Histological and Endocrine Effects of Chronic Exposure to MP2.5 Derived from Wood Smoke in the Uterus of Nulliparous Adult Rats

SUMMARY: The study explores the relationship between chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sourced from wood smoke, and the histological structure and endocrine function of the uterus in nulliparous adult rats. It assesses potential structural changes in the uterus that could impact reproductive health, viewing PM2.5 exposure as a possible risk factor. A controlled experiment was conducted in a city known for high air pollution levels, exposing rats to filtered and unfiltered air conditions, thus mimicking human PM2.5 exposure. Histological findings indicated a significant increase in collagen density and uterine wall thickness in PM2.5 exposed subjects, suggesting a reproductive function risk. However, no significant differences were observed in progesterone and estradiol hormone levels, pointing to the complex relationship between PM2.5 exposure and its endocrine impact, and emphasizing the need for further studies for a deeper understanding. This work highlights the importance of thoroughly investigating the long-term effects of PM2.5 pollution on reproductive health, underlining the significance of considering environmental exposure as a critical factor in reproductive health research.

El estudio explora la relación entre la exposición crónica a partículas finas (PM2,5), procedentes del humo de leña, y la estructura histológica y la función endocrina del útero en ratas adultas nulíparas. Evalúa posibles cambios estructurales en el útero que podrían afectar la salud reproductiva, considerando la exposición a PM2,5 como un posible factor de riesgo. Se llevó a cabo un experimento controlado en una ciudad conocida por sus altos niveles de contaminación del aire, exponiendo ratas a condiciones de aire filtrado y sin filtrar, imitando así la exposición humana a PM2,5. Los hallazgos histológicos indicaron un aumento significativo en la densidad del colágeno y el grosor de la pared uterina en sujetos expuestos a PM2,5, lo que sugiere un riesgo para la función reproductiva. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas en los niveles de las hormonas progesterona y estradiol, lo que apunta a la compleja relación entre la exposición a PM2,5 y su impacto endocrino, y enfatiza la necesidad de realizar más estudios para una comprensión más profunda. Este trabajo destaca la importancia de investigar a fondo los efectos a largo plazo de la contaminación por PM2,5 en la salud reproductiva, subrayando la importancia de considerar la exposición ambiental como un factor crítico en la investigación de la salud reproductiva.

Effects of moxa smoke through olfactory pathway on learning and memory ability in rapid aging mice / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of moxa smoke through olfactory pathway on learning and memory ability in rapid aging (SAMP8) mice, and to explore the action pathway of moxa smoke.@*METHODS@#Forty-eight six-month-old male SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into a model group, an olfactory dysfunction group, a moxa smoke group and an olfactory dysfunction + moxa smoke group, with 12 mice in each group. Twelve age-matched male SAMR1 mice were used as the blank group. The olfactory dysfunction model was induced in the olfactory dysfunction group and the olfactory dysfunction + moxa smoke group by intraperitoneal injection of 3-methylindole (3-MI) with 300 mg/kg, and the moxa smoke group and the olfactory dysfunction + moxa smoke group were intervened with moxa smoke at a concentration of 10-15 mg/m3 for 30 min per day, with a total of 6 interventions per week. After 6 weeks, the emotion and cognitive function of mice was tested by open field test and Morris water maze test, and the neuronal morphology in the CAI area of the hippocampus was observed by HE staining. The contents of neurotransmitters (glutamic acid [Glu], gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], dopamine [DA], and 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) in hippocampal tissue of mice were detected by ELISA.@*RESULTS@#The mice in the blank group, the model group and the moxa smoke group could find the buried food pellets within 300 s, while the mice in the olfactory dysfunction group and the olfactory dysfunction + moxa smoke group took more than 300 s to find them. Compared with the blank group, the model group had increased vertical and horizontal movements (P<0.05) and reduced central area residence time (P<0.05) in the open field test, prolonged mean escape latency on days 1-4 (P<0.05), and decreased search time, swimming distance and swimming distance ratio in the target quadrant of the Morris water maze test, and decreased GABA, DA and 5-HT contents (P<0.05, P<0.01) and increased Glu content (P<0.05) in hippocampal tissue. Compared with the model group, the olfactory dysfunction group had increased vertical movements (P<0.05), reduced central area residence time (P<0.05), and increased DA content in hippocampal tissue (P<0.05); the olfactory dysfunction + moxa smoke group had shortened mean escape latency on days 3 and 4 of the Morris water maze test (P<0.05) and increased DA content in hippocampal tissue (P<0.05); the moxa smoke group had prolonged search time in the target quadrant (P<0.05) and increased swimming distance ratio, and increased DA and 5-HT contents in hippocampal tissue (P<0.05, P<0.01) and decreased Glu content in hippocampal tissue (P<0.05). Compared with the olfactory dysfunction group, the olfactory dysfunction + moxa smoke group showed a shortened mean escape latency on day 4 of the Morris water maze test (P<0.05). Compared with the moxa smoke group, the olfactory dysfunction + moxa smoke group had a decreased 5-HT content in the hippocampus (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group, the model group showed a reduced number of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus with a disordered arrangement; the olfactory dysfunction group had similar neuronal morphology in the CA1 area of the hippocampus to the model group. Compared with the model group, the moxa smoke group had an increased number of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus that were more densely packed. Compared with the moxa smoke group, the olfactory dysfunction + moxa smoke group had a reduced number of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, with the extent between that of the moxa smoke group and the olfactory dysfunction group.@*CONCLUSION@#The moxa smoke could regulate the contents of neurotransmitters Glu, DA and 5-HT in hippocampal tissue through olfactory pathway to improve the learning and memory ability of SAMP8 mice, and the olfactory is not the only effective pathway.

Probiotics supplementation reduces cigarette smoke-induced damage in the respiratory micro-architecture of mice / Suplementação com probióticos reduz os danos causados pela fumaça de cigarro na microarquitetura respiratória de camundongos

This study evaluated the protective efficacy of probiotics supplementation against cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema, inflammation, and loss of cilia in mice. Probiotics are known to promote mucosal tolerance and mitigate respiratory injuries. Twenty-four adult mice were randomly divided into three groups: control (Ctr), cigarette smoke (CS), and cigarette smoke + probiotics (CS+P). Probiotics were given for 7 days before exposure to smoke in the CS+P group. Tissue samples of the trachea (goblet cell count and index, loss of cilia), lungs (airspace distention), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected and processed. The results showed a significant increase in acidic and neutral goblet cells in the CS group compared to the Ctr and CS+P groups (P < 0.05). Overall, goblet cell number and index were lower in the CS+P group (41.71 ± 5.76, 0.67 ± 0.073) than CS group (56.28 ± 5.34, 1.31 ± 0.28). Inflammatory cells and loss of cilia significantly decreased in mice fed probiotics before exposure to cigarette smoke (P < 0.05). Lung emphysema was also significantly reduced in the CS+P group compared to the CS group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of probiotics reduced lung emphysema, inflammatory cells, goblet cell index, and loss of cilia under conditions of cigarette smoke exposure in mice.(AU)

O presente trabalho avaliou a eficácia da suplementação com probióticos contra a indução de enfisema, inflamação e perda de cílios por fumaça de cigarro em camundongos. Sabe-se que os probióticos promovem a tolerância da mucosa e mitigam as injúrias respiratórias. Vinte e quatro camundongos foram divididos, ao acaso, em três grupos: controle (CTR), fumaça de cigarro (CS) e fumaça de cigarro + probióticos (CS+P). Os probióticos foram fornecidos por sete dias antes da exposição à fumaça no grupo CS+P. Foram colhidas e processadas amostras de tecidos da traqueia (contagem de células caliciformes e index, perda de cílios), pulmões (distensão do espaço aéreo) e fluido de lavagem broncoalveolar. Os resultados obtidos revelaram um aumento significativo em células caliciformes acidificadas e neutralizadas no grupo CS quando comparado aos grupos Ctr e CS+P (P<0,05). Os números global e o índice de células caliciformes foram menores no grupo CS+P (41,71+ 5,76; 0,67+ 0,073) que no grupo CS (56,28+ 5,34 e 1,131+ 0,28). As células inflamatórias e a perda de cílios decresceram em camundongos alimentados com probióticos antes da exposição à fumaça de cigarro (P<0,05). O enfisema pulmonar também foi significativamente reduzido no grupo CS+P quando comparado ao grupo CS (P<0,05). A conclusão obtida foi que o fornecimento de dieta suplementada com probióticos reduziu o enfisema pulmonar, as células inflamatórias, o índice de células caliciformes e a perda de cílios nos camundongos expostos à fumaça de cigarro.(AU)

Aplicación de modelos metabolómicos para la identificación de EPOC en poblaciones expuestas a humo de leña en una comunidad indígena de México / Application of metabolomic models for the identificaron of coPD in populations exposed to wood smoke in an indigenous community in Mexico

Resumen Propósito: Para la evaluación metabólica de la fisiopatología pulmonar se utiliza principalmente el aliento exhalado, el cual ha tomado una gran relevancia como método de diagnóstico no invasivo, de bajo costo, rápido y seguro. El objetivo del presente estudio fue aplicar modelos metabolómicos para la identificación de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) en población vulnerable expuesta a la quema de biomasa en una comunidad indígena de México. Métodos: El estudio se conformó por 142 participantes, 44 pacientes con EPOC asociado a la quema de biomasa, 60 controles y 38 población indígena expuesta a la quema de biomasa (PIE). Las muestras de aliento exhalado se analizaron mediante una nariz electrónica (HERACLES II, Alpha MOS). Con los datos obtenidos se realizó un Análisis Canónico de Coordenadas principales (CAP), que fue utilizado para la predicción de EPOC de la PIE y se determinó la concentración de 1-hidroxipireno (1-OHP) en muestras de orina. Resultados: Se logró identificar un total 59 COVs en las muestras de aliento exhalado de los grupos de estudio, los cuales se utilizaron para establecer un modelo de discriminación entre la huella química del grupo de pacientes con EPOC y el grupo control. El modelo CAP indicó una separación entre las huellas químicas de los pacientes con EPOC y sujetos sanos, con una correcta predicción de 91,34%, con una sensibilidad y especificidad de 93,2 y 96,7% respectivamente. Se encontraron 10 participantes de la PIE con patrón obstructivo y una alta concentración de 1-OHP, determinando que existe una concentración del 1,31 ± 0,67gg/mol de creatinina. Esta concentración se encuentra más de 5 veces arriba de los valores de referencia establecidos en el 2001, que es de 0,24 gg/mol de creatinina. Al comparar los resultados de la huella química de la PIE se posicionó en el grupo de EPOC. Conclusión: Se logró obtener un diagnóstico oportuno en población vulnerable mediante el uso de la metabolómica y se demostró la exposición y los efectos pulmonares en población indígena de San Luis Potosí.

Abstract Purpose: to evaluate metabolic disorders of the pathophysiology of the lung, the exhaled breath is mainly used, this has become highly relevant as a non-invasive, low-cost, fast and safe diagnostic method. The objective of this study is to apply metabolomic models for the identification of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in a vulnerable population exposed to biomass burning in an indigenous community in Mexico. Methods: The study consisted of 142 participants, 44 patients with COPD associated with biomass burning, 60 controls and 38 indigenous population exposed to biomass burning (PIE). Exhaled breath samples were analyzed using an electronic nose (HERACLES II, Alpha MOS). With the data obtained, a Canonical Analy-sis of Principal Coordinates (CAP) was performed, which was used for the prediction of COPD of IEP and the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine samples was determined. Results: A total of 59 VOCs were identified in the exhaled breath samples of the study groups, which were used to establish a discrimination model between the chemical fingerprint of the COPD patient group and the control group. The CAP model indicated a separation between the chemical fingerprints of COPD patients and healthy subjects, with a correct prediction of 91,34%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 93,2 and 96,7%, respectively. 10 IEP participants with an obstructive pattern and a high concentration of 1-OHP were found, determining that there is a concentration of 1,31 ± 0,67gg/mol of creatinine. This concentration is more than 5 times above the reference values established in 2001, which is 0,24 -jg/mol of creatinine. When comparing the results of the Chemical fingerprint of the PIE, it was positioned in the COPD group. Conclusion: It was possible to obtain an opportune diagnosis in a vulnerable population using metabolomics and exposure and pulmonary effects were demonstrated in the indigenous population of San Luis Potosí.

Intoxicación aguda con monóxido de carbono (ICO) secundaria a pipa de agua (Narguile). Reporte de un caso / Carbon monoxide poisoning caused by water pipe smoking (Narghile). A case report

Resumen Dentro de las formas alternativas de consumo de tabaco, se describe el uso de pipas de agua (también llamadas hookah, shisha o narguile) como implementos de uso. Esta forma de uso es una forma emergente en nuestro medio, con uso en estudiantes universitarios y secundarios. Debido a que utiliza carbón para quemar el tabaco, junto a largos períodos de uso, presenta riesgo de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono, especialmente si se utiliza en ambientes cerrados. En este artículo presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 19 años, quién fue traída al hospital con una intoxicación grave por monóxi do de carbono secundaria a uso de pipa de agua, requiriendo tratamiento con oxígeno en cámara hiperbárica. Realizamos una revisión de la bibliografía.

Abstract Amongst the alternative ways of tobacco use, water pipes (also called hookah, shisha or narghile) have been used as implements. This type of use is an emergent one in our environment, being used by high school and college students. Due to the use of charcoal as a way to burn the tobacco, and the long using times it presents, the users are at risk of being poisoned by carbon monoxide, especially if they smoke in enclosed spaces. In this paper, we present the case of a 19-year-old female patient, who was brought to the hospital with a severe case of carbon monoxide poisoning, requiring treatment with oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber. We make a review of the literature.

Effect of different concentrations of moxa smoke exposure on nasal mucosal injury and expression of serum IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in rats / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of long-term moxa smoke exposure of different concentrations on olfactory function in rats, and provide experimental basis of safety study of moxa smoke produced by moxibustion.@*METHODS@#Forty SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, a low-concentration moxa smoke group, a moderate-concentration moxa smoke group and a high-concentration moxa smoke group, 10 rats in each one. The rats in the moxa smoke groups were put into three plexiglass moxibustion boxes with different moxa smoke concentrations, 4 hours per times, twice a day for 90 days. The general state of rats was evaluated before and during the experiment. After the intervention, the olfactory function was evaluated by two-bottle experiment (TBE); the morphology of nasal mucosa was observed by HE staining; the apoptosis of olfactory epithelial cells in nasal mucosa was detected by TUNEL method; the serum levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by ELISA method.@*RESULTS@#In the late stage of moxa smoke exposure (45-90 days into intervention), the behavioral activity of rats in the moderate-concentration moxa smoke group and the high-concentration moxa smoke group was weaker than that in the normal control group, and their response to stimulation was strong, and their mental state was worse. After intervention, the drinking rate of vinegar-water mixture in the moderate-concentration moxa smoke group and the high-concentration moxa smoke group was higher than that in the normal control group and the low-concentration moxa smoke group (@*CONCLUSION@#The long-term exposure to low, moderate and high concentrations of moxa smoke could cause pathological changes in nasal mucosa and increase the serum levels of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α; the moderate and high concentrations of moxa smoke exposure could cause a series of damage to olfactory function and reduce olfactory sensitivity in rats.

Tradução de diretrizes para enfermeiras da Atenção Básica sobre transtornos respiratórios infantis nas emergências climáticas florestais / Translation of guidelines for primary health care nurses on childhood respiratory disorders during forest climate emergencies

Objetivo Geral: desenvolver com a participação de um grupo de interesse, diretrizes baseadas em evidências, de abordagem à criança vulnerável aos transtornos respiratórios relacionados às queimadas sazonais na Amazônia, para utilização da enfermagem na rede de atenção básica. Método: adotou-se o modelo conceitual do conhecimento à ação de tradução do conhecimento integrado. Desse modelo, aplicou-se o ciclo da criação em três etapas: investigação do conhecimento na pesquisa de campo; síntese do conhecimento na revisão de melhores evidências e a elaboração de uma ferramenta (livro de casos) com narrativas reais de famílias e enfermeiros com diretrizes de boas práticas nos transtornos respiratórios nas emergências climáticas, construído de maneira participativa e avaliada por enfermeiros e gestores em saúde a partir da ferramenta AGREE-HS. O grupo de interesse foi composto por 25 participantes: 15 familiares de crianças na primeira infância, 04 enfermeiros (as) da atenção básica e 06 gestores (as) em saúde em 08 encontros grupais cuja dinâmica 'árvore do conhecimento' foi aplicada separadamente. Resultados: os incêndios florestais amazônicos sazonais, determinam emergências climática e ambiental que pressionam a demanda de atendimento com barreiras para a coordenação do cuidado na unidade básica de saúde. Mas, o manejo dos transtornos respiratórios infantis pela equipe de saúde da família da rede de atenção básica se fundamenta mais em princípios biomédicos da atenção primária do que os princípios da integralidade da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Na ressignificação dos interdiscursos, os participantes revelam formações ideológicas acríticas sobre os efeitos do fogo como desencadeadores de incêndios como capazes de gerar transtornos respiratórios na primeira infância. Portanto, essa visão acrítica sobre os determinantes ambiental, social e biológicos agravam as vulnerabilidades individuais, coletivas e programática da saúde infantil com limites para a resolutividade na interface de dois modelos assistenciais (biomédico e integralidade) em constante tensão. A vulnerabilidade infantil à exposição ambiental é uma problemática de saúde planetária e a ferramenta proposta 'Livro de Casos' para a enfermagem, traduz conhecimentos resolutivos, por contribuir para o aumento da eficiência dos sistemas de saúde e a satisfação dos usuários com a qualidade dos serviços. O desafio desta tradução está em preencher a lacuna da evidência, com políticas e práticas profissionais. Considerações finais: é imperativo desenvolver uma consciência de saúde planetária no enfrentamento de iniquidades em saúde e a resiliência dos sistemas de saúde e populações sobre a saúde ambiental em emergências climáticas. Há potencial na estratégia de saúde da família para a minimização de internações por causas sensíveis à atenção primária e o enfermeiro, como essencial para a construção do vínculo na primeira infância de modo autônomo e seguro. Espera-se que a ferramenta contribua com o fortalecimento da atenção básica e o enfrentamento das internações por doenças sensíveis a atenção primária, a partir do momento em que podem ser desenvolvidas habilidades e estratégias que previnam a ocorrência, complicações e mortes por transtornos respiratórios sazonais.

General Objective: To develop, with the participation of an interest group, evidence-based guidelines for approaching children vulnerable to respiratory disorders related to seasonal fires in the Amazon for the use of nursing in primary care. Method: The conceptual model of knowledge-to-action of integrated knowledge translation was adopted. From this model, the creation cycle was applied in three stages: knowledge inquiry in field research; knowledge synthesis of the state-of-art review searching for the best evidence; and, knowledge tool, the elaboration of a case book. That tool tailored family members' and nurses' narratives with the best evidence available in a format of guidelines to intervene in respiratory disorders during climatic emergencies. The entire process was conducted through a participatory approach and evaluated by nurses and health managers by the AGREE-HS tool. The stakeholders consisted of 25 participants, including 15 family members, four primary healthcare nurses, and six health managers. The participants of knowledge inquiry fieldwork were organized into eight groups that attended to the creative, sensitive dynamic named 'tree of " knowledge." Results: seasonal Amazonian forest fires determine climatic and environmental emergencies that pressure the demand for care with barriers to care coordination in the primary health unit. However, the management of children's respiratory disorders by the family health team of the primary care network is based more on biomedical principles of primary care than on the principles of the integrality of the Family Health Strategy. The interdiscourses meaning that the participants reveal uncritical ideological formations about the effects of fire as fire triggers capable of generating respiratory disorders in early childhood. Therefore, their uncritical vision of the environmental, social, and biological determinants of health aggravates children of health vulnerabilities individual, collective and programmatic. Consequently, it limits resolution at the interface of two care models (biomedical and comprehensiveness) in constant tension. Child vulnerability to environmental exposure is a planetary health problem. The proposed tool 'Case Book' for nursing translates problem-solving knowledge. It contributes to increasing the efficiency of health systems and users' satisfaction with the quality of services. The challenge remains in applying knowledge translated to fill the gap between evidence, professional policies, and practices. Final considerations: The awareness of planetary health in the face of health inequities and the resilience of health systems and populations on environmental health issues in climatic emergencies are considered imperative. There is potential in the family health strategy to minimize hospitalizations for causes sensitive to primary care and the nurse, as essential for building the bond in early childhood autonomously and safely. It is expected that the Case Book guidelines can contribute to strengthening primary healthcare services and confronting hospitalizations for diseases that are sensitive to primary healthcare intervention. During the seasonal increase of respiratory disorders among children, strategies recommended by the guideline can be developed to prevent or reduce the occurrence, complications, and deaths.

Impact of exposure to smoke from biomass burning in the Amazon rain forest on human health / Impacto da exposição à fumaça da queima de biomassa na Floresta Amazônica na saúde humana

ABSTRACT This review study aimed to determine the relationship between exposure to smoke from biomass burning in the Amazon rain forest and its implications on human health in that region in Brazil. A nonsystematic review was carried out by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, and EMBASE databases for articles published between 2005 and 2021, either in Portuguese or in English, using the search terms "biomass burning" OR "Amazon" OR "burned" AND "human health." The review showed that the negative health effects of exposure to smoke from biomass burning in the Amazon have been poorly studied in that region. There is an urgent need to identify effective public health interventions that can help improve the behavior of vulnerable populations exposed to smoke from biomass burning, reducing morbidity and mortality related to that exposure.

RESUMO Este estudo de revisão teve como objetivo determinar a relação entre a exposição à fumaça da queima de biomassa na Floresta Amazônica e suas implicações para a saúde humana nessa região do Brasil. Foi realizada uma revisão não sistemática por meio de buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO e EMBASE de artigos publicados entre 2005 e 2021, em português ou inglês, utilizando os termos de busca "biomass burning" OU "Amazon" OU "burned" E "human health". A revisão mostrou que os efeitos negativos para a saúde resultantes da exposição à fumaça da queima de biomassa na Amazônia foram pouco estudados na região. Há uma necessidade urgente de identificar intervenções efetivas de saúde pública que possam ajudar a melhorar o comportamento das populações vulneráveis expostas à fumaça da queima de biomassa, reduzindo a morbimortalidade relacionada a essa exposição.

Efeito da exposição a produtos fumígenos sobre a expressão de metalotioneínas durante a artrite experimental e sobre linfócitos T / Effect of exposure to tobacco-related products on metallothionein expression in the experimental arthritis and on T lymphocytes functions

Produtos liberados pela queima do cigarro convencional (CC) estão relacionados com a progressão clínica da artrite reumatoide (AR). Produtos fumígenos não combustíveis surgiram com a premissa de apresentarem menor toxicidade que o CC, dentre os quais está o tabaco aquecido (heat-not-burn tobacco; HNBT). Neste projeto investigamos os efeitos do HNBT sobre eventos envolvidos na AR, focando na sintomatologia, expressão de metalotioneínas (MTs), e na biologia de linfócitos T CD4+ primários e da linhagem Jurkat. Exposições in vivo ao ar, CC ou HNBT foram realizadas 2 vezes ao dia, 1 hora cada (12 CC ou 24 HNBT/hora), nos dias 14-21 da indução da artrite induzida por antígeno (AIA) em camundongos C57Bl/6. Foram realizadas análises dos parâmetros clínico da doenças, histopatologia e imunohistoquímica; quantificação de nicotina e cotinina séricas por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas (MS). Os efeitos das exposições in vitro sobre linfócitos T foram mensurados por citometria de fluxo e ELISA. A concentração de metais emitidas pelo CC ou HNBT durante as exposições foram mensurados por MS com plasma acoplado. Camundongos expostos ao CC apresentaram intensa inflamação pulmonar, expressões acentuadas de MTs hepáticas e pulmonares e exacerbação dos parâmetros de AIA quando comparados ao grupo expostos ao HNBT. Animais expostos ao CC ou ao HNBT apresentaram redução na celularidade de órgãos linfoides. Somente a exposição in vitro ao CC causou estresse oxidativo e secreção de citocinas inflamatórias, ativação do receptor de hidrocarbonetos arila (AhR) e polarização de células Th17. Diferentemente, exposição ao CC ou ao HNBT provocaram redução da secreção de IL-2 e proliferação de células Jurkat. A exposição de células Jurkat à nicotina mimetizou os efeitos inibitórios da exposição ao HNBT sobre a secreção de IL-2 e proliferação de linfócitos T. O CC liberou maiores concentrações de metais nas câmaras de exposição. Associados, nossos resultados mostram que embora exposições ao HNBT não exacerbem parâmetros inflamatórios de AIA e nem em funções linfócitos T, ambos produtos prejudicam a celularidade de órgãos linfoides e a proliferação e secreção de IL-2 por linfócitos T

Products released by burning conventional cigarettes (CC) are related to the worsening of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Non-combustible smoking products appeared with the premise of presenting less toxicity than the CC, among which is the heated tobacco (heat-not-burn tobacco; HNBT). Here, we investigate the effects of HNBT on events involved in RA, focusing on symptoms, expression of metallothioneins (MTs), and on the biology of primary CD4+ T lymphocytes and the Jurkat T cell lineage. In vivo exposures to air, CC or HNBT were performed twice a day, 1 hour each (12 CC or 24 HNBT / hour), on days 14-21 of the induction of antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) in C57Bl / 6 mice. Analyzes of the clinical parameters of the AIA, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry were performed; quantification of nicotine and cotinine by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). The in vitro effects of exposures on T lymphocytes were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. The concentration of metals released by the CC or HNBT during the exposures was measured by MS with coupled plasma. Mice exposed to CC showed intense pulmonary inflammation, marked expressions of hepatic and pulmonary MTs, and exacerbation of AIA parameters when compared to the group exposed to HNBT. Animals exposed to CC or HNBT showed a reduction in the cellularity of lymphoid organs. Only in vitro exposure to CC caused oxidative stress and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and polarization of Th17 cells. However, exposure to CC or HNBT led to reduced secretion of IL-2 and proliferation of Jurkat cells. The exposure of Jurkat T cells to nicotine mimicked the inhibitory effects of exposure to HNBT on IL-2 secretion and T lymphocyte proliferation. The CC released higher concentrations of metals in the exposure chambers. In association, our results show that although exposures to HNBT do not exacerbate inflammatory parameters of AIA or T lymphocyte functions, both products impair lymphoid organ cell function and the proliferation and secretion of IL-2 by T lymphocytes

Impact of maternal exposure to wood smoke pollution on fetal lung morphology in a rat model / Impacto de la exposición materna a la contaminación por humo de leña en la morfología pulmonar fetal en un modelo de rata

SUMMARY: Residential heating with wood is an important source of ambient air pollution. Evidence links air pollution to serious health effects such as respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. We hypothesized that prenatal exposure to wood smoke pollution causes morphological changes in the development of the rat lung, leading to altered lung structure and function during later life. We presumed that analysis of the fetal lung stereology provides novel insights into the underlying processes mediating particulate matter associated developmental changes and damage. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of exposure during gestational period to wood smoke pollution on lung fetal morphology. To test this, pregnant rats were exposed during pregestational and gestational periods to wood smoke pollution. Complete lungs samples were obtained from 24 fetus from healthy female G3 rats subjected to cesarean at 19 days post-fecundation. The lungs were prepared for histological and stereological analysis. The volume fraction of terminal bronchioles VV [tb, lung] and volume fraction of parenchyma VV [par, lung], surface density of terminal bronchioles SV [tb, lung] as well as numerical density of bronchiolar exocrinocytes NA [ec,lung] were calculated by light microscopy. Statistical analysis detected significant differences between groups in volume density VV [tb, lung; %] (p=0.0012) and surface density SV [tb, lung; mm2/mm3] (p<0.0001) of the terminal bronchioles. However, it did not show differences between groups in the stereological parameter volume density VV [par, lung; %] (p=0.0838) and numerical density of bronchiolar exocrinocytes NA [ec,lung; nº/mm2] (p=0.0705). The analysis of the evidence obtained indicates that exposure to environmental pollution was affects lung maturation, and particularly the proportion and area of terminal bronchioles in the fetal lung. In conclusion, maternal exposure to wood smoke pollution during pregnancy was associated with a decrease in the lower conducting airways of lungs, which, according to urban pollution studies, could be related to early childhood lower respiratory illness. The public health implications of this study are that reducing or avoiding exposure to wood smoke is important before and during pregnancy.

RESUMEN: La calefacción residencial con leña es una fuente importante de contaminación ambiental. La evidencia vincula la contaminación del aire con graves efectos sobre la salud, como la mortalidad y la morbilidad respiratoria y cardiovascular. Hipotetizamos que la exposición prenatal a la contaminación por humo de leña causa cambios en el desarrollo del pulmón de rata, lo que conduce a una morfo-función pulmonar alteradas durante la vida posterior, creemos que el análisis de la estereología pulmonar fetal proporcionará nuevos conocimientos sobre los procesos subyacentes que median esos cambios. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos de la exposición prenatal a la contaminación ambiental por humo de leña sobre la morfología pulmonar fetal. Ratas preñadas fueron expuestas durante los períodos pregestacional y gestacional a la contaminación por humo de leña. En fetos de 19 días post-fecundación fue obtenido el pulmón para análisis histológico y estereológico. Fue determinado la fracción de volumen de bronquiolos terminales VV [tb, pulmón], fracción de volumen del parénquima VV [par, pulmón], densidad superficial de los bronquiolos terminales SV [tb, pulmón] así como la densidad numérica de exocrinocitos NA [ec, pulmón]. El análisis estadístico detectó diferencias significativas entre grupos en la densidad de volumen V [tb, pulmón; %] (p=0,0012) y densidad superficial SV [tb, pulmón; mm2/mm3] (p<0,0001) de los bronquiolos terminales. Sin embargo, no demostró diferencias entre grupos en la densidad de volumen VV [par, pulmón; %] (p=0,0838) y numérica de exocrinocitos bronquiolares NA [ec, pulmón; nº / mm ] (p=0,0705). El análisis de la evidencia obtenida indica que la exposición a la contaminación ambiental afectó la maduración pulmonar, y particularmente la proporción y área de bronquiolos terminales en el pulmón fetal. En conclusión, la exposición materna a la contaminación por humo de leña durante la gestación se asoció a una disminución de las vías respiratorias conductoras de aire en pulmón, lo que, según estudios de contaminación urbana, podría estar relacionado con enfermedades de las vías respiratorias inferiores en la primera infancia. Las implicaciones para la salud pública de este estudio son que reducir o evitar la exposición al humo de leña es importante previo y durante la gestación. Por otro lado, la contaminación por humo de leña tiene un gran impacto en la salud pública que, en teoría, es posible prevenir.

Exposure to wood smoke pollution during pre-gestational period of rat has effects on placenta volume and fetus size / La exposición a la contaminación por humo de leña durante el período pregestacional de la rata tiene efectos sobre el volumen de la placenta y el tamaño del feto

SUMMARY: Studies in humans showed that prenatal exposure to urban air pollution (AP) influences fetal development, and increases the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and some diseases in postnatal life. However, most of these were performed in environments where the main source of environmental particulate matters (PM) emission is diesel combustion by motor vehicles and industries, thereby ignoring the effects produced by wood smoke pollution. We hypothesized that morphological changes in the placenta could contribute to the reduction in fetal size associated with different periods of exposure to AP produced by wood smoke pollution prior to and during pregnancy. The objective of the study was to investigate the quantitative effects of long-term exposure to environmental levels of wood smoke pollution on the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the placenta in rats. To test this, pregnant rats were exposed during pregestational and gestational periods to wood smoke pollution in indoor and outdoor environments. At 19 days of gestation, the placentas were obtained by caesarean and were prepared for histological, planimetric and stereological analysis. The volume and proportions of the placental compartments were estimated. In addition, stereological estimators in fetal capillaries were calculated in the labyrinth region. Crown rump length, fetus weight and litter weight were influenced by pregestational and gestational exposure periods. Exposure to wood smoke pollution during pregestational period has significant effect on the volume of the placenta, and consequently on fetal height. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that long-term outdoor exposure to wood smoke pollution from residential heating affects fetal health, decreasing the absolute volume of the entire placenta and the placental interface between the mother and fetus, decreasing the total volume of blood vessels present in the labyrinth region ofthe placenta and affecting the size of the fetus.

RESUMEN: Estudios en humanos demostraron que la exposición prenatal a la polución del aire urbano influye en el desarrollo fetal y aumenta la incidencia de resultados adversos de la gestación y algunas enfermedades postnatales. Sin embargo, la mayoría de ellos fueron realizados en entornos donde la principal fuente de emisión de material particulado, fue la combustión de petróleo por vehículos a motor e industrias, ignorando los efectos producidos por el humo de leña producido por la calefacción intradomiciliaria. Hipotetizamos respecto a que los cambios de la placenta contribuirían a la disminución del tamaño fetal relacionado a los períodos de exposición al humo de leña durante los periodos pregestacional y gestacional. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos cuantitativos de la exposición al humo de leña sobre la morfología macroscópica y microscópica en placenta de ratas. Para probar esto, ratas preñadas fueron expuestas durante los períodos pregestacional y gestacional a la contaminación por humo de leña en ambientes interiores y exteriores. A los 19 días de gestación, las placentas fueron obtenidas por cesárea y fueron preparadas para un análisis histológico, planimétrico y estereológico. Fue estimado el volumen absoluto y las proporciones de los compartimentos placentarios. Además, fueron calculados estimadores estereológicos en capilares fetales del laberinto y trofoblasto. La longitud, el peso del feto y el peso de la camada fueron influenciados por los períodos de exposición pregestacional y gestacional. La exposición a la contaminación por humo de leñá durante el período pregestacional tuvo un efecto significativo en el volumen de la placenta y, en consecuencia, en la altura del feto. En conclusión, este estudio demostró que la exposición a largo plazo al humo de leña afecta la salud del feto, disminuyendo el volumen absoluto de la placenta, además, afecta la interfaz placentaria entre la madre y feto, disminuyendo el volumen total de vasos sanguíneos presentes en la región del laberinto placentario y por consecuente afectando el tamaño del feto.

Impact of cigarette smoke and aerobic physical training on histological and molecular markers of prostate health in rats

Recent evidence suggests that aerobic physical training may attenuate the deleterious effects of cancer risk factors, including smoking. We investigated the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation and aerobic physical training on the expression of steroid receptors and inflammatory and apoptotic proteins in the prostate. Forty male Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: control (CO), exercise (EXE), cigarette smoke exposure (CS), and cigarette smoke exposure with exercise (CS+EXE). For eight weeks, animals were repeatedly exposed to cigarette smoke for 30 min or performed aerobic physical training either with or without the cigarette smoke inhalation protocol. Following these experiments, we analyzed prostate epithelial morphology and prostatic expression of androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) via immunohistochemistry. Cigarette smoke exposure stimulated the expression of AR, IGF-1, BCL-2, and NF-κB while downregulating BAX, IL-6, and TNF-α labeling in the prostate. In contrast, aerobic physical training attenuated cigarette smoke-induced changes in AR, GR, IGF-1, BCL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB. This suggests that cigarette smoke stimulates inflammation and reduces apoptosis, culminating in increased prostatic epithelial and extracellular matrices, whereas physical training promoted beneficial effects towards maintaining normal prostate morphology and protein levels.

Small airway disease in COPD associated to biomass exposure

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous entity that may result from different causative agents and risk factors and may follow diverse clinical courses, including COPD secondary to biomass smoke exposure. At present, this phenotype is becoming more important for two reasons: first, because at least almost half of the world’s population is exposed to biomass smoke, and second, because the possibility of it being diagnosed is increasing. Biomass smoke exposure COPD affects primarily women and is related with insults to the airways occurred during early life. Although constituents of biomass smoke and tobacco smoke are similar, the physiopathological changes they induce differ depending not only on the chemical composition (related with the type of fuel used) but also on the particle size and the inhalation pattern. Evidence has shown that biomass smoke exposure affects the airway, predominantly the small airways causing anthracofibrosis and peribronchiolar fibrosis changes that will clinically translate into chronic bronchitis symptoms, with a high impact on the quality of life. In this review, we focus especially on the main epidemiological and clinical differences between COPD secondary to biomass exposure and COPD caused by tobacco exposure.

Productos de tabaco calentado con especial referencia a IQOS / Heated tobacco products with special reference to IQOS

Los Productos de Tabaco Calentado (PTC) son nuevos dispositivos de consumo de tabaco que se presentan como un producto de reducción del daño. El más difundido es IQOS de Philip Morris. En el aerosol de IQOS se detectan sustancias tóxicas en menor cantidad y concentración que las detectadas en el humo del cigarrillo convencional, a excepción de algunas. Estas sustancias son capaces de producir enfermedad, con alteración de las células del epitelio bronquial y del endotelio vascular y podría producir nuevos daños, como hepato-toxicidad. La cantidad de nicotina de IQOS es muy similar a los cigarrillos convencionales, por lo que es tan adictivo como el cigarrillo normal. La concentración de sustancias tóxicas emitidas al medio ambiente es menor que las del cigarrillo convencional, pero hay riesgo para la salud de los no fumadores expuestos. La mayoría de las personas usan los PTC como complemento a los cigarrillos convencionales, no como alternativa, transformándose en fumadores duales. IQOS puede crear nuevas generaciones adictas a la nicotina, además de renormalizar el consumo de tabaco en la sociedad. Muchas Sociedades Médicas de Enfermedades Respiratorias en el mundo se han manifestado en contra del uso de los PTC, y han propuesto que deben regirse bajo las mismas políticas regulatorias que se aplican a todos los productos de tabaco, en línea con lo establecido por el Convenio Marco de Control del Tabaco de la OMS.

Heated Tobacco Products (HTP) are new tobacco consumption devices that are presented as a harm reduction product. The most widespread is IQOS by Philip Morris. In the IQOS aerosol, toxic substances are detected in a smaller amount and concentration than those detected in conventional cigarettes, with the exception of some of them. These substances are able of inducing disease. They could modify bronchial epithelial cells and vascular endothelium and could cause additional damages, such as hepatotoxicity The amount of nicotine in IQOS is very similar to conventional cigarettes, so it is as addictive as a normal cigarette. The concentration of toxic substances emitted to the environment is lower than those of conventional cigarettes, but there is a health's risk of exposed non-smokers. Most people use HTP as a complement to conventional cigarettes, not as an alternative, becoming dual smokers. IQOS can create new generations addicted to nicotine, in addition to renormalize the tobacco's use in society. Many Medical Societies of Respiratory Diseases around the world have manifested against the use of HTP, and have proposed that they should be subject to the same regulatory policies that applied to all tobacco products, in line with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Biomass smoke COPD has less tomographic abnormalities but worse hypoxemia compared with tobacco COPD

Special attention has emerged towards biomass smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), providing new knowledge for prevention and therapeutic approach of non-smoker COPD patients. However, the understanding of biomass smoke COPD is still limited and somewhat controversial. The aim of the present study was to compare COPD exclusively caused by tobacco smoking with COPD exclusively caused by environmental or occupational exposures. For this cross-sectional study, COPD patients were recruited from outpatient clinics and formed two groups: non-smoker COPD group (n=16) with exposure to biomass smoke who did not smoke cigarette and tobacco smoker COPD group (n=15) with people who did not report biomass smoke exposure. Subjects underwent pulmonary function tests, thoracic high-resolution computed tomography, 6-min walk test, and sputum induction. The non-smoker COPD group had biomass smoke exposure of 133.3±86 hour-years. The tobacco COPD group smoked 48.5±27.4 pack-years. Women were 62.5 and 66.7%, respectively, of non-smokers and smokers. The non-smoker COPD group showed higher prevalence of dyspnea, lower arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), and lower arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2%) with similar spirometry results, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. Regarding inflammatory biomarkers, differences were detected in sputum number of lymphomononuclear cells and in sputum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 with higher values in the smoker group. Emphysema was more prevalent in the tobacco smoker group, which also showed higher relative bronchial wall thickness and lower lung density by quantitative analysis. Biomass smoke induced more hypoxemia compared to tobacco in COPD patients with similar severity.

Protective effect of omega 3 and vitamin D in preventing lung-tissue damage of newborn rats exposed to cigarette smoke during intrauterine period / Efecto protector de omega 3 y vitamina D en la prevención del daño en el tejido pulmonar de ratas recién nacidas expuestas al humo del cigarrillo durante el período intrauterino

SUMMARY: This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of cigarette smoke exposure on lung and the protective role of Omega 3 and Vitamin D against these toxic effects biochemically and histologically. 28 pregnant Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups. The first group was control group; the second group was exposed to smoke of 10 cigarette by puff device 2 hours/day after pregnancy; the third group was exposed to cigarette smoke together with Omega 3 (0.5 mg/kg/day) and the fourth group was exposed to cigarette smoke together with vitamin D (42 microgram/kg/day). Finally, lung tissue sections of the newborn rats were stained with Hemotoxilen eosine and Masson tricromite. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Fluorescent Oxidation Products (FOU) levels were measured. Fetal weights and the number of fetuses were significantly lower in the group received only cigarette smoke (both p<0.001). Histopathologically, pulmonary volume, number of developed alveols and parenchyma elasticity decreased significantly, meanwhile interstitial tissue increased, elastin and collagen did not develop adequately. Histopathologic changes significantly decreased in the group given Omega 3 and Vitamin D. Statistically, MDA and FOU levels were found to be higher in the group exposed to cigarette smoke compared to the control group, and MDA and FOU levels were lower in the group given Omega 3 along with cigarette smoke (p<0.001). Cigarette smoke caused histologically significant damage to fetal lung tissue, oxidative stress and increased MDA and FOU levels. This damage was significantly reduced with Omega 3 and Vitamine D supplementation. Omega 3 is an important antioxidant; vitamin D has no significant antioxidant effect.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos tóxicos de la exposición al humo de cigarrillo en el pulmón, y el papel protector de Omega 3 y la Vitamina D contra esos efectos. 28 ratas Wistar albino preñadas fueron separadas en cuatro grupos. El primer grupo grupo control; el segundo grupo estuvo expuesto al humo de 10 cigarrillos por dispositivo de inhalación 2 horas / día después de la preñez; el tercer grupo se expuso al humo del cigarrillo junto con Omega 3 (0,5 mg / kg / día) y el cuarto grupo se expuso al humo del cigarrillo junto con vitamina D (42 microgramos / kg / día). Secciones de tejido pulmonar de las ratas recién nacidas se tiñeron con Hematoxilina Eosina y tricrómico de Masson. Se midieron los niveles de malondialdehído (MDA) y productos de oxidación fluorescente (POF). Los pesos fetales y el número de fetos fueron significativamente más bajos en el grupo que recibió solamente humo de cigarrillo (ambos p <0,001). Histopatológicamente, el volumen pulmonar, el número de alveolos desarrollados y la elasticidad del parénquima disminuyeron significativamente; mientras que el tejido intersticial aumentó y la elastina y el colágeno no se desarrollaron adecuadamente. Los cambios histopatológicos disminuyeron significativamente en el grupo que recibió Omega 3 y Vitamina D. Estadísticamente, se encontró que los niveles de MDA y POF eran más altos en el grupo expuesto al humo de cigarrillo en comparación con el grupo control, además los niveles de MDA y POF fueron más bajos en el grupo que recibió Omega 3 junto con el humo del cigarrillo (p <0,001). El humo del cigarrillo causó daños histológicamente significativos en el tejido pulmonar fetal, el estrés oxidativo y el aumento de los niveles de MDA y FOU. Este daño se redujo significativamente con los suplementos de Omega 3 y Vitamina D. El omega 3 es un importante antioxidante; la vitamina D no tiene ningún efecto antioxidante significativo.

Abordagem metabolômica no estudo de exposição gestacional à fumaça de Cannabis sativa em cobaias / A metabolomics study of gestational exposure to smoke of Cannabis sativa in mice

Os estudos de metabolômica ganham importância a cada dia, por ajudarem a explicar processos biológicos em situações normais (fisiológicas) ou patológicas. Oferecem uma nova visão sobre o impacto funcional da expressão gênica, complementando os estudos de sequenciamento gênico, que negligenciam o impacto da exposição ao meio ambiente na etiologia de doenças. A metabolômica tem sido aplicada na toxicologia, mostrando que o perfil metabólico comparativo de duas situações, controle e teste, pode desempenhar um papel importante na descoberta e validação de biomarcadores, além de contribuir para o entendimento e consequente interpretação dos mecanismos de ação tóxica de xenobióticos. Este projeto de pesquisa tem por objetivo utilizar uma abordagem metabolômica para avaliar o impacto de alterações metabólicas no cérebro da prole de camundongos, ocorridas após exposição (via inalação) à fumaça decorrente da queima de maconha (Cannabis sativa). Fêmeas gestantes foram expostas a doses diárias de Cannabis sativa ou ar filtrado durante todo o período gestacional. Após o nascimento, os filhotes machos ao atingirem a idade para o desmame, considerado como fase adolescente, foram separados de suas respectivas mães e expostos à Cannabis sativa ou ar filtrado por mais 60 dias. As amostras de cérebro da prole foram submetidas a análises por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-MS) numa abordagem metabolômica global (untargeted metabolomics). Os perfis metabólicos dos cérebros dos animais expostos (grupo teste) foram comparados com os obtidos na análise do grupo controle (não expostos), sendo identificados os metabólitos discriminadores candidatos. Estavam alterados os metabólitos: isoleucina, uréia, leucina, GABA, ácido succínico, ácido fumárico, serina, treonina, creatinina, ácido glutâmico, ácido acetilaspártico, glicerol -1 -fosfato, ácido ascórbico, tirosina, ácido cítrico, adenina, hipoxantina, inosina e uracila. A partir dos resultados apresentados, pode-se observar, que tanto a exposição gestacional à Cannabis sativa, quanto a exposição da prole na fase adolescente, provocam alterações metabólicas importantes. Os metabólitos significativamente alterados estão envolvidos no ciclo do ácido tricarboxílico, responsável pela respiração mitocondrial, na produção de energia, atuam na biossíntese de aminoácidos, glicólise, estresse oxidativo, podendo alterar o desenvolvimento e maturação do cérebro. Os resultados são preliminares, mas contribuem para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos toxicológicos envolvidos na exposição crônica causada por essa droga, contribuindo para a prevenção e diagnóstico de danos no desenvolvimento fetal e adolescente

Metabolomics studies gain importance each day because they help explain biological processes in normal (physiological) or pathological situations. They provide a new insight into the functional impact of environmental gene expression, complementing gene sequencing studies that neglect the impact of environmental exposure on the etiology of diseases. Metabolomics has been applied in toxicology, showing that the comparative metabolic profile of two situations, control and test, can play an important role in the discovery and validation of biomarkers, in addition to contributing to the understanding and interpretation of the toxic action mechanisms of xenobiotics. This research project aims to use a metabolomic approach to evaluate the impact of metabolic changes in the brain of the offspring of mice, which occurred after exposure (via inhalation) to the smoke from the burning Cannabis sativa. Pregnant females were exposed to daily doses of Cannabis sativa or filtered air throughout the gestational period. After birth, male offspring were reached adolescents weaning age were separated from their respective mothers and exposed to Cannabis sativa or to the filtrate for another 60 days. Offspring brain samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in a global metabolomic approach (non-target metabolomics). Metabolic profiles of the exposed animals brains (test group) were compared with those obtained in the control group (non-exposed), and the candidate discriminant metabolites were identified. The metabolites were altered: isoleucine, urea, leucine, GABA, succinic acid, fumaric acid, serine, threonine, creatine, glutamic acid, acetyl aspartic acid, glycerol-1-phosphate, ascorbic acid, tyrosine, citric acid, adenine, hypoxanthine, inosine and uracil were altered. From the results presented, it can be observed that both the gestational exposure in Cannabis sativa and the exposure of the adolescent phase exposure, induced important metabolic alterations. Significantly altered metabolites are involved in the tricarboxylic acid, which are responsible for mitochondrial respiration, in energy production, act at the amino acid biosynthesis, glycolysis, oxidative stress, which may alter the development and maturation of the brain. The results are preliminary but contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity and of fetal and adolescent infection

Effects of emissions from sugar cane burning on the trachea and lungs of Wistar rats / Efeitos das emissões geradas pela queima da cana-de-açúcar em traqueia e pulmões de ratos Wistar

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects of exposure to emissions from sugar cane burning on inflammatory mechanisms in tissues of the trachea and lung parenchyma in Wistar rats after different periods of exposure. Methods: This was an experimental open randomized study. The animals were divided into four groups: a control group (CG) underwent standard laboratory conditions, and three experimental groups were exposed to emissions from sugar cane burning over different periods of time, in days-1 (EG1), 7 (EG7), and 21 (EG21). After euthanasia with 200 mg/kg of ketamine/xylazine, fragments of trachea and lung were collected and fixed in 10% formalin. Histological analyses were performed with H&E and picrosirius red staining. Results: No inflammatory infiltrates were found in the tissues of CG rats. The histological examination of tissues of the trachea and lung parenchyma revealed that the inflammatory process was significantly more intense in EG7 than in the CG (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). In comparison with the CG and EG1, angiogenesis in the lung parenchyma and collagen deposition in tracheal tissues were significantly greater only in EG21 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: In this sample, emissions from sugar cane burning induced acute focal and diffuse inflammation in the lamina propria of tracheal tissues, with no loss of ciliated epithelial tissue. In the lung parenchyma of the animals in the experimental groups, there was interstitial and alveolar edema, together with polymorphonuclear cell infiltrates.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da exposição à fumaça da queima da cana-de-açúcar sobre mecanismos inflamatórios em tecidos de traqueia e de parênquima pulmonar de ratos Wistar após diferentes períodos de exposição. Métodos: Estudo experimental, randomizado, não cego. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (GC), sob condições padrão de laboratório e os demais expostos à fumaça da queima da cana-de-açúcar por diferentes períodos: em 1 (GE1), 7 (GE7) e 21 (GE21) dias. Após a eutanásia com 200 mg/kg de ketamina/xilazina, foram coletados fragmentos de traqueia e pulmão e fixadas em formol 10%. Análises histológicas foram realizadas com coloração com H&E e picrosírius. Resultados: Não houve infiltrado inflamatório nos tecidos no GC. O processo inflamatório na análise histológica de tecidos de traqueia e de parênquima pulmonar foi significativamente mais intenso no GE7 quando comparado ao GC (p < 0,05 e p < 0,01, respectivamente). Em comparação com os grupos GC e GE1, apenas no GE21 foi observada angiogênese significativa no parênquima pulmonar e aumento significativo de depósitos de colágeno em tecido de traqueia (p < 0,001 e p < 0,01, respectivamente). Conclusões: Nesta amostra, a fumaça da queima de cana-de-açúcar induziu processo inflamatório focal, difuso e agudo em tecidos de traqueia na lâmina própria, sem perda do tecido epitelial ciliado. Houve presença de edemas intersticiais e alveolares e infiltrados de células polimorfonucleares no parênquima pulmonar nos animais dos grupos experimentais.

An Unusual Case of Proctitis and Rectal Abscess due to Irritants by Artemisia asiatica Smoke (Ssukjwahun) / 대한소화기학회지

Proctitis is an inflammatory change of rectal mucosa induced by various agents or stimulus. Among many etiologies, it may be caused by medical treatments such as radiation or antibiotics. Proctitis usually presents with rectal ulcer but abscess formation is uncommon. Therapy using Ssukjwahun exerts its effect by directly applying the smoke around genital area and anus with various medicinal brewed herbs, especially worm-wood. Secondary metabolite of this plant, monoterpene, is known to facilitate circulation, exert anti-inflammatory effect, and help control pain. Herein, we report an unusual case of infectious proctitis presenting with rectal ulcer and abscess formation after perianal application of warm steam made by Artemisia asiatica smoke for treatment of dysmenorrhea.

Thirdhand smoke: when the danger is more than you can see or smell / Thirdhand smoke: cuando el peligro va más allá de lo que se ve o se siente / Thirdhand smoke: quando o perigo vai além do que se vê ou sente

Recent discussion has focused on another form of exposure to tobacco - thirdhand smoke (THS) - consisting of residual pollutants from cigarette smoke that remain in environments. The main concern with THS is based on the presence and persistence of many toxic compounds, some specific nitrosamines from tobacco that have carcinogenic activity. Little is known about THS, and few people are aware of its existence and potential health repercussions, thus highlighting the need to shed light on the subject and incorporate it into the public health debate, as was done with passive smoking several years ago. THS is a form of passive smoking, together with secondary or involuntary exposure to cigarette smoke.

Recientemente comenzó a ser discutida otra forma de exposición al tabaco -thirdhand smoke (THS)- que consta de contaminantes residuales de humo de cigarrillo que permanecen en el medio ambiente. La principal preocupación con la THS se basa en la presencia y larga persistencia de muchos compuestos tóxicos, como algunas nitrosaminas específicas que tienen actividad cancerígena. Pocos saben de la existencia de los THS y su impacto preocupante en la salud. Se plantea la necesidad de sacarlo a la luz e incluirlo en las discusiones, como se hizo con el tabaquismo pasivo hace unos años, incluso porque el THS se caracteriza como una forma de tabaquismo pasivo por la exposición secundaria o involuntaria de humo de cigarrillo.

Recentemente, passou a ser discutida mais uma forma de exposição ao tabaco - thirdhand smoke (THS) - que consiste nos poluentes residuais da fumaça de cigarro que permanecem nos ambientes. A principal preocupação com o THS é embasada na presença e longa persistência de muitos compostos tóxicos, algumas nitrosaminas específicas do tabaco que têm atividade carcinogênica. Além de se saber pouco sobre o THS, poucos sabem de sua existência e preocupante repercussão na saúde. Coloca-se em destaque a necessidade de trazê-lo à luz e incluí-lo nas discussões, assim como foi feito com o tabagismo passivo alguns anos atrás, até mesmo porque o THS se caracteriza como uma forma de tabagismo passivo junto à exposição secundária ou involuntária da fumaça de cigarro.