Programa de controle do tabagismo em Mato Grosso do Sul: oferta, adesão e efetividade / Smoking control program in Mato Grosso do Sul: offer, adherence and effectiveness / Programa de control del tabaquismo en Mato Grosso do Sul: oferta, adherencia y efectividad

Objetivo: O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabagismo (PNCT) em Mato Grosso do Sul, taxas de cobertura, abandono, cessação, uso de medicamentos, rede de serviços de saúde e as razões pelas quais algumas Equipes de Saúde da Família de Campo Grande ainda não aderiram ao programa. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, baseada em dados primários e secundários sobre o PNCT em Mato Grosso do Sul. Os dados primários foram obtidos por meio de questionário aplicado aos profissionais das Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF) de Campo Grande, sem oferta do programa e avaliados quanto à frequência e presença de correlação entre as variáveis analisadas utilizando V de Cramer e teste de χ2. Os dados secundários foram obtidos do consolidado do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva com os registros produzidos pelos serviços. Resultados: As taxas de adesão, efetividade e apoio farmacológico na capital e interior foram: 66,80 e 59,79%; 20,58 e 34,91%; 32,14 e 99,86%, respectivamente. A oferta do programa ocorreu em 49,37% municípios e 43,85% das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) estimadas. Houve correlações entre ser capacitado e implantar o programa; treinamento de ingresso e oferta na UBS. As dificuldades relatadas pelos profissionais foram a pandemia de COVID-19, a sobrecarga e/ou equipe pequena e/ou falta de tempo e a ausência de capacitação/treinamento. Conclusões: O PNCT em Mato Grosso do Sul apresenta baixa cobertura e oferta restrita na rede de saúde, além do desempenho mediano de assistência aos tabagistas. Evidencia-se a necessidade de investimento em capacitação/treinamento, prioritariamente para as ESF de Campo Grande, dando-lhes condições de responder às necessidades de promoção da saúde, reconhecendo o programa como de maior custo-efetividade.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the National Tobacco Control Program (PNCT) in Mato Grosso do Sul, coverage rates, dropout, cessation, use of medication, the health services network and the reasons why Family Health Teams in Campo Grande have not yet joined the program. Methods: This was a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, based on primary and secondary data on the PNCT in Mato Grosso do Sul. The primary data were obtained by means of a questionnaire administered to Family Health Teams (ESF) in Campo Grande, which did not offer the program and evaluated the frequency and presence of correlation between the variables analyzed using Cramer's V test and the χ2 test. The secondary data were obtained from the consolidated records of the José Alencar Gomes da Silva National Cancer Institute with the records produced by the services. Results: The rates of adherence, effectiveness and pharmacological support in the capital and interior were: 66.80 and 59.79%; 20.58 and 34.91%; and 32.14 and 99.86%, respectively. The program was offered in 49.37% of the municipalities and 43.85% of the Basic Health Units (UBS) estimated. There were correlations between being trained and implementing the program and entry training and provision in the UBS. The difficulties reported by professionals were the COVID-19 pandemic, overload and/or a small team and/or lack of time and the absence of training. Conclusions: The PNCT in Mato Grosso do Sul has low coverage and restricted supply in the health network, in addition to average performance in assisting smokers. There is a clear need to invest in capacitation/training, primarily for the ESF in Campo Grande, enabling them to respond to the needs of health promotion, recognizing the program as more cost-effective.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el Programa Nacional de Control del Tabaco (PNCT) en Mato Grosso do Sul, las tasas de cobertura, el abandono, la cesación, el uso de medicamentos, la red de servicios de salud y las razones por las que los Equipos de Salud de la Familia en Campo Grande aún no se han unido al programa. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con abordaje cuantitativo, basado en datos primarios y secundarios sobre el PNCT en Mato Grosso do Sul. Los datos primarios se obtuvieron por medio de un cuestionario aplicado a los Equipos de Salud de la Familia (ESF) de Campo Grande, que no ofrecían el programa y evaluaron la frecuencia y la presencia de correlación entre las variables analizadas utilizando la V de Cramer y la prueba de la χ2. Los datos secundarios se obtuvieron de los registros consolidados del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva con los registros producidos por los servicios. Resultados: Las tasas de adherencia, eficacia y apoyo farmacológico en la capital y en el interior fueron: 66,80 y 59,79%; 20,58 y 34,91%; 32,14 y 99,86%, respectivamente. El programa fue ofrecido en el 49,37% de los municipios y en el 43,85% de las Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) estimadas. Hubo correlación entre estar capacitado e implementar el programa; capacitación de entrada y oferta en las UBS. Las dificultades relatadas por los profesionales fueron la pandemia del COVID-19, la sobrecarga y/o un equipo pequeño y/o la falta de tiempo y la ausencia de capacitación. Conclusiones: El PNCT en Mato Grosso do Sul tiene baja cobertura y oferta restringida en la red de salud, además de un desempeño medio en la asistencia a los fumadores. Hay una clara necesidad de invertir en la creación de capacidad / formación, principalmente para la ESF en Campo Grande, lo que les permite responder a las necesidades de promoción de la salud, reconociendo el programa como más rentable.

Cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical smoking cessation intervention in China primary cancer prevention / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objectives: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of typical pharmaceutical smoking cessation intervention strategies in China in the context of primary cancer prevention. Methods: Markov cohort simulation models were established to simulate the burden of 12 smoking caused cancer, including lung cancer, oral cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. Taking incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) as the main indicator, the model sets one year as the cycling period for 50 periods and simulates the cohort of 10 000 thirty-five-year-old current smokers with various smoking cessation strategies. To ensure the robustness of conclusion, univariate sensitivity analysis, probability sensitivity analysis, and age-group sensitivity analysis were conducted. Results: The results showed that varenicline intervention was the most cost-effective intervention. Compared to the next most effective option, incremental cost of each additional quality-adjusted life year is 11 140.28 yuan, which is below the threshold of willingness to pay (1 year GDP per capita). The value of ICER increased as the increasing age group of adopting intervention, but neither exceeded the threshold of willingness to pay. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that the value of discount rate, the hazard ratio and cost of intervention strategy had a greater impact on the result of ICER. Conclusion: In China, the use of varenicline to quit smoking is highly cost effective in the context of cancer primary prevention, especially for younger smokers.

Cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical smoking cessation intervention in China primary cancer prevention / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objectives: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of typical pharmaceutical smoking cessation intervention strategies in China in the context of primary cancer prevention. Methods: Markov cohort simulation models were established to simulate the burden of 12 smoking caused cancer, including lung cancer, oral cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. Taking incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) as the main indicator, the model sets one year as the cycling period for 50 periods and simulates the cohort of 10 000 thirty-five-year-old current smokers with various smoking cessation strategies. To ensure the robustness of conclusion, univariate sensitivity analysis, probability sensitivity analysis, and age-group sensitivity analysis were conducted. Results: The results showed that varenicline intervention was the most cost-effective intervention. Compared to the next most effective option, incremental cost of each additional quality-adjusted life year is 11 140.28 yuan, which is below the threshold of willingness to pay (1 year GDP per capita). The value of ICER increased as the increasing age group of adopting intervention, but neither exceeded the threshold of willingness to pay. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that the value of discount rate, the hazard ratio and cost of intervention strategy had a greater impact on the result of ICER. Conclusion: In China, the use of varenicline to quit smoking is highly cost effective in the context of cancer primary prevention, especially for younger smokers.

Consumo de tabaco en pacientes hospitalizados en Clínica Alemana de Santiago de Chile / Frequency of smoking among hospitalized patients

Background: Smoking is one of the most relevant public health problems worldwide and one of the main causes of preventable premature death. In-hospital treatment and subsequent follow-up are effective in terms of cessation. Aim: To determine the frequency of smoking habits among patients hospitalized at a private clinic in Santiago. Material and Methods: Hospitalized patients were invited to answer a structured and adapted questionnaire on smoking habits. Results: The survey was answered by 294 patients (56% women). Twenty three percent of respondents were smokers. Among smokers, 50% indicated a consumption from 1 to 5 cigarettes per day, 19% smoked during the first hour after waking, and 43% lived with another smoker in their home. Eighty three percent thought about quitting and made unsuccessful attempts to quit using different strategies. Conclusions: The percentage of smokers in this group of patients is lower than that reported in the national health survey. The high proportion of respondent that are attempted to quit and failed, justifies the availability of structured quitting programs at the hospital and follow-up strategies after discharge.

Lung Cancer Risk Attributable to Active Smoking in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#No consensus exists on the relative risk ( RR) of lung cancer (LC) attributable to active smoking in China. This study aimed to evaluate the unified RR of LC attributable to active smoking among the Chinese population.@*METHODS@#A systematic literature search of seven databases was conducted to identify studies reporting active smoking among smokers versus nonsmokers in China. Primary articles on LC providing risk estimates with their 95% confidence intervals ( CIs) for "ever" "former" or "current" smokers from China were selected. Meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled RR of active smoking.@*RESULTS@#Forty-four unique studies were included. Compared with that of nonsmokers, the pooled RR (95% CI) for "ever" "former" and "current" smokers were 3.26 (2.79-3.82), 2.95 (1.71-5.08), and 5.16 (2.58-10.34) among men, 3.18 (2.78-3.63), 2.70 (2.08-3.51), and 4.27 (3.61-5.06) among women, and 2.71 (2.12-3.46), 2.66 (2.45-2.88), and 4.21 (3.25-5.45) in both sexes combined, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The RR of LC has remained relatively stable (range, 2-6) over the past four decades in China. Early quitting of smoking could reduce the RR to some extent; however, completely refraining from smoking is the best way to avoid its adverse effects.

Potential short-term effects of tobacco control scheme under various application scenarios of tobacco control measures across the globe: a Meta-analysis / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: based on summarizing the simulation and prediction of tobacco control measures across the globe and sorting out the various scenarios of tobacco control measures, the potential short-term effects of seven tobacco control measures in different scenarios were systematically analyzed. Methods: Until April 2022, PubMed, Embase, EconLit, PsychINFO, and CINAHL databases were used to retrieve literature about tobacco control measures simulation and prediction models across the globe. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly followed. Meta-analysis for the potential short-term effects of seven tobacco control measures in different scenarios was performed using the R software. Results: A total of 22 papers covering 16 countries were selected. Five studies were conducted in the United States, three in Mexico, and two in Italy. There were all papers with the measures to tax increases, smoke-free air laws, and mass media campaigns, 21 papers with youth access restrictions, 20 with marketing restrictions, and 19 with cessation treatment programs and health warnings. The tax increases had diverse influences on the price elasticity of different age groups. The price elasticity in the age group 15-17 years was the highest, which was 0.044 (95%CI: 0.038-0.051). The potential short-term effects of smoke-free air laws in workplaces were higher than in restaurants and other indoor public places. The effects of youth access restrictions were greater in the age group <16 years than in the age group 16-17. The stronger the implementation of other measures, the greater the potential short-term effects. A comparison of seven tobacco control measures showed that the cessation treatment programs increase in cessation rate was the highest, 0.404 (95%CI: 0.357-0.456). The reduction in smoking rate and reduction in initiation rate of youth access restrictions strongly enforced and publicized was the highest in the age group <16 years, 0.292 (95%CI: 0.269-0.315), and 0.292 (95%CI: 0.270-0.316). Conclusions: The potential short-term effects of seven tobacco control measures in different scenarios were evaluated more accurately and objectively through Meta-analysis. In the short term, cessation treatment programs will substantially increase smoking cessation rates, and strong youth access enforcement will sharply reduce smoking and initiation rates among adolescents under 16. These results also offer strong data-related support for the simulation and prediction of tobacco control measures in China and other countries.

Performance of exhaled carbon monoxide measurement in smoking cessation clinics and its influence on patients' willingness and behavior for smoking cessation / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the performance of exhaled carbon monoxide measurement in smoking cessation clinics and its influence on patients' willingness and behavior for smoking cessation in China. Methods: Data of 41 566 patients who visited 257 smoking cessation clinics equipped with exhaled carbon monoxide detectors from 2019 to 2021 were selected to study the relationship between exhaled carbon monoxide measurement and patients' willingness to quit smoking as well as smoking cessation rate in those who completed follow up. Results: Only 21 470 (51.7%) of the patients received exhaled carbon monoxide measurement in the first visit. Patients who had exhaled carbon monoxide measurement were 1.87 (95%CI: 1.78-1.96) times more likely to have stronger willingness to quit smoking. The follow up results indicated that the patients with exhaled carbon monoxide measurement in the first visit were 1.10 (95%CI: 1.05-1.16) times more likely to quit smoking one month later than those without the measurement, and 1.22 (95%CI: 1.17-1.29) times more likely to quit smoking three months later than those without measurement. Conclusions: Exhaled carbon monoxide measurement can improve patients' willingness to quit smoking and increase smoking cessation rate. However, the testing rate is low in smoking cessation clinics at present. It's important to promote the equipment and utilization of exhaled carbon monoxide detector in smoking cessation clinics.

High and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in smoking cessation: A systematic review

Abstract@#Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a non-invasive brain stimulation process popularly used to treat psychiatric disorders. Multiple evidence shows effectiveness of rTMS in treating addiction, particularly in tobacco or cigarette users. This study consisted of review of current published literatures on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation following predefined eligibility criteria. The studies included evaluated at least one of the epidemiological parameters: (i) the meaning of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (ii) Effectiveness of the Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Simulation Over Behavioral therapy (iii) rTMS-associated adverse events among tobacco users@*Methodology@#We included published studies discussing rTMS in smoking cessation which examined if these interventions were effective and identified whether it has a severe negative effect on the patients. A total of 104 related studies were identified through database searches (Pubmed, Elsevier, Cochrane). Of which, 53 duplicate studies were removed. Five studies were then excluded with more than 10 years in publication. A total of 28 papers were then included in the study.@*Conclusion@#We conclude that rTMS is more effective in treating addiction in terms of smoking compared to behavioral therapy and rTMS affects triggered desired circuit which may be crucial among tobacco users. Individual neuronal excitability in the specific region’s subsequent induction may impact the therapeutic outcomes. With this, the high-frequency rTMS sequentially applied to the left superior medial frontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be an effective tool for improving the cessation rate.

Barriers to the provision of smoking cessation intervention/services: A mixed-methods study among health care workers in Zambezi region, Namibia

Background. Healthcare workers (HCWs) can play a significant role in tobacco prevention by delivering smoking cessation (SC) interventions to patients who smoke. Objective: To identify and explore the perceived barriers which prevent healthcare workers from delivering SC counselling to patients in Zambezi region, Namibia. Methods: A regional-based, concurrent mixed-methods study was conducted between March and October 2020 among HCWs of the 8 constituencies of Zambezi region, Namibia. In the study, 129 respondents, who had been residents of the selected constituencies for over 5 years and aged between 17 to 60 years, participated. Results: 129 respondents participated in the study. Majority of respondents were females (62.9% and 68.1%) compared to (37.1% and 31.9%) males. The mean age of respondents was 35.91 (SD=9.3) and 36.61 (SD=8.7) respectively and their ages ranged between 18 and 59 years. Key barriers were identified: (i) HCWs based barriers included lack of time to provide SC, inadequate training and insufficient knowledge on SC interventions; (ii) system-based barriers identified lack of SC guidelines and educational materials for patients, and specialists to refer patients; and (iii) patient/client-based barriers included lack of patient interest in SC information, patients not adhering to advise given on SC. Conclusions: This study showed that SC delivery in Zambezi region is inadequate. Barriers were identified regarding the delivery of SC intervention for the first time. Targeted SC interventions are required to combat these identified specific barriers. There is a crucial need to improve HCWs skills and knowledge in providing SC intervention.

Libres de humo: efectividad de un programa de cesación tabáquica en un Centro de Salud Comunitario de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Smoke-free: effectiveness of a smoking cessation program in a Community Health Center of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

Introducción. El consumo de tabaco representa un importante desafío para la salud pública debido a su alta incidencia y mortalidad, y es el principal factor de riesgo modificable para desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. La Residencia de Medicina General y Familiar del Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Teodoro Álvarez desarrolló un programa de cesación tabáquica en el Centro de Salud y Acción Comunitaria N◦34, que forma parte desde 2012 del Programa de Prevención y Control del Tabaquismo del Ministerio de Salud del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Objetivo. Documentar los resultados de la eficacia de este programa y explorar las variables relacionadas con la probabilidad de éxito y recaída. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuantitativo, de corte transversal analítico, con datos obtenidos de historias clínicas electrónicas entre 2017 y 2020. Fueron incluidos los pacientes que consultaron al menos en dos ocasiones al programa de cesación tabáquica y establecieron un día D al menos 30 días antes del abandono del consumo de tabaco. La eficacia terapéutica fue definida como haber permanecido al menos seis meses sin fumar, y la recaída, como el reinicio de consumo del tabaco luego de haber logrado 24 horas de abstinencia con fecha posterior al día D.Resultados.De 59 pacientes, 24 (40,7 %) lograron la eficacia terapéutica, de los cuales 5 (20,8 %) presentaron recaídas.De los 35 pacientes que no lograron alcanzar la etapa de mantenimiento, 30 (85,7 %) recayeron durante las primeras ocho semanas. El sexo masculino y el consumo de tabaco superior a 20 paquetes-año mostraron una mayor correlación con las recaídas. Conclusiones. El programa presentó una eficacia terapéutica del 40,7 % en el periodo evaluado. Se encontraron asociaciones entre una mayor eficacia terapéutica y ciertas características de los pacientes, pero se requieren más estudios para confirmar esta hipótesis. (AU)

Background. Tobacco consumption represents an important challenge for public health due to its high incidence and mortality and is the main modifiable risk factor for developing chronic non-communicable diseases. The General and Family Medicine Residence of the Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Teodoro Álvarez developed a smoking cessation program in Health and Community Action Centre N◦34. Since 2012 it has been part of the Program for the Prevention and Control of Smoking of the Ministry of Health of the Government of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Objective. To document the results of the effectiveness of the program and explore the variables related to the probability of success and relapse. Materials and methods. Quantitative, analytical cross-sectional study, with data obtained from electronic medical records between 2017 and 2020. Patients who consulted the smoking cessation program at least twice and established a D-day 30 days before quitting tobacco consumption were included. Therapeutic efficacy was defined as having remained at least six months without smoking, and relapse, as the resumption of tobacco consumption after having achieved 24 hours of abstinence with a date after day D. Results. Of 59 patients, 24 (40.7 %) achieved therapeutic efficacy, of which 5 (20.8 %) presented relapses. Among the35 patients who failed to reach the maintenance stage, 30 (85.7 %) relapsed during the first eight weeks. Male sex and tobacco consumption of more than 20 pack per year showed a greater correlation with relapses. Conclusions.The program presented a therapeutic efficacy of 40.7 % in the evaluated period. Associations were found between greater therapeutic efficacy and certain patient characteristics but more studies are required to confirm this hypothesis. (AU)

Desafios para adesão ao tratamento do tabagismo na atenção primária à saúde / Challenges for adherence to smoking cessation treatment in primary care

O tabagismo e a exposição passiva ao tabaco são importantes fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas, tais como cânceres, doenças pulmonares e doenças cardiovasculares. O uso do tabaco continua sendo líder global entre as causas de mortes evitáveis. Assim, faz-se importante a identificação e compreensão dos desafios enfrentados pela pessoa tabagista no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde. Trata-se de revisão narrativa realizada na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, e nos sites do INCA, Ministério da Saúde e páginas jornalísticas na internet. A seleção dos artigos foi resultado das associações de palavras-chave: "prevalência e tabagismo", "tabagismo e atenção primária", "tabagismo e atenção básica" "programa nacional de controle do tabagismo" e "abandono do hábito de fumar". Mesmo com o destaque brasileiro na Política de Controle do Tabaco, estudos apontam desafios que ameaçam a integralidade do cuidado à pessoa tabagista e que interferem na adesão do tratamento. O próprio modelo biomédico é um entrave social cuja influência gera limitações para a implementação da política pública. Outros desafios evidenciados foram: a forte influência da indústria do tabaco na população, a falta de capacitação dos profissionais de saúde e a não operacionalização dos princípios do SUS na atenção básica. Se faz necessário a sensibilização da população quanto as potencialidades da atenção básica para o controle do tabaco, a capacitação dos profissionais de saúde para ofertar o tratamento, a proteção das legislações da política brasileira de controle do tabaco, o diálogo entre profissionais e população qua

Proceso de enfermería para la cesación del hábito tabáquico en paciente con EPOC: Reporte de caso / Nursing Process for Smoking Cessation in COPD Patients: Case Report / Processo de enfermagem para cessação do tabagismo em pacientes com DPOC: Relato de caso

Introducción. La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y el cese del consumo de tabaco es la medida más efectiva para disminuir la incidencia y su progresión. Esta medida es especialmente eficaz en personas envejecidas, en quienes las consecuencias son más agudas a causa de los cambios biopsicosociales, cambios que aumentan la probabilidad de infecciones, dependencia funcional y fragilidad. El objetivo de este reporte es describir los cambios en el hábito tabáquico de una persona mayor con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, tras ser incluida en un plan de cuidado organizado y según las etapas del proceso de Enfermería dirigido al cese del hábito tabáquico. Metodología. Reporte de caso de Enfermería bajo el Modelo de Promoción de la Salud de Nola Pender y el proceso de Enfermería, articulado con la taxonomía diagnóstica North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, la Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería (Nursing Outcomes Classification) y la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería (Nursing Interventions Classification). Resultados. Tras el proceso de Enfermería se evidencia la cesación del hábito tabáquico en la persona mayor y se destaca en el proceso la participación del núcleo familiar y el reconocimiento de los riesgos en salud asociados. Conclusiones. Se reconoce el rol de Enfermería como preponderante en la prevención y el abandono del hábito tabáquico que, orientado por un proceso de cuidado organizado, con respaldo disciplinar y científico, ayuda a mejorar el estado de salud y manejo de los factores de riesgo.

Introduction. Quitting tobacco consumption is the most effective measure for reducing the incidence and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is a global public health issue. This measure is especially effective in seniors, in whom the consequences are more acute due to biopsychosocial changes, changes that increase the probability of infection, functional dependence and fragility. The objective of this report is to describe the changes in the tobacco habits of a senior with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after being included in an organized health care plan according to the Nursing process' stages for quitting tobacco habits. Methodology. A nursing case report under Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model and the Nursing process, articulated with the diagnostic taxonomy North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, Nursing Outcomes Classification and Nursing Interventions Classification. Results. It was evident the senior quit their tobacco habits after the Nursing process was carried out, and participation from family members and recognition of the associated health risks stood out in the process. Conclusions. The role of Nursing is pivotal in preventing and quitting tobacco habits, which, guided by an organized health care process with disciplinary and scientific support, helps improve health conditions and manage risk factors.

Introdução. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é um problema de saúde pública global e a cessação do consumo de tabaco é a medida mais eficaz para reduzir sua incidência e progressão. Essa medida é especialmente eficaz em idosos, nos quais as consequências são mais agudas devido a alterações biopsicossociais, alterações que aumentam a probabilidade de infecções, dependência funcional e fragilidade. O objetivo deste relato é descrever as mudanças no hábito de fumar de um idoso com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, após a inclusão em um plano de cuidados organizado e de acordo com as etapas do processo de Enfermagem visando a cessação do tabagismo. Metodologia. Relato de caso de Enfermagem sob o Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Nola Pender e o processo de Enfermagem, articulado com a taxonomia diagnóstica North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, a Classificação de Resultados de Enfermagem Nursing Outcomes Classification e a Classificação de Intervenções de Enfermagem Nursing Interventions Classification. Resultados. Após o processo de Enfermagem, evidencia-se a cessação do tabagismo no idoso e destaca-se a participação do núcleo familiar e o reconhecimento dos riscos à saúde associados no processo. Conclusões. O papel da Enfermagem é reconhecido como preponderante na prevenção e cessação do tabagismo, o que, pautado por um processo assistencial organizado, com respaldo disciplinar e científico, auxilia na melhoria do estado de saúde e no manejo dos fatores de risco.

Clinical analysis for 15 patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis and literature review / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is a clonal disease, characterized by proliferation of Langerhans cells that derived from bone marrow infiltrating the lungs and other organs. Due to the rarity of the disease, the current understanding of the disease is insufficient, often misdiagnosed or missed diagnosis. This study aims to raise clinicians' awareness for this disease via summarizing the clinical characteristics, imaging features, and treatment of PLCH.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively analyzed clinical and follow-up data of 15 hospitalized cases of PLCH from September 2012 to June 2021 in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University.@*RESULTS@#The age of 15 patients (9 men and 6 women, with a sex ratio of 3 to 2) was 21-52 (median 33) years. Among them, 8 had a history of smoking and 5 suffered spontaneous pneumothorax during disease course. There were 3 patients with single system PLCH and 12 patients with multi-system PLCH, including 7 patients with pituitary involvement, 7 patients with lymph node involvement, 6 patients with bone involvement, 5 patients with liver involvement, 2 patients with skin involvement, 2 patients with thyroid involvement, and 1 patients with thymus involvement. The clinical manifestations were varied but non-specific. Respiratory symptoms mainly included dry cough, sputum expectoration, chest pain, etc. Constitutional symptoms included fever and weight loss. Patients with multi-system involvement experienced symptoms such as polyuria-polydipsia, bone pain, and skin rash. All patients were confirmed by pathology, including 6 by lung biopsy, 3 by bone biopsy, 2 by lymph node biopsy, and 4 by liver, skin, suprasternal fossa tumor, or pituitary stalk biopsy. The most common CT findings from this cohort of patients were nodules and/or cysts and nodular and cystic shadows were found in 7 patients. Three patients presented simple multiple cystic shadows, 3 patients presented multiple nodules, and 2 patients presented with single nodules and mass shadows. Pulmonary function tests were performed in 4 patients, ventilation dysfunction was showed in 2 patients at the first visit. Pulmonary diffusion function tests were performed in 4 patients and showed a decrease in 3 patients. Smoking cessation was recommended to PLCH patients with smoking history. Ten patients received chemotherapy while 2 patients received oral glucocorticoid therapy. Among the 11 patients with the long-term follow-up, 9 were in stable condition.@*CONCLUSIONS@#PLCH is a neoplastic disease closely related to smoking. The clinical manifestations and laboratory examination are not specific. Pneumothorax could be the first symptom which is very suggestive of the disease. Definitive diagnosis relies on histology. There is no unified treatment plan for PLCH, and individualized treatment should be carried out according to organ involvement. Early smoking cessation is essential. Chemotherapy is the main treatment for rapidly progressing PLCH involved multiple organs. All diagnosed patients can be considered for the detection of BRAFV600E gene and relevant targeted therapies have been implemented recently.

Impacts of nicotine metabolite rate and acupuncture frequency on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the efficacy of different acupuncture frequencies in tobacco-dependent patients and explore the impact of nicotine metabolite rate (NMR) on smoking cessation in the intervention with acupuncture.@*METHODS@#A total of 120 cases of tobacco-dependent patients were randomly divided into a high-frequency group (60 cases, 12 cases dropped off) and a low-frequency group (60 cases, 6 cases dropped off). In the two groups, smoking cessation counseling was provided prior to acupuncture. Acupuncture was applied to Baihui (GV 20), Lieque (LU 7), Zusanli (ST 36), etc. Additionally, electric stimulation was added at Lieque (LU 7) and Zusanli (ST 36), with continuous wave, 15 Hz in frequency. The duration of treatment was 8 weeks in either group. In the high-frequency group, the treatment was given 5 times weekly from week 1 to week 4, and was 3 times weekly from week 5 to week 8. In the low-frequency group, the treatment was given 3 times weekly from week 1 to week 4, and was twice a week from week 5 to week 8. The immediate withdrawal rate, persistent withdrawal rate, the score of Fagerstrőm test for nicotine dependence (FTND) before and after treatment, as well as the score of Minnesota nicotine withdrawal scale (MNWS) in 1 and 8 weeks of treatment were compared among the patients with high and low NMR between the two groups separately. The Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of smoking cessation in the intervention with acupuncture.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, there was no statistical significance of the differences in the immediate withdrawal rate (35.4% [17/48] vs 29.6% [16/54]) and the persistent withdrawal rate (33.3% [16/48] vs 25.9% [14/54]) between the high-frequency group and the low-frequency group (P>0.05). The difference in withdrawal rate had no statistical significance between high and low NMR patients (P>0.05). FTND scores after treatment were lower than those before treatment (P<0.01) and MNWS scores were lower than those in 1 week of treatment (P<0.01) in the two groups. However, the differences had no statistical significance between the two groups and between the patients with high NMR and low NMR (P>0.05). Age, education level and NMR were the influencing factors of smoking cessation in the intervention with acupuncture (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture with different frequencies has no obvious impact on the efficacy in tobacco-dependent patients. The lower nicotine metabolite rate in individuals, the better efficacy of acupuncture. The smokers with high nicotine metabolite rate may obtain a better effect of cessation in the high-frequency intervention with acupuncture.

Indicadores referentes à cessação do comportamento de fumar no Brasil, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, edições 2013 e 2019 / Indicadores relacionados con el abandono del comportamiento de fumar en Brasil, Encuesta Nacional de Salud, ediciones 2013 y 2019 / Indicators related to smoking cessation in Brazil, National Health Survey, 2013 and 2019 editions

Objetivo: Descrever os indicadores de abandono do uso de tabaco, em 2013 e 2019, para o Brasil e as Unidades da Federação, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, coletadas na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Métodos: Estudo transversal, populacional e descritivo realizado com dados da PNS 2013 e 2019, uma pesquisa domiciliar coletada por entrevistadores treinados. Foram calculadas a prevalência de ex-fumantes e a proporção de fumantes que tentaram parar de fumar nos últimos 12 meses imediatamente anteriores à data da entrevista, e os respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%), segundo as variáveis sociodemográficas. Ademais, calculou-se a variação percentual entre os anos estudados. Resultados: Em 2013, a prevalência de ex-fumantes foi 17,5% (IC95% 16,9;18,0) e, em 2019, 26,6% (IC95% 26,1;27,2). Tentaram parar de fumar 51,1% (IC95% 49,3;52,9), em 2013, e 46,6% (IC95% 45,0;48,3) em 2019. Conclusão: É importante o fortalecimento e manutenção de estratégias para enfrentamento do uso de tabaco no país, de forma a aumentar a disposição e a capacidade do fumante atual de parar de fumar.

Objetivo: Describir los indicadores de abandono del hábito tabáquico en 2013 y 2019 para Brasil y Unidades Federadas, según variables sociodemográficas, recogidas en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS). Métodos: Estudio transversal, poblacional y descriptivo con datos de las PNS, 2013 y 2019, una encuesta de hogares recolectada por entrevistadores capacitados. Se calculó la prevalencia de exfumadores y proporción de fumadores que intentaron dejar de fumar en los últimos 12 meses y respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC95%), según variables sociodemográficas. Además, se calculó la variación porcentual entre los años. Resultados: En 2013, la prevalencia de exfumadores fue de 17,5% (IC95% 16,9;18,0), en 2019, 26,6% (IC95% 26,1;27,2). En 2013, el 51,1% intentó dejar de fumar (IC95% 49,3;52,9), y, en 2019, el 46,6% (IC95% 45,0;48,3). Conclusión: Es importante fortalecer y mantener las estrategias de afrontamiento del tabaquismo, para incrementar la disposición y capacidad del fumador actual para dejar de fumar.

Objective: To describe the indicators of smoking cessation in 2013 and 2019 for Brazil and federative units, according to sociodemographic variables, collected in the National Health Survey (PNS). Methods: Cross-sectional, population-based and descriptive study with data from the 2013 and 2019 PNS, a household survey collected by trained interviewers. The prevalence of ex-smokers and the proportion of smokers who tried to quit smoking in the 12 months prior to the interview, and respective confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated, according to sociodemographic variables. Additionally, the percentage variation between the years was calculated. Results: In 2013, the prevalence of ex-smokers was 17.5% (95%CI 16.9;18.0) and, in 2019, 26.6% (95%CI 26.1;27.2). In 2013, 51.1% tried to quit smoking (95%CI 49.3;52.9) and, in 2019, 46.6% (95%CI 45.0;48.3). Conclusion: It is important to strengthen and maintain strategies for coping with tobacco use in Brazil, to increase the current smoker's willingness and ability to quit smoking.

Efeitos da cessação do tabagismo no risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço: estudo caso-controle / Effects of smoking cessation in the risk of head and neck cancer: a case-control study

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de cabeça e pescoço representa o sexto câncer mais comum no mundo. É mais frequente em homens entre 40 e 65 anos de idade. Evidências apontam que a cessação do tabagismo promove a redução do risco dessa neoplasia. Contudo, a redução na prevalência do tabagismo na população não tem sido associada à redução das taxas de incidência dos cânceres de cabeça e pescoço em vários países. Observa-se crescimento proporcional do número de casos, principalmente entre homens acima de 60 anos de idade. OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores associados ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço em ex-fumantes e em homens de 60 anos ou mais em Goiânia (GO), São Paulo (SP) e Vitória (ES). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo de caso-controle multicêntrico, parte do InterCHANGE (International Consortium of Head and Neck Cancer and Genetic Epidemiology), coordenado pela IARC (Internacional Agency for Research on Cancer), que investigou a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida, hábitos alimentares e características nutricionais com os cânceres de cabeça e pescoço em ex fumantes e em homens de 60 anos ou mais. Os dados foram coletados no Hospital Araújo Jorge, Goiânia; A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo; e Hospital Santa Rita de Cássia, Vitória entre julho de 2011 a julho de 2018. Análises de regressão logística bivariada e múltipla foram realizadas para estimar odds ratios (ORs) e seu intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: Entre ex-fumantes, a cessação do tabagismo teve um impacto significativo após 11-20 anos (OR 0,22, IC 95%, 0,12-0,39) com uma redução de até 82% (IC 95%, 0,09-0,35) no risco para aqueles que pararam de fumar há mais de 20 anos em comparação com o grupo de até 5 anos de cessação. Uma história de tabagismo de alta intensidade (>40 maços-ano) aumentou o risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço em 2,09 vezes (IC 95% 1,13­3,89), comparativamente ao grupo que fumou até 20 maços-ano. O consumo passado de bebida alcoólica (OR 1,99, IC 95%, 1,06­3,82) comparado a "nunca beber" foi associado ao risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço em ex-fumantes. Houve uma diminuição do risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço em ex-fumantes com escolaridade em nível de ensino médio (OR 0,38, IC 95%, 0,16­0,91) quando comparados aos analfabetos. Ex-fumantes com consumo moderado de vegetais (OR 0,49, IC 95%, 0,28­0,85) e frutas (OR 0,43, IC 95%, 0,25­0,73) tiveram menor risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço do que aqueles com baixo consumo. Entre homens de 60 anos ou mais, o risco de câncer foi 6 vezes maior para cavidade oral (OR 6,03, 8 IC 95% 1,91-19,22) e orofaringe (OR 6,86, IC 95% 1,15-45,69) após 6-10 anos de cessação do tabagismo em comparação a não fumantes. Somente após a cessação por 11 anos para cavidade oral e mais de 20 anos para orofaringe o risco de câncer foi semelhante ao de nunca fumantes. O consumo de 15-60g de etanol/dia aumentou em mais de 5 vezes o risco de câncer de orofaringe (OR 5,49, IC 95% 1,57-23,32) em comparação à abstêmios. O consumo frequente de tomate (cavidade oral e laringe), brócolis (orofaringe), vegetais (laringe), bananas e sucos de frutas (laringe) foi associado a reduções no risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço em comparação com baixo consumo. CONCLUSÃO: A cessação do tabagismo leva a uma redução no risco de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, no entanto, o benefício não é imediato. Quanto mais cedo o hábito do tabagismo for abandonado maior será a redução do risco. Os fatores associados ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço em homens, acima dos 60 anos, são principalmente relacionados ao tabagismo e etilismo com risco persistente mesmo após a cessação do hábito de fumar.

INTRODUCTION: Head and neck cancers (HNC) are the sixth most common cancer in the world. It is more frequent among men aged 40 to 65. There is evidence that smoking cessation helps to reduce the risk of head and neck cancer. However reduced prevalence of tobacco consumption in the population has not been associated with reduced incidence rates of head and neck cancer in several countries. A proportional increase in head and neck cancer rates has been observed, particularly among men aged 60 and over. PURPOSE: To investigate associated factors with head and neck cancer in former smokers and in men aged 60 and over, from Goiânia (GO), São Paulo (SP) e Vitória (ES). MATERIAL AND METHODS: It's a multicenter case-control study integrating InterCHANGE (International Consortium on Head and Neck Cancer and Genetic Epidemiology), coordinated by IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), which investigated the relation between sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, eating habits and nutritional status with head and neck cancer among former smokers and men aged 60 and over. Data collected at three Brazilian health centers (Araújo Jorge Hospital, Goiânia; A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo; and Santa Rita de Cássia Hospital, Vitória) from July 2011 to July 2018 were analyzed by bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: 11-20 years after smoking cessation showed significant impact on HNC reduction (OR 0.22, 95% CI, 0.12-0.39), which reached 82% (95% CI, 0.09-0.35) among 20+ former smokers when compared to individuals who had stopped smoking for up to 5 years. A history of high-intensity smoking (>40 pack-years) increased HNC risk by 2.09 times (95% CI 1.13­3.89) when compared to subjects who smoked up to 20 pack-years. Past alcoholic beverage consumption (OR 1.99, 95% CI, 1.06­3.82) was also associated with head and neck cancer risk in former smokers when compared to no alcohol consumption. There was a decreased head and neck cancer risk in former smokers who had high school level of education (OR 0.38, 95% CI, 0.16­0.91) compared to illiterate former smokers. Former smokers with moderate intake of vegetables (OR 0.49, 95% CI, 0.28­0.85) and fruits (OR 0.43, 95% CI, 0.25­0.73), compared to those with low intake, had lower head and neck cancer risk. Among men aged 60 years and over, the risk of head and neck cancer was 6 times higher for oral cavity (OR 6.03, 95% CI, 1.91-19.22) and oropharynx (OR 6.86, 95% CI, 1.15-45.69) after 6-10 years of smoking 10 cessation, comparing with never smokers. The risk was similar to never smokers after 11 (oral cavity) and 20+ years (oropharynx) of smoking cessation. Drinking 15-60 g ethanol/day increased the risk of oropharyngeal cancer more than 5 times (OR 5.49, 95% CI, 1.57-23.32) compared to those who never drank. High intake of tomatoes (oral cavity and larynx), broccoli (oropharynx), vegetables (larynx), bananas and fruit juices (larynx) were associated with reduced cancer risk compared to low intake. CONCLUSION: Smoking cessation reduces the risk of head and neck cancer; however, the benefit is not immediate. The sooner the smoking cessation takes place, the greater the reduction in the risk of head and neck cancer. The associated factors with head and neck cancer among men aged 60 and over are related to smoking and alcohol beverage drinking. Even after smoking cessation men aged 60 and over had a high and persistent risk of head and neck cancer

Fatores individuais e contextual associados à cessação do tabagismo na população adulta brasileira em 2019 / Individual and contextual factors associated with smoking cessation in the Brazilian adult population in 2019

Introdução: A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) conceitua o tabagismo como problema de saúde pública por estar entre as principais causas de morte evitável no mundo. A cessação do tabagismo é mensurada por meio do índice de cessação do tabagismo, que é calculado mediante a razão entre o número de pessoas que pararam de fumar e o número de pessoas que já fumaram algum dia (ex-fumantes e fumantes). Diversos são os fatores relacionados a cessação, podendo-se destacar aspectos sociodemográficos como ter idade relativamente avançada, renda mensal mais alta e um nível educacional mais alto; fatores ambientais tais como: restrições ao fumo em casa, bem como políticas antifumo em locais públicos e locais de trabalho. Para além dos fatores individuais, sabe-se que o ambiente social e físico no qual o indivíduo está inserido influencia diretamente a saúde e o comportamento, podendo também ser um preditor da cessação ao tabagismo. Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo calcular o índice de cessação do tabagismo no Brasil, bem como, avaliar os fatores associados individuais e contextual. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo observacional do tipo transversal utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) realizada no ano de 2019. Inicialmente, foi realizada análise descritiva de cada variável estudada por meio do cálculo das frequências relativas. Posteriormente, foi realizada análise uni e multivariada, utilizando modelo de Poisson com variâncias robustas multinível para avaliar os fatores associados à cessação do hábito de fumar. No primeiro nível foram considerados os fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de saúde, e no segundo a variável contextual Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) mensurada por Unidade Federativa (UF). As ponderações pertinentes ao delineamento amostral foram consideradas e todas as análises foram realizadas com o uso do programa STATA 14.0. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de cessação do tabagismo no Brasil em 2019, foi de 68%, com média de 17 anos sem fumar (±12,9). No que se refere aos fatores sociodemográficos e econômicos associados a uma maior probabilidade de cessação foram: ser do sexo feminino (RP=1,10; IC95% 1,07-1,13), ter parceiro (RP=1,11; IC95% 1,08-1,15), ter escolaridade nível médio (RP=1,04; IC95% 1,01-1,08) ou superior (RP=1,07; IC95% 1,03-1,12), não possuir trabalho formal (RP=1,06; IC95% 1,03-1,09), frequentar atividade religiosa (RP= 1,08; IC95% 1,05-1,12), assistir propaganda sobre os malefícios do cigarro (RP=1,07; IC95% 1,02-1,11), ter hipertensão arterial (RP=1,10; IC95% 1,07­ 1,14), ter diabetes (RP= 1,07; IC95% 1,02­1,12), não presenciar fumo no domicílio (RP 1,43; IC95% 1,41-1,45), praticar exercício físico (RP=1,07; IC95% 1,03­1,10) e consumir bebida alcoólica menos de uma vez ao mês (RP 1,03; IC95% 0,99-1,07). Além disso, quanto maior o quartil de IDH da UF menor a probabilidade de cessação do tabagismo. Conclusão: Os achados do presente estudo afirmam que as desigualdades do índice de cessação têm um padrão diferente para algumas regiões do país. Dessa forma, é importante manter o monitoramento a fim de identificar possíveis localidades que precisem de intervenções mais direcionadas. O presente estudo poderá contribuir para melhoria dos processos e políticas públicas cujo foco seja a promoção da cessação do hábito de fumar.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) considers smoking as a public health problem as it is among the leading cause of preventable death in the world. Thousands of people die annually from tobacco-related diseases. Smoking cessation is measured using the smoking cessation index, which is calculated as the ratio between the number of people who have stopped smoking and the number of people who have ever smoked (ex-smokers and smokers). There are several factors related to cessation, among which are sociodemographic aspects such as being relatively advanced age, higher monthly income and a higher educational level can be highlighted; environmental factors such as attempts to quit smoking, restrictions on smoking at home, as well as anti- smoking policies in public places and workplaces, in addition to individual factors, it is known that the social and physical environment directly influences health and behavior in which a person is inserted, and may also be a predictor of smoking cessation. Objectives: This study aimed to calculate the smoking cessation rate in Brazil, as well as to evaluate individual and contextual associated factors. Methodology: This is a cross- sectional observational study using data from the National Health Survey (PNS) carried out in 2019. Initially, a descriptive analysis of each variance studied was performed by calculating the relative frequencies. Subsequently, a univariate and multivariate analysis was performed, using a Poisson model with robust multilevel variances to assess the factors associated with smoking cessation. In the first level, sociodemographic, behavioral and health factors were considered, and in the second one, the contextual variance Human Development Index, (HDI) measured by Federative Unit (FU). Weightings relevant to the sample design were considered and all analyzes were performed using the STATA 14.0 program. Results: The results showed that the smoking cessation rate in Brazil in 2019 was 68%, with an average of 17 years without smoking (±12.9). With regard to sociodemographic and economic factors associated with a greater probability of cessation, they were: being female (RP=1.10; CI95% 1.07-1.13), having a partner (RP=1.11; CI95 % 1.08-1.15), have secondary education (RP=1.04; 95%CI 1.01- 1.08) or higher education (RP=1.07; 95%CI 1.03-1.12) , not having a formal job (PR=1.06; 95%CI 1.03-1.09), attending religious activity (RP= 1.08; 95%CI 1.05-1.12), watching advertisements about the harmful effects of cigarette (PR=1.07; 95%CI 1.02- 1.11), having high blood pressure (PR=1.10; 95%CI 1.07­1.14), having diabetes (PR=1.07; 95%CI % 1.02­1.12), not witnessing smoking at home (PR 1.43; 95%CI 1.41- 1.45), practicing physical exercise (PR=1.07; 95%CI 1.03­1, 10) and consume alcohol less than once a month (PR 1.03; 95%CI 0.99-1.07). In addition, the higher the HDI quartile of FU, the lower the probability of smoking cessation. Conclusion: The findings of the present study state that the cessation rate inequalities have different pattern for some regions in the country. Thus, it is important to maintain monitoring in order to identify possible locations that need more targeted interventions. The present study will be able to contribute to the improvement of processes and public policies whose focus is on promoting smoking cessation.

Percepción y prevalencia del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos en estudiantes de Medicina / Electronic cigarettes perception and prevalence among medical students

Diversos estudios advierten de la relación a corto plazo entre el uso de los cigarrillos electrónicos y enfermedades pulmonares, cardiovasculares, además de su potencial adictivo. No existen estudios al respecto en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. MÉTODOS: Este estudio descriptivo transversal, mide la prevalencia de consumo, percepción de riesgo, motivaciones y actitudes del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en estudiantes de Medicina, mediante un cuestionario online. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 354 sujetos, 32,9% han utilizado cigarrillos electrónicos alguna vez en la vida, 6,8% en el último año y 1,1% en el último mes. La edad media de inicio fue 18,0 ± 2,2 años. Respecto a las percepciones positivas hacia los cigarrillos electrónicos: 37,1% cree que ayudan a la gente a dejar de fumar; 39,7% que son menos peligrosos que los cigarrillos y 19,0% que son menos adictivos. El consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos alguna vez en la vida se asoció al consumo de tabaco y percepciones positivas hacia cigarrillos electrónicos (efectivo para dejar de fumar y menos adictivos que los cigarrillos). Las principales motivaciones al consumo fueron "simplemente porque sí", "porque me gusta el sabor", "me lo recomendó un amigo/familiar" y "porque me relaja". CONCLUSIÓN: Se sugiere prohibir la promoción de los cigarrillos electrónicos como una opción menos dañina y adictiva que el cigarrillo, tampoco como alternativa para dejar de fumar, puesto que la evidencia científica no es suficiente para respaldar tales afirmaciones. Este estudio puede contribuir a la prevención de consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos en poblaciones jóvenes.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies warn of the short-term relationship between the use of electronic cigarettes and lung and cardiovascular diseases, in addition to their addictive potential. There are no studies in this regard in Chilean university students. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study measures the prevalence of consumption, risk perception, motivations and attitudes of e-cigarette use in medical students, using an online questionnaire. RESULTS: We analyzed 354 subjects, 32.9% have used electronic cigarettes once in their lives, 6.8% in the last year and 1.1% in the last month. The mean age of onset was 18.0 ± 2.2 years. Regarding positive perceptions towards e-cigarettes: 37.1% believe they help people quit smoking; 39.7% that they are less dangerous than cigarettes and 19.0% that they are less addictive. E-cigarette use was once in a lifetime associated with tobacco use and positive perceptions toward e-cigarettes (effective for quitting smoking and less addictive than cigarettes). The main motivations for consumption were "simply because I do", "because I like the taste", "it was recommended to me by a friend/family member" and "because it relaxes me". CONCLUSION: It is suggested to ban the promotion of e-cigarettes as a less harmful and addictive option than cigarettes, nor as an alternative to quitting smoking, since scientific evidence is not sufficient to support such claims. This study may contribute to the prevention of e-cigarette use in young populations.

Risco de iniciação ao tabagismo com o uso de cigarros eletrônicos: revisão sistemática e meta-análise / Risk of initiation to smoking with the use of electronic cigarettes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a associação entre uso de cigarros eletrônicos e iniciação ao tabagismo, por meio de uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de estudos longitudinais. Busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e PsycInfo. As etapas de seleção de referências, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente e as divergências discutidas com um terceiro pesquisador para obtenção de consenso. Meta-análise foi realizada por meio do modelo Mantel-Haenszel de efeitos aleatórios. Dentre os 25 estudos incluídos, 22 avaliaram o desfecho de experimentação de cigarro convencional e nove avaliaram o desfecho de tabagismo atual (nos últimos 30 dias). A meta-análise demonstrou que o uso de cigarro eletrônico aumentou em quase três vezes e meia o risco de experimentação de cigarro convencional (RR=3,42; IC95% 2,81-4,15) e em mais de quatro vezes o risco de tabagismo atual (RR=4,32; IC95% 3,13-5,94). O risco de iniciação ao tabagismo é significativamente maior entre usuários de cigarro eletrônico. A liberação da comercialização desses dispositivos pode representar uma ameaça para as políticas de saúde pública no Brasil.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and initiation to smoking, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. A bibliographic search was performed on the MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and PsycInfo databases. Reference selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were independently carried out in pairs, and the disagreements were discussed with a third researcher to reach a consensus. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects model. Among the 25 studies included, 22 evaluated the outcome of conventional cigarette experimentation and nine assessed the outcome of current smoking (in the last 30 days). The meta-analysis showed that the use of electronic cigarettes increased the risk of conventional cigarette experimentation by almost three and a half times (RR=3.42; 95%CI 2.81-4.15), and by more than four times the risk of current smoking (RR=4.32; 95%CI 3.13-5.94). The risk of smoking initiation is significantly higher among electronic cigarette users. The marketing authorization of such devices may represent a threat to public health policies in Brazil.