period studied, the university food environment did not favor healthy food choices.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o ambiente alimentar de uma universidade pública localizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e analisar as mudanças nele ocorridas no período de 2011 a 2016. Métodos Estudo de tendência temporal (por meio de estudos transversais repetidos) da comercialização de alimentos, preparações e bebidas nos estabelecimentos existentes dentro do campus em 2011, 2012 e 2016. Foram examinadas, por meio de checklist, variáveis referentes à descrição dos estabelecimentos e a oferta, preço e propaganda de alimentos, bebidas e preparações. A comparação entre os estabelecimentos e a análise das variações verificadas no período foi realizada com base no exame das diferenças entre valores absolutos e relativos observadas em cada ano. Resultados Foram observados aumento da disponibilidade de estabelecimentos, boa comodidade e acessibilidade financeira. Verificou-se desvantagem relativa da disponibilidade de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e de preparações, predominância de propaganda de alimentos ultraprocessados e ausência de informações nutricionais das preparações. A predominância de estabelecimentos que comercializavam lanches e guloseimas se acentuou no período. Conclusão No período estudado, o ambiente alimentar universitário não favoreceu escolhas alimentares saudáveis.

Padrões alimentares de idosos e seus determinantes: estudo de base populacional no sul do Brasil / Dietary patterns of elderly Brazilians and associated determinants: a population-based study in the south of Brazil

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos, de doenças crônicas e do recebimento de orientações em saúde no padrão alimentar de idosos. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar reduzido aplicado a 1.426 idosos residentes em Pelotas, RS, Brasil e os padrões alimentares foram obtidos por análise de componentes principais. Dois padrões foram identificados: saudável (alimentos integrais, frutas, legumes/verduras e leite) e ocidental (doces, frituras, alimentos congelados, embutidos e "fast food"). Mulheres, não fumantes e não dependentes alcoólicos aderiam mais ao padrão saudável, enquanto que homens, fumantes, dependentes alcóolicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso aderiam mais ao padrão ocidental. Maior renda e escolaridade estiveram associadas à maior adesão de ambos os padrões e a presença de doenças crônicas não esteve associada a nenhum padrão. O recebimento de orientações para hábitos saudáveis esteve associado à maior adesão ao padrão saudável e menor ao padrão ocidental. Há necessidade do fortalecimento de orientações eficazes sobre hábitos saudáveis nos serviços de saúde, com especial atenção para idosos do sexo masculino, tabagistas, dependentes alcoólicos e indivíduos com sobrepeso.

Abstract This cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of demographic and socioeconomic factors, chronic diseases, and health counseling on dietary patterns of the elderly. Food consumption was assessed by means of a reduced eating frequency questionnaire distributed to 1,426 elderly residents in Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and dietary patterns were obtained using main component analysis. Two dietary patterns were identified: healthy diet (wholegrain food, fruits, vegetables, and milk) and Western diet (sweet snacks, fried foods, frozen foods, processed meats, and fast food). Females, non-smokers, and alcohol-free individuals tended more toward the healthy diet, whereas males, smokers, alcohol-dependent, and overweight individuals tended more toward the Western diet. Higher income and schooling were associated with a higher tendency toward both diets, and chronic diseases were not associated with either diet. Receiving counseling for adopting healthy habits was associated with a higher tendency toward a healthy diet and a lower tendency toward the Western diet. There is a need to increase effective guidance on healthy habits by health services to promote healthier eating practices, with special attention to elderly males, smokers, alcohol-dependent and overweight individuals.

Composición de los alimentos incorporados en la merienda escolar en niños preescolares / Composition of Food Incorporated to the School Snack of Preschool Children

RESUMEN Introducción: Según la alta incidencia de desnutrición en el país, se realizan estudios que evidencian un bajo rendimiento físico y mental en el niño, relacionado a una inadecuada merienda escolar. Objetivo: Evaluar la composición de la merienda escolar y los factores determinantes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal correlacional, realizado en preescolares de 10 centros de educación inicial de la provincia de Santa Elena, en 2017. El universo quedó constituido por 785 niños, con una muestra de 150 binomios padres/preescolares. Se utilizó el método observacional y la encuesta aplicada, las variables estudiadas fueron: edad de los padres, sexo, nivel de instrucción, peso y talla (evaluadas según las Tablas de Valoración Nutricional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud), alimentos incluidos en la merienda y capacitación sobre alimentación saludable. En el análisis de los datos se utilizó el software SPSSS versión 21 y las medidas de tendencia central, de dispersión e intervalos de confianza. Resultados: El 84,44 por ciento de los padres incorporan alimentos saludables, 81,14 por ciento entre 21 a 25 años de edad. En la escuela "Carmen Montenegro" suministran en la merienda escolar alimentos saludables a diferencia del centro de educación "Luz Esmeralda Valdivia" en la cual añaden alimentos de bajo nivel proteico y donde 58,73 por ciento manifestó no haber recibido capacitación sobre alimentación saludable. Conclusión: Los alimentos más incorporados en la merienda escolar fueron: frutas, lácteos, legumbres y jugos naturales; y los menos añadidos fueron: dulces, jugos envasados, gaseosas y snacks(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: With respect to the high incidence of malnutrition in the country, studies are being carried out that show a low physical and mental performance in the child, associated with inadequate school snack. Objective: To evaluate the composition of the school snack and the determining factors. Methods: A descriptive, correlation, cross-sectional study was carried out in preschools children from 10 education centers in Santa Elena Province, in 2017. The study population was made up of 785 children, with a sample of 150 parent/ preschool binomials. The observational method and the applied survey were used, the variables studied were age of the parents, sex, level of instruction, weight and height (evaluated according to the Nutritional Assessment Tables of the World Health Organization), foods included in the snack, and training on healthy eating. The software SPSS v. 21 and the measures of central tendency, dispersion and confidence intervals were used in the data analysis. Results: 84.44 percent of the parents incorporate healthy foods, 81.14 percent between 21 and 25 years of age. At Carmen Montenegro School, they provide healthy food in the school snack, unlike Luz Esmeralda Valdivia Education Center, in which they add low-protein foods and where 58.73 percent said that they had not received training on healthy eating. Conclusion: The most incorporated foods in the school snack were fruits, dairy products, legumes, and natural juices; while the least added were sweets, packaged juices, soda, and snacks(AU)

Desenvolvimento de barra de cereal funcional com alto teor de fibras e avaliação da aceitabilidade / Development of functional cereal bar with high fiber content and evaluation of acceptance

Barras de cereais são uma opção de lanche rápido e saudável que podem contribuir para alimentação saudável. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e avaliação sensorial de barras de cereais com alto teor de fibras. Foi desenvolvida barra de cereal, utilizando diferentes fontes de fibras (aveia, granola, Pysillium husk, semente de chia, linhaça dourada). Foi elaborada a tabela nutricional obrigatória e análise sensorial para avaliação da sua aceitação. A barra de cereal apresentou 3,3 g de fibras, o equivalente a 13,2% do valor diário recomendado. Esse teor é satisfatório quando comparado aos produtos convencionais disponíveis no mercado. A barrinha apresentou boa aceitação sensorial para todos os atributos avaliados, sendo, no entanto, necessário, melhorar o atributo textura, que obteve menores escores.

Determinantes del consumo de alimentos no básicos de alta densidad energética en población mexicana (Ensanut 2012) / Determinants of non-essential energy-dense food consumption in Mexican population (Ensanut 2012)

Resumen: Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil sociodemográfico que se asocia con las probabilidades de consumo de alimentos no básicos de alta densidad energética (ANBADE), gravados desde 2014. Material y métodos: Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012. Se identificó el grupo de ANBADE y se estimaron modelos probit sobre las probabilidades de consumo (PC) y de alto consumo después de ajustar por energía total (PAC), en función de características sociodemográficas. Resultados: Los escolares tienen 10.7 puntos porcentuales (pp) más PAC frente a los preescolares. Pertenecer a hogares con el mayor gasto o escolaridad del jefe se asocia con una PC 3.3 y 3.2 pp mayor en comparación con los hogares de menor gasto o escolaridad del jefe, respectivamente. Vivir en localidades metropolitanas se asocia con una PAC 5.2 pp mayor frente a localidades rurales. Conclusiones: El estudio identificó las condiciones sociodemográficas que se asocian con las mayores PC o PAC de ANBADE, que podrán considerarse en el diseño y evaluación de la política alimentaria.

Abstract: Objective: To characterize the sociodemographic profile associated with the probabilities of consumption of nonessential energy-dense foods (ANBADE), taxed since 2014. Materials and methods: We used the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2012. ANBADE group was identified and probit models were estimated for the probabilities of consumption (PC) and of belonging to the high quintile of consumption after adjusting for total energy intake (PAC), as a function of sociodemographic characteristics. Results: School-aged children have a PAC 10.7 percentage points (pp) higher vs. preschool-aged. Belonging to households with the highest expenditures or education of the head of the household are associated with a PC 3.3 or 3.2 pp higher vs. households with lower expenditures or education of the head, respectively. Living in metropolitan areas is associated with a PAC 5.2 pp higher vs. rural areas. Conclusions: The study identified the sociodemographic conditions associated with the largest PC or PAC of ANBADE, which may be considered in the design and evaluation of food policy.

Evidence-based Nutritional Intervention Protocol for Korean Moderate-Severe Obese Children and Adolescents

Diet-related behavioral modification for healthy eating and lifestyle is required to improve childhood obesity. The present study aimed to develop customized nutritional intervention protocol and education program to find barriers to adhere healthy diet and lifestyle for moderate to severe obese children and adolescents and their families. Theoretical framework approaches can be used to change behavior and achieve goals. Previous studies that described the relationship between behavioral modification and nutrition education theory were reviewed. The social cognitive theory and transtheoretical model were employed with behavioral changes to target a healthful diet and lifestyle. The nutrition care process (NCP) model was adopted to customize nutrition care for the participants. Customized nutritional intervention protocol was developed following as the four steps of the NCP. Firstly, nutrition status of the participants was assessed by the nutrition expert. Nutrition problems were described as “inadequate energy intake,” “overweight/obesity,” or “food and nutrition-related knowledge deficit.” All nutrition sessions were designed for nutrition intervention to give nutritional knowledge and a practical mission in real life for individual goal setting and self-control. Meal planning, portion control, healthy snack selection and cooking with fruits and vegetables were consisted of five components of the nutrition education session. During each session, the participants and their families were interviewed by a nutrition expert for monitoring and evaluating diet-related goal setting and achievement. A theoretical and evidence-based nutritional intervention was developed for the secondary to tertiary prevention of childhood obesity. This nutrition intervention protocol and program might be helpful for the further research on childhood obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0002111

Development and Pilot Testing of the Snackability Smartphone Application to Identify Healthy and Unhealthy Snacks / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: Snacks contribute to the diet quality in youth, which is often poor. Although the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has guidelines for healthy snacks, this is lost in translation when youth are choosing snacks. To develop a userfriendly app to help identify healthy snacks based on the US Department of Agriculture guidelines and evaluate the app's feasibility, usability, satisfaction, and acceptability. METHODS: The ‘Snackability’ app was developed following the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) model. The app was pilot tested for 2 weeks among college-age students (18–24 years) using questionnaires and focus groups. Based on the feedback received, the app was improved, and pilot-tested again. RESULTS: The app had a simple score (−1 to 11) and feedback (the higher the score, the healthier the snack is). The 1st pilot test among 12 students showed that the app's feasibility and usability were >50% (p 50% (p < 0.05). Additional suggestions were to include images for serving size, snack alternatives, and barcode scanning, which were incorporated into the 3rd version. CONCLUSIONS: Snackability app was feasible, usable, satisfactory, and acceptable, and several features were improved as suggested by participants.

Dietary Life, Vitamin D Status and Blood Clinical Indices of University Laboratory Workers / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Although the number of laboratory workers is constantly increasing every year, few studies have been conducted on the health and nutritional status of these research workers. This study determined the health status of laboratory workers by analyzing their anthropometric indices, dietary life, vitamin D status and blood clinical indices. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 100 female laboratory workers. This study investigated their diet, anthropometric indices, vitamin D status and blood clinical indices. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their duration of working in a laboratory (<1 year,≥1 year). RESULTS: The average age and body mass index (BMI) of subjects were 23.18 years and 21.51 kg/m2, respectively Those subjects with over 1 year employment (≥1 year) had a significantly higher waist-hip ratio than that of the subjects with the less than 1 year employment (<1 year). The mean serum vitamin D level of all the subjects was 10.04 ng/mL, which is close to a level of vitamin D deficiency. There was a significantly higher average intake of calories in the over 1 year employment group as compared to that of the less than 1 year employment group. The frequency of eating sweet snacks was significantly higher for the over 1 year employment group. The correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D level and the time of exposure to sunlight, while dietary intake of vitamin D did not show correlation with the serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D level. However, the serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D level was also negatively correlated with both the percentage of body fat and visceral fat. CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory workers are a very high risk group in terms of their nutritional status of vitamin D. Therefore, they need greater time of exposure to sunlight as well as increasing their dietary consumption of vitamin D. In addition, it is important for laboratory worker to practice regular and balanced dietary habits in order to maintain a healthy life.

Sleep Quality and Its Association with the Dietary Behavior and Lifestyle of University Students in Cheongju / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association of the sleep quality and patterns with the dietary behavior, including snack and beverage consumption, taste preferences, as well as lifestyle of university students. METHODS: The subjects were 406 university students in Cheongju, Korea, and the data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. They were divided into two groups according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): good-quality sleepers (PSQI score ≤ 5) and poor-quality sleepers (PSQI score > 5). The data were analyzed using a χ2-test, independent t-test, and analysis of covariance using the SPSS 25.0 program. RESULTS: Fifty-two percent of university students were categorized as poor-quality sleepers by the PSQI. Students classified as poor-quality sleepers had delayed bedtimes, and a shorter duration in bed and total sleep hours than the good-quality sleepers did. Poor-quality sleepers were more prevalent among those who were female, having irregular mealtimes, or frequent late night meals. They also consumed fast food frequently, such as fried chicken and hamburgers, and noodles when adjusted for gender. In addition, drinks with caffeine over milk were dominant among poor-quality sleepers. Furthermore, the preferences for spicy and salty tastes and longer smartphone usage were more prevalent in those with poor-sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that more than 50% of university students reported disturbed sleep and poor quality sleep was associated with less desirable snack consumption and taste preference, more smartphone usage, and others. Therefore, nutrition education program along with lifestyle changes promoting sufficient sleep are encouraged to provide for university students, particularly those who have poor sleep quality.