RESUMEN
Chuanxiong Rhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicinal material mainly produced in Sichuan and Chongqing of China. In recent years, the cadmium content in Chuanxiong Rhizoma produced in most of the genuine producing areas has exceeded the standard, which makes Chuanxiong Rhizoma difficult to be exported. To solve the problem of excessive cadmium content in soil, this study employed the MaxEnt model to simulate the potential geographic distribution of Ligusticum chuanxiong and evaluate important environmental factors, and re-plan its ecologically suitable areas based on the mineral distribution characteristics and soil cadmium pollution status. The results showed that the places suitable for L. chuanxiong growing covered an area of 335 523.69 km~2, mainly in central and eastern Sichuan, southern Shaanxi and most parts of Chongqing. Among them, the highly suitable areas of L. chuanxiong were mainly concentrated in Chengdu, Ya'an, Deyang, and Mianyang. Solar radiation, annual precipitation, and annual range of temperature were evaluated as important variables affecting the distribution of L. chuanxiong, with the contribution rates of 62.3%, 13.3%, and 6.8%, respectively. In addition, Qionglai county, Chongqing county, Mianyang city(Youxian district and Fucheng district), Qingchuan county, and Xinjin county were classified into the first-class ecologically suitable zone, covering a total area of 2 768.87 km~2. The se-cond-class ecologically suitable zone was even wider, involving such counties as Tongjiang county, Renshou county, Jianyang county, and Nanjiang county, and the total area reached 43 616.92 km~2. The re-planning of the ecologically suitable areas for L. chuanxiong has provided strong data support for the cultivation and resource development of L. chuanxiong and also new ideas for solving the problem of excessive cadmium content in L. chuanxiong.
Asunto(s)
Cadmio/toxicidad , Contaminación Ambiental , Ligusticum , Rizoma , SueloRESUMEN
As an environment-friendly agriculture, ecological agriculture of Chinese materia medica(CMM) is being implemented in all parts of the country. Due to the stronger dependence on natural environmental conditions, ecological agriculture of CMM shows obvious regional differences in production practice. More mature CMM ecological planting patterns representative of each region were collected. It was found that common types of patterns in various regions of the country mainly included intercropping,intercropping,rotation planting mode, undergrowth planting mode, wild tending planting mode and landscape ecological planting mode. Based on the Construction Plan of National Dao-di Herbs Production Base(2018-2025) and Chinese Medicine Division, this paper systematically sorts out the pattern of ecological planting of CMM in the 8-avenue medicinal materials production areas according to the varieties and regions. The specific pattern of ecological planting of CMM included the ginseng undergrowth planting pattern in northeastern China, the bionics wild ecological planting of the Forsythia suspensa in northern China, the Fritillaria thunbergii-rice rotation in eastern China, the imitation wild planting pattern under the Polygonatum cyrtonema in central China, the planting pattern of the Fructus amomi under forest in southern China, the Ligusticum chuanxiong-rice rotation pattern in the Southwest, wild tending of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in the Northwest, and rhubarb imitation wild planting pattern in Qinghai-Tibet area. Finally, it is expected to provide reference for the screening and popularization of ecological planting patterns of other CMMs in various distribution areas.
Asunto(s)
China , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Ligusticum , Materia Medica , Medicina Tradicional China , TibetRESUMEN
The method of classifying the quality grade of traditional Chinese medicine slices with cross section model quality constant was applied to the grade evaluation of Ligusticum chuanxiong pieces,and a reasonable grade standard of L. chuanxiong pieces was established. The purpose is to classify the 15 batches of L. chuanxiong pieces by combining the advantages of traditional grading with modern quality control indicators. By measuring the natural morphological parameters,processing parameters and the intrinsic content of ferulic acid,an important active ingredient,of the 15 batches of L. chuanxiong pieces collected from different manufacturers and different batches of different medicinal materials markets,we can synthesize the results. The mass constants and percentage mass constants are calculated and analyzed based on the above data. The results showed that the quality constants of 15 batches of L. chuanxiong pieces collected ranged from 0.53-3.00; if the percentage mass constants were more than 80%,50%-80% was second-class pieces,and the rest were third-class pieces,the evaluation results were as follows: the quality constants of first-class L. chuanxiong pieces were more than 2.40,the quality constants of second-class L. chuanxiong pieces should be 1.70-2.40,and the quality constants of third-class L. chuanxiong pieces should be less than 1.70. In this paper,the method of dividing the quality constants of the top blade model into different grades is further applied and practiced,which proves that the method is scientific,reasonable and multi-adaptable. At the same time,it enriches the research data of the grade evaluation of L. chuanxiong pieces,provides a useful reference for the promotion of the grade evaluation of L. chuanxiong pieces,and lays an experimental foundation for the next research of the subject group.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Estándares de Referencia , Ligusticum , Química , Medicina Tradicional China , Control de CalidadRESUMEN
Aiming at the phenomenon of heavy metal Cd exceeding the standard of Chuanxiong medicinal materials,the accumulation of 12 inorganic elements,including heavy metals,in Ligusticum chuanxiong was studied in this paper. It was found that the contents and distribution of most inorganic elements in the stems and leaves of L. chuanxiong were higher than those in the rhizomes at seedling and shooting stages. The content of most elements in rhizome reached the highest at harvest stage,and the distribution ratio of some elements in rhizome was higher than that in stem and leaf at harvest stage. But rhizome,stem and leaf of L. chuanxiong have relatively stable absorption capacity and enrichment effect on different elements,and are less affected by growth period and position. Rhizomes and stems and leaves of L. chuanxiong were enriched with Cd,and stems and leaves also accumulated Pb at seedling stage and stem stage. The absorption capacity of Pb in stems and leaves of L. chuanxiong was higher than that of rhizomes,and the ability of absorbing Cd was less than that of rhizomes at harvest time. The total uptake of Cd and Pb by L. chuanxiong decreased with the prolongation of growth time,but the proportion of Cd and Pb in rhizome increased,so that the content of Cd and Pb increased with the prolongation of growth time.
Asunto(s)
Cadmio , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Química , Ligusticum , Química , Metales Pesados , Hojas de la Planta , Química , Tallos de la Planta , Química , Rizoma , QuímicaRESUMEN
Quality constant is a kind of grading evaluation method of traditional Chinese medicine pieces based on the combination of traditional knowledge and modern quality control. This method has been successfully applied in the grading evaluation of Glycyrrizae Radix et Rhizome pieces and traditional Chinese medicine pieces,and with a positive influence in the industry. With Dachuanxiong Formula for example,different grades of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Gastrodia elata pieces formed high-quality,moderate and qualified Dachuanxiong Formula on the basis of the grading evaluation of the pieces,and the pharmacodynamics method was used to evaluate its efficacy. The results showed that the maximum vascular diastolic rates of Dachuanxiong Formula in the three grades were( 80. 3±5. 2) %,( 67. 0±6. 1) %and( 60. 3±6. 5) %,and the strength of pharmacodynamics was positively correlated with the grade of L. chuanxiong and G. elata pieces.The quality constant technique can objectively and quantitatively classify single decoctions,and has important correlations and prompts for the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions composed of these pieces,with important significance in promoting hierarchical management of the industry,implementing better price for high quality and defining high quality and superior effect.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Estándares de Referencia , Gastrodia , Química , Glycyrrhiza , Química , Ligusticum , Química , Medicina Tradicional China , Raíces de Plantas , Química , Control de Calidad , Rizoma , QuímicaRESUMEN
Ligustrazine is an important active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine Chuanxiong Rhizoma, but its content is a controversial topic. The endophytes of medicinal plants have the ability to produce the same active substances as the host, so this report focused on the endophytic Bacillus subtilis, to study the origin of ligustrazine in Chuanxiong Rhizoma preliminarily by inoculating the isolated endophytic B. subtilis to the Chuanxiong Rhizoma medium for solid state fermentation. Tissue grinding method was used to isolate the endogenetic B. subtilis. The morphological features, conventional physiological and biochemical reactions and 16S rRNA molecular techniques were combined to identify the endogenetic strains. Then, the strains that grew well in the medicinal matrix of Chuanxiong Rhizoma were screened out for further fermentation studies. The solid-state fermentation was performed at 37 °C for 30 d using Chuanxiong Rhizoma fermentation medium (40 g Chuanxiong Rhizoma powder, 100 mL sterile water, 121 °C, sterilization for 25 minutes). UPLC was used to detect the contents of ligustrazine, acetoin in the Chuanxiong Rhizoma fermentation medium and Chuanxiong Rhizoma. All the five strains were Gram-positive and had spores. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence showed that the endophytes were B. subtilis. The results of UPLC showed that ligustrazine was detected in the Chuanxiong Rhizoma fermentation medium inoculated with endogenetic B. subtilis LB3, LB3-2-1, LB4, LB5 and LB6-2, while not detected neither in blank Chuanxiong Rhizoma fermentation medium nor in Chuanxiong Rhizoma. This study showed that the endogenetic B. subtilis of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. can make use of Chuanxiong Rhizoma fermentation medium to produce ligustrazine. Endogenetic B. subtilis has a certain correlation with the accumulation of ligustrazine in Rhizoma Chuanxiong. We speculate that the ligustrazine may be derived from the catabolism of endogenetic B. subtilis in Ligusticum chuanxiong.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus subtilis , Endófitos , Fermentación , Ligusticum , Química , Microbiología , Filogenia , Pirazinas , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Rizoma , QuímicaRESUMEN
To discuss the availability of evaluation on the dissolution studies of the multicomponents in traditional Chinese medicine, the in vitro dissolution of total composition of the tablet of rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong components and its correlation with the in vivo were studied by the method of area under the absorbance-wavelength curve (AUAWC). Taken the tablet of rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong components which is composed of sodium ferulate and ligustrazine hydrochloride as subject model, the dissolution tests were carried out with basket method. The plasma concentrations of tablets in different rats were determined by AUAWC at different interval times. The in vivo absorption percentage was calculated by Wagner-Nelson equation to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo correlation. According to the results, the cumulative dissolution in vitro of total composition of tablets of rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong components at 60 min was 90.65% in water by AUAWC. The in vivo pharmacokinetics is fitted with an one-compartment model. The linear equation based on the cumulative dissolution rate (fr) and absorption percentage (fa) at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min was fa = 0.819 7 fr+0.183 and the correlation coefficient was 0.959 5, which showed a good correlation between the in vitro dissolution and the in vivo absorption percentage. The method of AUAWC can be used accurately, feasibly and conveniently to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo correlation of total composition of tablets of rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong components, which will provide better guidance to study the in vitro and in vivo correlation of sustained release preparation etc under complex system of traditional Chinese medicine in the future.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratas , Ácidos Cumáricos , Química , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Química , Farmacocinética , Ligusticum , Química , Rizoma , Química , Solubilidad , ComprimidosRESUMEN
The study was using the orthogonal test and making the extraction rates of icariin, ferulic acid, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, baohuoside I and ligustilide determinated by HPLC multiwavelength switch, gradient elution and multi-index comprehensive weighted scoring method (weight coefficient was 0.47: 0.16: 0.07: 0.07: 0.08: 0.06: 0.09) as evaluation index, combine with SPSS 16.0 software to optimizing the best extraction. It was Yinpian soak 1 h, 12 times more than the volumn of 50% ethanol solution, by heating reflux extraction for 60 min. The compliance test indicates that the optimized compatibility extraction technology is stable and practical, and it has provided an experimental basis for compound preparation technology research of Epimedium brevicornu and Ligusticum chuanxiong.
Asunto(s)
Fraccionamiento Químico , Métodos , Química Farmacéutica , Métodos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Química , Epimedium , Química , Ligusticum , QuímicaRESUMEN
To explore the effective ingredients and mechanism of Ligusticum wallichii in treating brain ischemia. Four brain ischemia-related target proteins were selected in the joint screening for the 45 component in L. wallichii reported in literatures based on molecular docking by reference to the corresponding drugs in the market. According to the docking results, multiple components in L. wallichii, such as phthalides, were superior to the corresponding drugs in the market, suggesting that they may be the major effective components in L. wallichii for treating brain ischemia. The method can be used to study the material base and molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines.
Asunto(s)
Isquemia Encefálica , Quimioterapia , Ligusticum , Química , Medicina Tradicional China , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II , Peroxidasa , Fitoterapia , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfaRESUMEN
To observe the effect of Ligusticum wallichii-containing serum on the expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in hepatic stellate cells. Clean-grade SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and orally given L. wallichii decoction, colchicine and normal saline for 7 d to prepare L. wallichii-containing serums. Except for the blank group, all of the remaining groups were stimulated with LPS 1 mg x L(-1) for 24 h. After being intervened, the L. wallichii-containing serums were cultured in 5% CO2 incubator at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. The expression of TLR4 and MyD88 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. After HSC was stimulated with LPS, TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly higher than the blank control group (P < 0.01). After being intervened with L. wallichii-containing serum, TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA and protein expressions were notably lower than the model group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In conclusion, L. wallichii-containing serum could regulate the TLR4 signaling pathway and show the anti-fibrosis effect by inhibiting the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in LPS-induced HSCs.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Ratas , Células Estrelladas Hepáticas , Metabolismo , Ligusticum , Lipopolisacáridos , Farmacología , Cirrosis Hepática Experimental , Quimioterapia , Factor 88 de Diferenciación Mieloide , Genética , Fisiología , Fitoterapia , ARN Mensajero , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptor Toll-Like 4 , Genética , FisiologíaRESUMEN
A simple and quick method is described for the determination of ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H, senkyunolide A and ligustilide in rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong. The 5 active ingredients in the sample was extracted using 40% ethanol and analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chromatography separation was performed using Agilent 1100 series HPLC system with a Symmetry C18 column and gradient elution with a mixture of three solvents : solvent A, acetonitrile, solvent B, methanol and solvent C, 1% aqueous acetic acid, 0 min to 5 min A: B: C 20: 40: 40, 5 min to 30 min A: B: C 60 to 100 : 0 : 40 to 0. The effluent was monitored using a VWD detector set at 321 nm (0-4.3 min) and 275 nm (4.31-30 min). The flow rate was set at 1 mL x min(-1) and the injection volume was 10 microL. The column temperature was maintained at 35 degrees C. The calibration curve was linear (r > or = 0.99) over the tested ranges. The average recovery was 94.44%-103.1% (n = 6). The method has been successfully applied to the analysis in different harvest periods of L. chuanxiong samples. In this paper, single-factor randomized block design to study the 5 components content of L. chuanxiong on ten collecting stages. For the L. chuanxiong collected from April 15th to May 30rd, the content of 5 ingredients increased primarily, and then decreased. Determine the appropriate harvest time has important significance to the promotion of the quality of L. chuanxiong.
Asunto(s)
4-Butirolactona , Ácido Acético , Química , Acetonitrilos , Química , Benzofuranos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Métodos , Ácidos Cumáricos , Ligusticum , Química , Metanol , Química , Solventes , Química , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
To collect small molecule drugs and their drug target data such as enzymes, ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors and nuclear receptors from KEGG database as the training sets, in order to establish drug-target interaction models based on the random forest algorithm. The accuracies of the models were evaluated by the 10-fold cross-validation test, showing that the predicted success rates of the four drug target models were 71.34%, 67.08%, 73.17% and 67.83%, respectively. The models were adopted to predict the targets of 26 chemical components and establish the compound-target-disease network. The results were well verified by literatures. The models established in this paper are highly accurate, and can be used to discover potential targets in other traditional Chinese medicine ingredients.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Algoritmos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Farmacología , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Ligusticum , Química , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Rizoma , QuímicaRESUMEN
The metabolic characteristics of ligustrazin (TMPz) in liver microsomes were investigated in the present study. The reaction phenotyping of TMPz metabolism was also identified by in vitro assessment using recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) and UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGT). TMPz was incubated at 37 degrees C with human (HLM) and rat liver microsomes (RLM) in the presence of different co-factors. The metabolic stability and enzyme kinetics of TMPz were studied by determining its remaining concentrations with a LC-MS/MS method. TMPz was only metabolically eliminated in the microsomes with NADPH or NADPH+UDPGA. In the HLM and RLM with NADPH+UDPGA, t1/2, K(m) and V(max) of TMPz were 94.24 +/- 4.53 and 105.07 +/- 9.44 min, 22.74 +/- 1.89 and 33.09 +/- 2.74 micromol x L(-1), 253.50 +/- 10.06 and 190.40 +/- 8.35 nmol x min(-1) x mg(-1) (protein), respectively. TMPz showed a slightly higher metabolic rate in HLM than that in RLM. Its primary oxidative metabolites, 2-hydroxymethyl-3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazine (HTMP), could undergo glucuronide conjugation. The CYP reaction phenotyping of TMPz metabolism was identified using a panel of recombinant CYP isoforms (rCYP) and specific CYP inhibitors in HLM. CYP1A2, 2C9 and 3A4 were found to be the major CYP isoforms involved in TMPz metabolism. Their individual contributions were assessed b) using the method of the total normalized rate to be 19.32%, 27.79% and 52.90%, respectively. It was observed that these CYP isoforms mediated the formation of HTMP in rCYP incubation. The UGT reaction phenotyping of HTMP glucuronidation was also investigated preliminarily by using a panel of 6 UGT isoforms (rUGT). UGT1A1, 1A4 and 1A6 were the predominant isoforms mediated the HTMP glucuronidation. The results above indicate that the metabolism of TMPz involves multiple enzymes mediated phase I and phase II reactions.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Humanos , Ratas , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2 , Metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9 , Metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450 , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450 , Metabolismo , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Glucuronosiltransferasa , Metabolismo , Ligusticum , Química , Microsomas Hepáticos , NADP , Metabolismo , Farmacología , Pirazinas , Metabolismo , Farmacocinética , Uridina Difosfato Ácido Glucurónico , Metabolismo , FarmacologíaRESUMEN
Ferulic acid, a component of the plants Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, exerts a neuroprotective effect by regulating various signaling pathways. This study showed that ferulic acid treatment prevents the injury-induced increase of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2) in focal cerebral ischemia. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) regulates CRMP-2 function through phosphorylation of CRMP-2. Moreover, the pro-apoptotic activity of GSK-3beta is inactivated by phosphorylation by Akt. This study investigated whether ferulic acid modulates the expression of CRMP-2 and its upstream targets, Akt and GSK-3beta, in focal cerebral ischemia. Male rats were treated immediately with ferulic acid (100 mg/kg, i.v.) or vehicle after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and then cerebral cortices were collected 24 hr after MCAO. MCAO resulted in decreased levels of phospho-Akt and phospho-GSK-3beta, while ferulic acid treatment prevented the decrease in the levels of these proteins. Moreover, phospho-CRMP-2 and CRMP-2 levels increased during MCAO, whereas ferulic acid attenuated these injury-induced increases. These results demonstrate that ferulic acid regulates the Akt/GSK-3beta/CRMP-2 signaling pathway in focal cerebral ischemic injury, thereby protecting against brain injury.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Humanos , Masculino , Ratas , Angelica sinensis , Lesiones Encefálicas , Isquemia Encefálica , Corteza Cerebral , Ácidos Cumáricos , Glucógeno Sintasa , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 , Infarto de la Arteria Cerebral Media , Ligusticum , Arteria Cerebral Media , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Fosforilación , Proteínas , Semaforina-3ARESUMEN
This research analyzed the chemical constituents of Siwu decoction by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS(E). Base on the data of mass and related-literatures, 43 peaks were profiled and 25 compounds, which contain 8 monoterpene glycosides from Paeonia lactiflora and 13 phthalides from Rhizoma chuanxiong and Radix angelica sinensis mainly, were identified in both positive and negative mode respectively. Meanwhile, chemical constituents of water extract and 60% ethanol extract of Siwu decoction were compared by the principal constituent analysis with MarkerLynx software, which provides the basis for the active ingredients of Siwu decoction.
Asunto(s)
Angelica sinensis , Química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Métodos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Química , Ligusticum , Química , Espectrometría de Masas , Métodos , Monoterpenos , Química , Paeonia , Química , Rizoma , QuímicaRESUMEN
With the yields of ferulic acid, coniferylferulate, Z-ligustilide, senkyunolide A, butylidenephthalide, butylphthalide, senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H, riligustilide, levistolide A, and total pharmacologically active ingredient as evaluation indexes, the extraction of Ligusticum chuanxiong by supercritical fluid technology was investigated through an orthogonal experiment L9 (3(4)). Four factors, namely temperature, pressure, flow rate of carbon dioxide, co-solvent concentration of the supercritical fluid, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, namely 65 degrees C of temperature, 35 MPa of pressure, 1 L x min(-1) of CO2 flow rate, 8% of co-solvent concetration, supercritical fluid extraction could achieve a better yield than the conventional reflux extraction using methanol. And the supercritical fluid extraction process was validated to be stable and reliable.
Asunto(s)
Benzofuranos , Cromatografía con Fluido Supercrítico , Métodos , Ácidos Cumáricos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Ligusticum , QuímicaRESUMEN
Preparative HPLC was used to prepare ferulic acid, senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H from Ligusticum chuanxiong. The separation was conducted on a Shim-Pack Prep-ODS (20.0 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column with the mobile phase of methanol-0.2% glacial acetic acid (50:50)at the flow rate of 5 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was 278 nm, and the purity of each compound was detected by HPLC analysis. Spectral data analyses including UV, ESI-MS and NMR were used to identify their structures. This method is simple, fast, which is suitable for preparation of standard reference of ferulic acid, senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H from L. chuanxiong and can meet the requirement of new drug research and development.
Asunto(s)
Benzofuranos , Química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Métodos , Ácidos Cumáricos , Química , Ligusticum , QuímicaRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To research the diversity of endophytic fungal communities among Ligusticum chuanxiong growing at 5 areas in Sichuan province, and illuminate the developing mechanism of geoherbs from the microecological perspective.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The PCR-DGGE and DNA sequencing techniques were used to analyze the endophytic fungi community of L. chuanxiong.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The community of endophytic fungi present difference among different growing areas. Though minor difference were found among individuals at the same area, similarity among individuals from the same growing areas were higher significantly than those from different growing areas. Compared with the other 4 growing areas, L. chuanxiong from Shiyang town, Dujiangyan city had more abundant endophytic fungi and low similarity to others, and which probably had special types of fungi.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The abundant and stable endophytic fungal community is an important factor for the development of geoherb L. chuanxiong at Shiyang town, Dujiangyan city.</p>
Asunto(s)
Electroforesis en Gel de Gradiente Desnaturalizante , Métodos , Ligusticum , Genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Métodos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Z-Ligustilide, a major phthalide isolated from a widely used traditional Chinese medicine Ligusticum chuanxiong, possesses various pharmacological activities including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and vasorelaxing effects. However, it is unstable and inclined to degrade in natural conditions, which limits its study and application greatly. In this study, degradation behavior of Z-ligustilide and its degradation products stored at room temperature under direct sunlight were investigated and structure elucidated by HPLC-UV, UPLC-QTOF-MS and NMR. Z-ligustilide degradation and total five degradation products were generated and detected. Two degradation products were unequivocally identified as senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H by comparison with reference compounds. Another two degradation products were further isolated by semi-preparative HPLC and structure elucidated as (E)-6, 7-trans-dihydroxyligustilide and (Z)-6, 7-epoxyligustilide by 1H and 13C NMR, respectively. The degradation pathways of Z-ligustilide were finally proposed. Oxidation, hydrolysis and isomerization are the major degradation reactions.
Asunto(s)
4-Butirolactona , Metabolismo , Benzofuranos , Metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Hidrólisis , Ligusticum , Química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Oxidación-Reducción , Raíces de Plantas , Química , Plantas Medicinales , Química , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización DesorciónRESUMEN
Using brain microdialysis and LC-ECD, the content of dopamine in rat brain was detected to investigate the effects of ligustrazine. A liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector method has been established and validated for the determination of dopamine in rat brain dialysate. The results indicate that ligustrazine administration by subcutaneous injection significantly increased dopamine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus in a dose-related manner. The drug's effects on dopa release in rat brain could be directly detected by microdialysis combined with HPLC-ECD and this method has the preponderance over traditional neurology methods.