Pausas inspiratórias de 0.5 e 2.0 segundos durante avaliação de mecânica respiratória não produzem alterações hemodinâmicas em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica: estudo transversal / Inspiratory pauses of 0.5 and 2.0 seconds during respiratory mechanics assessment do not produce hemodynamic changes in mechanically ventilated patients: cross-sectional study

INTRODUÇÃO: A interação coração-pulmão influenciada pela Ventilação Mecânica (VM), que impacta diretamente no retorno venoso e débito cardíaco através, e não somente, de ajustes da Pressão Positiva Expiratória Final (PEEP) e Pressão média nas vias aéreas (Pmed). Além disso, as pausas inspiratórias para avaliação da mecânica pulmonar interrompem o movimento torácico, pode impactar mais nesta interação. OBJETIVO: Comparar as alterações hemodinâmicas durante os tempos de 0,5 e 2,0 segundos de pausa inspiratória durante as mensurações de mecânica respiratória. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado nas unidades de terapia intensivas de um hospital público de Salvador/BA. Foram incluídos pacientes em uso de VM e acima de 18 anos. Os excluídos foram aqueles que apresentassem instabilidade hemodinâmica e hipoxemia sustentada durante a avaliação. Para caracterização amostral, os pacientes foram divididos em grupos daqueles com e sem afecções pulmonares. Os principais dados coletados e analisados foram PEEP, Pmed, Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS), Pressão Arterial Diastólica (PAD), Pressão Arterial Média (PAM), Frequência Cardíaca (FC). Para comparação de dados foram utilizados os testes Wilcoxon-Rank e Mann-Whitney para dados pareados e não pareados, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 37 pacientes, mediana de idade 63 anos, 19 (51,4%) do sexo masculino, 30 (81,1%) com diagnóstico admissional de natureza clínica. Não foram identificadas alterações hemodinâmicas estatisticamente significantes entre os tempos de pausa inspiratória de 0,5 e 2,0 segundos nas variáveis PAS (p=0,99), PAD (p=0,11), PAM (p=0,29) e FC (p=0,25). CONCLUSÃO: Não foram identificadas variações hemodinâmicas durante as mensurações da mecânica respiratória nas pausas de 0,5 e 2,0 segundos.

INTRODUCTION: The heart-lung interaction is influenced by Mechanical Ventilation (MV), which directly impacts venous return and cardiac output through, but not limited to, adjustments in Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) and mean airway pressure (Pmean). Additionally, inspiratory pauses for the assessment of pulmonary mechanics interrupt thoracic movement, potentially further impacting this interaction. OBJECTIVE: To compare hemodynamic changes during 0.5 and 2.0-second inspiratory pauses during respiratory mechanics measurements. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the intensive care units of a hospital in Salvador/BA. Patients on MV and over 18 years old were included. Exclusions were made for those with hemodynamic instability and sustained hypoxemia during the evaluation. For sample characterization, patients were divided into groups with and without pulmonary conditions. The main data collected and analyzed were PEEP, Pmean, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), and Heart Rate (HR). For data comparison, Wilcoxon-Rank and Mann-Whitney tests were used for paired and unpaired data, respectively. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were included, with a median age of 63 years, 19 (51.4%) males, and 30 (81.1%) with an admission diagnosis of a clinical nature. No statistically significant hemodynamic changes were identified between the 0.5 and 2.0-second inspiratory pause times in the variables SBP (p=0.99), DBP (p=0.11), MAP (p=0.29), and HR (p=0.25). CONCLUSION: No hemodynamic variations were identified during respiratory mechanics measurements at 0.5 and 2.0-second inspiratory pauses.

Manejo de la disfagia en pacientes con antecedente de infección severa por COVID-19 / Manejo de la disfagia en pacientes con antecedente de infección severa por COVID-19

de la deglución, los cuales representan todas las alteraciones del proceso fisiológico encargado de llevar el alimento desde la boca al esófago y después al estómago, salvaguardando siempre la protección de las vías respiratorias. OBJETIVO. Definir el manejo óptimo, de la disfagia en pacientes con antecedente de infección severa por COVID-19. METODOLOGÍA. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica en las bases de datos PubMed y Elsevier que relacionan el manejo de la disfagia y pacientes con antecedente de infección severa por SARS-CoV-2. Se obtuvo un universo de 134 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de búsqueda. Se seleccionaron 24 documentos, para ser considerados en este estudio. RESULTADOS. La incidencia de disfagia posterior a infección severa por SARS-CoV-2 fue del 23,14%, siendo la disfagia leve la más frecuente 48,0%. Los tratamientos clínicos más empleados en el manejo de la disfagia fueron rehabilitación oral y cambio de textura en la dieta en el 77,23% de los casos, mientras que el único tratamiento quirúrgico empleado fue la traqueotomía 37,31%. Un 12,68% de pacientes recuperó su función deglutoria sin un tratamiento específico. La eficacia de los tratamientos clínicos y quirúrgicos en los pacientes sobrevivientes de la infección severa por SARS-CoV-2 fue del 80,68%, con una media en el tiempo de resolución de 58 días. CONCLUSIÓN. La anamnesis es clave para el diagnóstico de disfagia post COVID-19. El tratamiento puede variar, desde un manejo conservador como cambios en la textura de la dieta hasta tratamientos más invasivos como traqueotomía para mejorar la función deglutoria.

INTRODUCTION. The difficulty to swallow or dysphagia is included within the problems of swallowing, which represent all the alterations of the physiological process in charge of carrying the food from the mouth to the esophagus, and then to the stomach, always taking into account the protection of the airways. OBJECTIVE. To define the optimal management, both clinical and surgical, for the adequate treatment of dysphagia produced as a consequence of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODOLOGY. A review of the scientific literature was carried out using both PubMed and Elsevier databases, which relate the management of dysphagia and patients with a history of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS. The incidence of dysphagia following severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was of 23,14%, with mild dysphagia being the most frequent 48,00%. The most frequently used clinical treatments for dysphagia management were oral rehabilitation and change in dietary texture in 77,23% of cases, while tracheotomy was the only surgical treatment used 37,31%. A total of 12,68% of patients recovered their swallowing function without specific treatment. The efficacy of clinical and surgical treatments in survivors of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was 80,68%, with a mean resolution time of 58 days. CONCLUSION. An adequate medical history is key to the diagnosis of post-COVID-19 dysphagia. Treatment can range from conservative management such as changes in diet texture to more invasive treatments such as tracheotomy to improve swallowing function.

Respiratory mechanics analysis of inspiratory trigger in mechanical ventilation / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To find out the circuit pressure and flow at the trigger point by observing the characteristics of the inspiratory trigger waveform of the ventilator, confirm the intra-alveolar pressure as the index to reflect the effort of the trigger according to the working principle of the ventilator combined with the laws of respiratory mechanics, establish the related mathematical formula, and analyze its influencing factors and logical relationship.@*METHODS@#A test-lung was connected to the circuit in a PB840 ventilator and a SV600 ventilator set in pressure-support mode. The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was set at 5 cmH2O (1 cmH2O ≈ 0.098 kPa), and the wall of test-lung was pulled outwards till an inspiratory was effectively triggered separately in slow, medium, fast power, and separately in flow-trigger mode (sensitivity VTrig 3 L/min, 5 L/min) and pressure-trigger mode (sensitivity PTrig 2 cmH2O, 4 cmH2O). By adjusting the scale of the curve in the ventilator display, the loop pressure and flow corresponding to the trigger point under different triggering conditions were observed. Taking intraalveolar pressure (Pa) as the research object, the Pa (called Pa-T) needed to reach the effective trigger time (TT) was analyzed in the method of respiratory mechanics, and the amplitude of pressure change (ΔP) and the time span (ΔT) of Pa during triggering were also analyzed.@*RESULTS@#(1) Corresponding relationship between pressure and flow rate at TT time: in flow-trigger mode, in slow, medium and fast trigger, the inhalation flow rate was VTrig, and the circuit pressure was separately PEEP, PEEP-Pn, and PEEP-Pn' (Pn, Pn', being the decline range, and Pn' > Pn). In pressure-trigger mode, the inhalation flow rate was 1 L/min (PB840 ventilator) or 2 L/min (SV600 ventilator), and the circuit pressure was PEEP-PTrig. (2) Calculation of Pa-T: in flow-trigger mode, in slow trigger: Pa-T = PEEP-VTrigR (R represented airway resistance). In medium trigger: Pa-T = PEEP-Pn-VTrigR. In fast trigger: Pa-T = PEEP-Pn'-VTrigR. In pressure-trigger mode: Pa-T = PEEP-PTrig-1R. (3) Calculation of ΔP: in flow trigger mode, in flow trigger: without intrinsic PEEP (PEEPi), ΔP = VTrigR; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+VTrigR. In medium trigger: without PEEPi, ΔP = Pn+VTrigR; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+Pn+VTrigR. In fast trigger: without PEEPi, ΔP = Pn'+VTrigR; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+Pn'+VTrigR. In pressure-trigger mode, without PEEPi, ΔP = PTrig+1R; with PEEPi, ΔP = PEEPi-PEEP+PTrig+1R. (4) Pressure time change rate of Pa (FP): FP = ΔP/ΔT. In the same ΔP, the shorter the ΔT, the greater the triggering ability. Similarly, in the same ΔT, the bigger the ΔP, the greater the triggering ability. The FP could better reflect the patient's triggering ability.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The patient's inspiratory effort is reflected by three indicators: the minimum intrapulmonary pressure required for triggering, the pressure span of intrapulmonary pressure, and the pressure time change rate of intrapulmonary pressure, and formula is established, which can intuitively present the logical relationship between inspiratory trigger related factors and facilitate clinical analysis.

Fisiología respiratoria: fisiopatología de las enfermedades obstructivas / Pathophysiology of obstructive diseases

Las enfermedades obstructivas de la vía aérea pediátrica son muy frecuentes debido a los fenómenos mecánicos que están involucrados. En los niños más pequeños, la marcada resistencia de las vías aéreas pequeñas, determinada por la falta de tejido elástico y una caja torácica aún no bien desarrollada; tanto su estructura como la musculatura, facilitarán que cuadros infecciosos, mecánicos (cuerpo extraño) y compresivos, determinen que los flujos de aire se vean limitados y con ello la ventilación alveolar. La respuesta fisiológica con aumento del trabajo respiratorio es limitada y por lo tanto la fatiga muscular determinará hipoventilación con las consecuencias de hipoxemia e hipercapnia.

Obstructive diseases of the pediatric airway are very frequent due to the mechanical phenomena that are involved. The marked resistance of the small airways, such as the lack of elastic tissue and a thoracic cage that is not yet well developed, both in its structure and in the musculature, will make it easier for infectious, mechanical (foreign body), compressive and other conditions to determine that the flows of air are limited and with it the alveolar ventilation. The physiological response with increased work of breathing is limited and therefore muscle fatigue will determine hypoventilation, with the consequences of hypoxemia and hypercapnia.

Resultados terapéuticos de la papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente en otorrinolaringología Hospital de Clínicas periodo 2005 a 2020 / Therapeutic results of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in otorhinolaryngology Hospital de Clinicas period 2005 to 2020

Introducción: La papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente es el crecimiento de lesiones papilomatosas en el tracto aerodigestivo causada por el virus del papiloma humano, aparece más entre los 3 y 6 años (juvenil) y entre la tercera y quinta décadas (adulta). Los síntomas suelen ser disfonía y dificultad respiratoria. La terapéutica consiste en la resección de lesiones y terapia adyuvante (bevacizumab e interferón). Su curso es variable, tiende a recidivar y maligniza en 3-7%, más en adultos. Objetivos: Describir resultados terapéuticos de la papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente en nuestro servicio. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo con asociación cruzada, transversal, retrospectivo, muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos, de pacientes con papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente operados en la Cátedra y Servicio Otorrinolaringología del Hospital de Clínicas en el periodo 2005-2020. Resultados: Se estudiaron 40 pacientes, 65% hombres y 35% mujeres; 35% adultos y 65% juveniles. La media de edad fue 16,05±18,042 años; en los casos juveniles fue 4,69±2,908 años, en los adultos 37,14±14,94 años. Se observaron alteraciones de la voz en el 100% y de la mecánica respiratoria en el 72,5%. Se contabilizaron 119 procedimientos, en 11 pacientes se realizó solamente resección, 29 con adyuvancia, de estos 22,5% recibieron bevacizumab y 50% interferón. No hubo diferencia significativa en la media de tiempo sin lesiones entre jóvenes y adultos (p>0,05), pero si según la terapéutica con tendencia favorable con la adyuvancia, sobre todo con bevacizumab. Se constató displasia en 10% y malignización en 2,5%. La afectación fue: glotis 100% (cuerda vocal derecha 92,5%, izquierda 82,5%, ambas 77,5%, comisura anterior 62,5%), supraglotis 20% y subglotis 10%. El promedio de número de áreas afectas fue 3,34±1,274, hubo una diferencia significativa (p<0,05) entre los casos adultos (2,071±0,379) y juveniles (3,846±1,015) constatándose mayor afectación en este último. Conclusión: La mayor parte fueron casos juveniles masculinos. Las zonas más afectas fueron la glotis, sobre todo cuerdas vocales. En jóvenes se vio mayor número de regiones afectas. Todos presentaban disfonía o afonía, seguido por dificultad respiratoria. Las terapéuticas fueron resección quirúrgica sola o asociada a adyuvancia (bevacizumab o Interferón). El tiempo de recurrencia fue mayor al emplear adyuvancia terapéutica con tendencia favorable hacia el bevacizumab. La malignización ocurrió en un caso.

Introduction: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is the growth of papillomatous lesions in the aerodigestive tract caused by human papillomavirus, appears more between the ages of 3 and 6 years (juvenile) and between the third and fifth decades (adult). Symptoms are usually dysphonia and respiratory distress. The therapy consists of resection of lesions and adjuvant therapy (bevacizumab and interferon). Its course is variable, it tends to recur and malignancy occurs in 3-7%, more in adults. Objectives: To describe therapeutic results of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in our service. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, cross-sectional, retrospective, retrospective, non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases, of patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis operated in the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Hospital de Clínicas in the period 2005-2020. Results: We studied 40 patients, 65% male and 35% female; 35% adults and 65% juveniles. Mean age was 16.05±18.042 years. In juvenile cases the mean age was 4.69±2.908 years, in adults 37.14±14.94 years. Voice alterations were observed in 100% and respiratory mechanics in 72.5%. There were 119 procedures, 11 laryngeal microsurgery alone, 29 associated with adjuvant, of these 22.5% received bevacizumab and 50% interferon. There was no significant difference in the mean time without lesions between young people and adults (p>0.05), but there was a favorable trend with adjuvant therapy, especially with bevacizumab. Dysplasia was found in 10% and malignization in 2.5%. The involvement was: glottis 100% (right vocal cord 92.5%, left 82.5%, both 77.5%, anterior commissure 62.5%), supraglottis 20% and subglottis 10%. The average number of affected areas was 3.34±1.274, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between adult (2.071±0.379) and juvenile (3.846±1.015) cases, with greater involvement in the latter. Conclusion: Most of the cases were juvenile male cases. The most affected areas were the glottis, especially vocal cords. A greater number of affected regions were seen in young people. All presented dysphonia or aphonia, followed by respiratory distress. Therapeutics were surgical resection alone or associated with adjuvant therapy (bevacizumab or interferon). The time to recurrence was longer when adjuvant therapy was used, with a favorable trend towards bevacizumab. Malignization occurred in one case.

Técnicas fisioterapéuticas de entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio y Buteyko en niños con asma bronquial / Inspiratory and Buteyko muscular training physiotherapeutic techniques in children with bronchial asthma

El asma bronquial es una enfermedad respiratoria crónica que genera elevados índices de discapacidad, sobre todo en la población infantil. La aplicación de fisioterapia respiratoria constituye un coadyuvante en los esquemas terapéuticos de la enfermedad; en este sentido el entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio y el método Buteyko constituyen técnicas respiratorias que han sido reportadas como útiles en el tratamiento del asma bronquial. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo describir las ventajas que ofrecen ambos métodos como esquemas terapéuticos de niños con asma bronquial. Como principales resultados se describen una serie de estudios que muestran las ventajas de la implementación de estos métodos para mejorar distintos componentes de la patogenia y manifestaciones clínicas del asma bronquial. Estos estudios muestran que la aplicación indistinta de uno o ambos métodos mejora diversos aspectos entre los que sobresalen mejorar volúmenes y capacidades pulmonares, función pulmonar, fuerza muscular ventilatoria y la mecánica respiratoria. Adicionalmente, mejoran algunos elementos relacionados con la mecánica respiratoria como es el uso de la respiración bucal. Se concluye que la realización de la fisioterapia respiratoria en niños con asma bronquial constituye una alternativa viable y eficaz en el mejoramiento de varios parámetros relacionados con esta enfermedad. Diversos estudios demuestran que la aplicación de estas técnicas respiratorias mejora la capacidad respiratoria, el tono y trofismo de músculos respiratorios y la mecánica respiratoria. Los resultados positivos evidencian la necesidad de aumentar la implementación del entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio y el método Buteyko como esquema terapéutico en niños con asma bronquial en unidades de atención pública y privada(AU)

Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that generates high rates of disability, especially in children. The application of respiratory physiotherapy constitutes an adjunct in the therapeutic schemes of the disease; in this sense, inspiratory muscle training and the Buteyko method constitute respiratory techniques that have been reported as useful in the treatment of bronchial asthma. The present investigation aimed to describe the advantages offered by both methods as therapeutic regimens for children with bronchial asthma. The main results are a series of studies that show the advantages of the implementation of these methods to improve different components of the etiopathogenesis and clinical manifestations of bronchial asthma. These studies show that the indistinct application of one or both methods improves different aspects, among which the improvement of lung volumes and capacities, lung function, ventilatory muscle strength and respiratory mechanics stand out. Additionally, they improve some elements related to respiratory mechanics such as the use of mouth breathing. It is concluded that the performance of respiratory physiotherapy in children with bronchial asthma constitutes a viable and effective alternative in the improvement of various parameters related to this disease. Several studies show that the use of these respiratory techniques improves respiratory capacity, tone and trophism of respiratory muscles, and respiratory mechanics. The positive results demonstrate the need to increase the implementation of inspiratory muscle training and the Buteyko method as a therapeutic scheme in children with bronchial asthma in public and private care units(AU)

Espirometria e oscilometria de impulso durante internação por exacerbação pulmonar aguda em escolares com fibrose cística / Spirometry and impulse oscillometry during acute pulmonary exacerbation hospitalization in children with cystic fibrosis

Objetivo: avaliar o comportamento de parâmetros do sistema respiratório durante internação para antibioticoterapia intravenosa (AIV) como tratamento da exacerbação pulmonar aguda (EPA) em escolares com fibrose cística (FC). Métodos: estudo do tipo analítico observacional, before-after, realizado no Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, Florianópolis ­ Santa Catarina. Foram incluídas crianças com diagnóstico de FC, entre seis e 15 anos, em internação para tratamento da exacerbação pulmonar aguda, no início (T1), durante (T2) e ao final (T3) da internação foi conduzida avaliação de escores específicos de EPA, dados antropométricos e realizada avaliação dos parâmetros do sistema respiratório pelo sistema de oscilometria de impulso (IOS) e espirometria. Foram obtidos, em prontuário, dados de colonização bacteriana, genótipo, gravidade da doença (Escore de Schwachman-Doershuk-ESD) e espirometria mais recente em estabilidade clínica. Aplicou-se o teste Shapiro-Wilk para análise da distribuição dos dados e os testes ANOVA de medidas repetidas, teste de Friedman, teste T pareado e Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: participaram 16 crianças/adolescentes (68.8% meninas, 12.88±1.67anos). Houve aumento dos parâmetros da espirometria e dados antropométricos (p<0.005) no T3, bem como redução dos escores de EPA e do X5 (p<0.005) no T3. Conclusão: os dados apresentados nesse trabalho mostram melhora dos escores de EPA, dados antropométricos, parâmetros da espirometria e do parâmetro de recolhimento elástico do IOS (X5).RESUMODescritores: Fibrose cística, Exacerbação dos sintomas, Testes de função pulmonar, Mecânica respiratória (AU)

Objective: Evaluate the respiratory system parameters of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) during hospitalization for acute pulmonary exacerbation (APE) treatment. Methods: observational study before-after that occurred at the CF reference center. There were included children with cystic fibrosis (CF) between six to 15 years old hospitalized due to APE. The registration of the APE clinical scores, anthropometric data, and respiratory system (IOS and spirometry) evaluation occurred at the beginning (T1), during (T2), and at the end (T3) of the hospitalization. There were registered pathogens, genetic mutation, disease severity (Schwachman-Doershuk Score), and the most recent spirometry when they were clinically stable. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to analyze data distribution, and the repeated measure ANOVA, Friedman test, Tpaired test, and Wilcoxon test were performed to compare data, with a significance level set at 5%. Results: sixteen children/adolescents participated in the study (68.8% girls, 12.88±1.67 years old). The spirometric parameters, X5 parameter, and anthropometric data increased (p<0.005) and the APE scores decreased (p<0.005) at T3. Conclusion: APE scores, anthropometric data, spirometric parameters, and IOS elastic recoil parameter (X5) improved at the end of hospitalization (AU)

Espirometria e oscilometria de impulso durante internação por exacerbação pulmonar aguda em escolares com fibrose cística / Spirometry and impulse oscillometry during acute pulmonary exacerbation hospitalization in children with cystic fibrosis

RESUMO: Objetivo: avaliar o comportamento de parâmetros do sistema respiratório durante internação para antibioticoterapia intravenosa (AIV) como tratamento da exacerbação pulmonar aguda (EPA) em escolares com fibrose cística (FC). Métodos: estudo do tipo analítico observacional, before-after, realizado no Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, Florianópolis ­ Santa Catarina. Foram incluídas crianças com diagnóstico de FC, entre seis e 15 anos, em internação para tratamento da exacerbação pulmonar aguda, no início (T1), durante (T2) e ao final (T3) da internação foi conduzida avaliação de escores específicos de EPA, dados antropométricos e realizada avaliação dos parâmetros do sistema respiratório pelo sistema de oscilometria de impulso (IOS) e espirometria. Foram obtidos, em prontuário, dados de colonização bacteriana, genótipo, gravidade da doença (Escore de Schwachman-Doershuk-ESD) e espirometria mais recente em estabilidade clínica. Aplicou-se o teste Shapiro-Wilk para análise da distribuição dos dados e os testes ANOVA de medidas repetidas, teste de Friedman, teste T pareado e Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: participaram 16 crianças/adolescentes (68.8% meninas, 12.88±1.67anos). Houve aumento dos parâmetros da espirometria e dados antropométricos (p<0.005) no T3, bem como redução dos escores de EPA e do X5 (p<0.005) no T3. Conclusão: os dados apresentados nesse trabalho mostram melhora dos escores de EPA, dados antropométricos, parâmetros da espirometria e do parâmetro de recolhimento elástico do IOS (X5).RESUMODescritores: Fibrose cística, Exacerbação dos sintomas, Testes de função pulmonar, Mecânica respiratória. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Objective: Evaluate the respiratory system parameters of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) during hospitalization for acute pulmonary exacerbation (APE) treatment. Methods: observational study before-after that occurred at the CF reference center. There were included children with cystic fibrosis (CF) between six to 15 years old hospitalized due to APE. The registration of the APE clinical scores, anthropometric data, and respiratory system (IOS and spirometry) evaluation occurred at the beginning (T1), during (T2), and at the end (T3) of the hospitalization. There were registered pathogens, genetic mutation, disease severity (Schwachman-Doershuk Score), and the most recent spirometry when they were clinically stable. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to analyze data distribution, and the repeated measure ANOVA, Friedman test, Tpaired test, and Wilcoxon test were performed to compare data, with a significance level set at 5%. Results: sixteen children/adolescents participated in the study (68.8% girls, 12.88±1.67 years old). The spirometric parameters, X5 parameter, and anthropometric data increased (p<0.005) and the APE scores decreased (p<0.005) at T3. Conclusion: APE scores, anthropometric data, spirometric parameters, and IOS elastic recoil parameter (X5) improved at the end of hospitalization.ABSTRACTKeywords: Cystic fibrosis, Symptom flare up, Respiratory function tests, Respiratory mechanics.1. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina ­ UDESC ­ Florianópolis, (SC) ­ Brasil https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7262.rmrp.2022.183755Tayná Castilho1, Renata Maba Gonçalves Wamosy1, Camila Isabel Santos Schivinski1Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições, desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado. (AU)

Mecánica respiratoria en anestesia general: Revisión de conceptos / Respiratory mechanics in general anesthesia: Concepts review

In anesthesia practice, mechanical ventilation is a fundamental tool, and its correct configuration is essential in the patients care. Airway pressure is often assumed to reflect the forces applied to the lung and is used to monitor mechanical ventilation. This assumption is erroneous because pressure acts on the respiratory system as a whole and the impact on its components will depend on the ratio of lung and respiratory system elastances. In turn, patients' lungs with the same body size and ventilated with the same tidal volume, may be subjected to different forces depending on their functional size. This is expressed under the concepts of stress and strain. Its surrogate owners, the Paw plateau and the Vt, have shown a poor correlation compared to transpulmonary pressure and the airway driving pressure. This review aims to provide the theoretical-practical tools necessary to optimize mechanical ventilation for each patient.

En la práctica anestésica, la ventilación mecánica es una herramienta fundamental, y su correcta configuración es esencial en el cuidado de los pacientes. La presión de la vía aérea es, muchas veces, asumida como el reflejo de las fuerzas aplicadas en el pulmón y es utilizada para monitorizar la ventilación mecánica. Esta asunción es errónea porque la presión actúa sobre el sistema respiratorio en su totalidad y la repercusión sobre sus componentes va a depender de la relación de elastancias del pulmón y el sistema respiratorio. A su vez, los pulmones de pacientes con el mismo tamaño corporal y ventilados con el mismo volumen corriente, pueden estar sujetos a diferentes fuerzas dependiendo de su tamaño funcional. Esto es expresado bajo los conceptos de stress y strain. Sus respectivos subrogantes, Pawplateau y el Vt, han demostrado tener una pobre correlación en comparación con la presión transpulmonar y la airway driving pressure. Esta revisión pretende brindar las herramientas teórico-prácticas necesarias para optimizar la ventilación mecánica para cada paciente.

Respiratory mechanics behavior after heart surgery: an experimental study

Changes in ventilatorymechanics and their consequent pulmonary complications are common after surgical procedures, particularly in cardiac surgery (CS), and may be associated with both preoperative history and surgical circumstances. This study aims to compare ventilatory mechanics in the moments before and after cardiac surgery (CS), describing how pulmonary complications occurred. An experimental, uncontrolled study was conducted, of the before-and-after type, and with a descriptive and analytical character. It was carried out in a private hospital in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and involved 30 adult patients subjected to CS. In addition to clinical and epidemiological variables, minute volume (VE), respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), forced vital capacity (FVC), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were also recorded. Data were collected in the following moments: preoperative (PRE-OP) period, immediate postoperative (IPO) period, and 1stpostoperative day (1stPOD). The sample was aged 48.1 ± 11.8 years old and had a body mass index of 25.5 ± 4.9 kg m-2; 60% of the patients remained on mechanical ventilation for less than 24 hours (17.5 [8.7-22.9] hours). There was a significant reduction in VT, FVC, MIP and PEF when PRE-OP versus IPO, and PRE-OP versus 1stPOD were compared (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes between IPO and the 1stPOD. The highest incidence of pulmonary complications involved pleural effusion (50% of the patients). This study showed that patients subjected to CS present significant damage to ventilatory parameters after the surgery, especially in the IPO period and on the 1stPOD. It is possible that the extension of this ventilatory impairment has led to the onset of postoperative pulmonary complications.

Técnica de oscilações forçadas na avaliação e manejo de crianças asmáticas: uma revisão narrativa / Forced oscillation technique in the assessment and management of asthmatic children: a narrative review

Asthma is considered the most prevalent chronic disease in children. The pulmonary function measurements are important in the evaluation of the disease, being able to confirm the diagnosis by demonstrating the reversibility of the obstruction as well as detecting risks of poor prognosis in the control of asthma. However, the most common methods for analyzing pulmonary function in this age group have restrictions on its applicability, especially due to the need for cooperation on the part of patients. The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is considered a modern tool capable of estimating measures of respiratory mechanics related to the lungs. This method is easily applicable due to the low need for patient cooperation, an important element in the assessment of children. The aim of this study is to review the clinical utility of the Forced Oscillation Technique in the pulmonary assessment of asthmatic children. The bibliographic search covered the years between 1950 and 2019, in the databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS). It was used as a search strategy the combination of the following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms: "asthma", "oscillometry" and "child" crossed through the AND and OR Boolean connectors. In asthmatic children, FOT showed greater accuracy in the evaluation of smaller caliber peripheral airways, which can be applied as a complementary method to spirometry to strengthen the diagnosis, enabling a better understanding of the disease and its progression.

A asma é considerada a doença crônica de maior incidência em crianças. As medidas de função pulmonar são importantes na avaliação da doença, podendo confirmar o diagnóstico pela demonstração de reversibilidade da obstrução assim como detectar riscos de mau prognóstico no controle da asma. Entretanto, os métodos mais usuais para análise da função pulmonar nesta faixa etária apresentam restrições em sua aplicabilidade, especialmente pela necessidade de cooperação por parte dos pacientes. A técnica de oscilações forçadas (FOT) é considerada uma ferramenta moderna capaz de estimar medidas da mecânica respiratória relativas aos pulmões. Este método apresenta fácil aplicabilidade pela baixa necessidade de cooperação do paciente, elemento importante na avaliação de crianças. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar a utilidade clínica da Técnica de Oscilações Forçadas na avaliação pulmonar de crianças asmáticas. A busca bibliográfica contemplou os anos entre 1950 e 2019, nas bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). Foi utilizada como estratégia de busca a combinação dos seguintes Medical Subject Headings(MeSH) terms: "asthma", "oscillometry" e "child" cruzados por meio dos conectores booleanos AND e OR. Em crianças asmáticas, a FOT mostrou maior acurácia na avaliação de vias aéreas periféricas de menor calibre, podendo ser aplicada como método complementar a espirometria para encorpar o diagnóstico, possibilitando compreender melhor a doença e sua progressão.

Efeitos da abordagem osteopática na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Effects of the osteopathic approach to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão integrativa sobre os efeitos da abordagem osteopática na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Metodos: Estudo seccional e documental, realizado por meio de revisão integrativa da literatura disponível nas bibliotecas virtuais de saúde: National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro); no período de junho a outubro de 2019, através dos seguintes descritores em língua portuguesa e inglesa: Manipulação Osteopática, DPOC e Fisioterapia. Resultados: Foram encontrados 18 estudos potenciais inicialmente, dos quais 7 artigos foram considerados elegíveis para análise qualitativa. Conclusão: a utilização da Osteopatia como método coadjuvante apresenta evidências, embora incipientes, mas que já dão indícios dos seus efeitos na patologia. Dentre eles, estão: melhora da mecânica respiratória e da mobilidade diafragmática, au

Objective: To conduct an integrative review on the effects of osteopathic approach on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: Cross-sectional and documentary study conducted through an integrative review of literature available in virtual health libraries: National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro); from June to October 2019, from the following descriptors in Portuguese and English: Osteopathic Manipulation, COPD and Physiotherapy. Results: Eighteen potential studies were initially found, of which 7 articles were considered eligible for qualitative analysis. Conclusion: The use of osteopathy as a supporting method has presented evidence, although incipient, but which already give evidence of its effects on the pathology. These include: improvement of respiratory mechanics and diaphragmatic mobility, increased exercise capacity with decreased dyspnea, and effects on pulmonary variables such as FVC and FEV1, which are still not so clear.

Reprodutibilidade das mensurações da mecânica respiratória em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica invasiva / Reproducibility of respiratory mechanics measurements in patients on invasive mechanical ventilation

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminador das mensurações da resistência e das complacências estática e dinâmica do sistema respiratório em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo analítico realizado com indivíduos com idade ≥ 18 anos, em ventilação mecânica invasiva, que não tinham diagnóstico clínico de doença do aparelho respiratório e/ou anormalidade de caixa torácica. Foram realizadas três aferições da mecânica respiratória com intervalo de 1 minuto entre elas. A primeira e a terceira aferições foram realizadas pelo avaliador A e a segunda aferição, pelo avaliador B. A comparação dos valores de resistência e complacências estática e dinâmica do sistema respiratório foi calculada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. Resultados: Foram realizadas 198 aferições da mecânica respiratória em 66 pacientes sob ventilação mecânica, com idade média de 52,6 ± 18,6 anos, índice de massa corporal médio de 21,6 ± 2,1kg/m2, predomínio do perfil cirúrgico (61,5%) e sexo feminino (53,8%). Foram obtidos valores médios das três aferições para resistência do sistema respiratório (A1: 15,7 ± 6,8cmH2O/L/s; B1: 15,7 ± 6,4cmH2O/L/s e A2: 15,9 ± 6,2cmH2O/L/s), para complacência estática do sistema respiratório (A1: 42,1 ± 13,7mL/cmH2O; B1: 42,4 ± 14,6mL/cmH2O e A2: 42,2 ± 14,5mL/cmH2O) e para complacência dinâmica do sistema respiratório (A1: 21,3 ± 7,3mL/cmH2O; B1: 21,4 ± 7,5mL/cmH2O e A2: 21,3 ± 6,2mL/cmH2O). Também foram encontrados valores do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para resistência do sistema respiratório (R = 0,882 e p = 0,001; R = 0,949 e p = 0,001 - interexaminadores A1 versus B e B versus A2, respectivamente; R = 0,932 e p = 0,001 - intraexaminador); complacência estática do sistema respiratório (R = 0,951 e p = 0,001; R = 0,958 e p = 0,001 - interexaminadores A1 versus B e B versus A2, respectivamente; R = 0,965 e p = 0,001 - intraexaminador) e complacência dinâmica do sistema respiratório (R = 0,957 e p = 0,001; R = 0,946 e p = 0,001 - interexaminadores A1 versus B e B versus A2 respectivamente; R = 0,926 e p = 0,001 - intraexaminador). Conclusão: A mensuração de mecânica respiratória apresenta boa reprodutibilidade intra e interexaminador para as aferições de resistência e complacências estática e dinâmica do sistema respiratório em pacientes ventilados.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the intra- and interexaminer reproducibility of measurements of the resistance and static and dynamic compliance of the respiratory system in patients on mechanical ventilation. Methods: This was an analytical study conducted with individuals aged ≥ 18 years who were on invasive mechanical ventilation and had no clinical diagnosis of respiratory system disease and/or chest abnormality. Three measurements of respiratory mechanics were performed with a 1-minute interval between them. The first and third measurements were performed by examiner A, the second by examiner B. The values for the resistance and static and dynamic compliance of the respiratory system were compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: A total of 198 measurements of respiratory mechanics were performed for 66 patients on mechanical ventilation. The patients had a mean age of 52.6 ± 18.6 years and a mean body mass index of 21.6 ± 2.1kg/m2; a surgical profile (61.5%) and female sex (53.8%) were predominant. Mean values were obtained for the three measurements of respiratory system resistance (A1: 15.7 ± 6.8cmH2O/L/s; B1: 15.7 ± 6.4cmH2O/L/s and A2: 15.9 ± 6.2cmH2O/L/s), respiratory system static compliance (A1: 42.1 ± 13.7mL/cmH2O; B1: 42.4 ± 14.6mL/cmH2O and A2: 42.2 ± 14.5mL/cmH2O) and respiratory system dynamic compliance (A1: 21.3 ± 7.3mL/cmH2O; B1: 21.4 ± 7.5mL/cmH2O and A2: 21.3 ± 6.2mL/cmH2O). The intraclass correlation coefficient was also calculated for respiratory system resistance (R = 0.882 and p = 0.001; R = 0.949 and p = 0.001 - interexaminer A1 versus B and B versus A2, respectively; R = 0.932 and p = 0.001 - intraexaminer); respiratory system static compliance (R = 0.951 and p = 0.001; R = 0.958 and p = 0.001 - interexaminer A1 versus B and B versus A2, respectively; R = 0.965 and p = 0.001 - intraexaminer) and respiratory system dynamic compliance (R = 0.957 and p = 0.001; R = 0.946 and p = 0.001 - interexaminer A1 versus B and B versus A2, respectively; R = 0.926 and p = 0.001 - intraexaminer). Conclusion: The measurements of resistance and static and dynamic compliance of the respiratory system show good intra- and interexaminer reproducibility for ventilated patients.

Desafios para o desenvolvimento de ventiladores alternativos de baixo custo durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil / Challenges for the development of alternative low-cost ventilators during COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

RESUMO A pandemia por COVID-19 tem deixado os gestores, os profissionais de saúde e a população preocupados com a potencial escassez de ventiladores pulmonares para suporte de pacientes graves. No Brasil, há diversas iniciativas com o intuito de produzir ventiladores alternativos para ajudar a suprir essa demanda. Para auxiliar as equipes que atuam nessas iniciativas, são expostos alguns conceitos básicos sobre fisiologia e mecânica respiratória, os termos comumente utilizados no contexto da ventilação mecânica, as fases do ciclo ventilatório, as diferenças entre disparo e ciclagem, os modos ventilatórios básicos e outros aspectos relevantes, como mecanismos de lesão pulmonar induzida pela ventilação mecânica, pacientes com drive respiratório, necessidade de umidificação de vias aéreas, risco de contaminação cruzada e disseminação de aerossóis. Após a fase de desenvolvimento de protótipo, são necessários testes pré-clínicos de bancada e em modelos animais, a fim de determinar a segurança e o desempenho dos equipamentos, seguindo requisitos técnicos mínimos exigidos. Então, é imprescindível passar pelo processo regulatório exigido pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). A empresa responsável pela fabricação do equipamento deve estar regularizada junto à ANVISA, que também deve ser notificada da condução dos testes clínicos em humanos, seguindo protocolo de pesquisa aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. O registro do ventilador junto à ANVISA deve ser acompanhado de um dossiê, composto por documentos e informações detalhadas neste artigo, que não tem o propósito de esgotar o assunto, mas de nortear os procedimentos necessários.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has brought concerns to managers, healthcare professionals, and the general population related to the potential mechanical ventilators' shortage for severely ill patients. In Brazil, there are several initiatives aimed at producing alternative ventilators to cover this gap. To assist the teams that work in these initiatives, we provide a discussion of some basic concepts on physiology and respiratory mechanics, commonly used mechanical ventilation terms, the differences between triggering and cycling, the basic ventilation modes and other relevant aspects, such as mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury, respiratory drive, airway heating and humidification, cross-contamination risks, and aerosol dissemination. After the prototype development phase, preclinical bench-tests and animal model trials are needed to determine the safety and performance of the ventilator, following the minimum technical requirements. Next, it is mandatory going through the regulatory procedures as required by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA). The manufacturing company should be appropriately registered by ANVISA, which also must be notified about the conduction of clinical trials, following the research protocol approval by the Research Ethics Committee. The registration requisition of the ventilator with ANVISA should include a dossier containing the information described in this paper, which is not intended to cover all related matters but to provide guidance on the required procedures.

Enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) en terapia intensiva: informe de un caso / Coronavirus disease (covid-19) in critical care: a case report

Una de las características de la afección pulmonar por enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) es la disociación entre la gravedad de la hipoxemia y el mantenimiento de una mecánica respiratoria relativamente conservada. En este contexto se ha establecido una teoría en relación con dos fenotipos de pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio del adulto (SDRA): un fenotipo Low, caracterizado por baja elastancia y baja reclutabilidad, y un fenotipo High, con características de alta elastancia y alta reclutabilidad. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que cursó internación en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos de nuestro hospital, con clínica, mecánica ventilatoria y patrón tomográfico compatible con el fenotipo Low de SDRA por COVID-19. (AU)

Dissociation between severity of hypoxemia and relative preserved respiratory mechanics is a characteristic observed in lung impairment due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Patients with COVID-19 that present adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are identified for one of two phenotypes according to a theory recently established. The Low phenotype is distinguished by low elastance and low recruitability; and the High phenotype, by high elastance and high recruitability. The case describes a patient admitted in the adult Intensive Care Unit of Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires with observed symptoms, ventilatory mechanics and tomographic pattern that are compatible with Low phenotype of ARDS due to COVID-19. (AU)

Impact of Grade I obesity on respiratory mechanics during video laparoscopic surgery: prospective longitudinal study / Impacto da obesidade Grau I na mecânica respiratória durante cirurgia videolaparoscópica: estudo longitudinal prospectivo

Abstract Introduction and objectives: The association pneumoperitoneum and obesity in video laparoscopy can contribute to pulmonary complications, but has not been well defined in specific groups of obese individuals. We assessed the effects of pneumoperitoneum in respiratory mechanics in Grade I obese compared to non-obese. Methods: Prospective study including 20 patients submitted to video laparoscopic cholecystectomy, normal spirometry, divided into non-obese (BMI ≤ 25 kg.m-2) and obese (BMI > 30 kg.mg-2), excluding Grade II and III obese. We measured pulmonary ventilation mechanics data before pneumoperitoneum (baseline), and five, fifteen and thirty minutes after peritoneal insufflation, and fifteen minutes after disinflation (final). Results: Mean BMI of non-obese was 22.72 ± 1.43 kg.m-2 and of the obese 31.78 ± 1.09 kg.m-2, p < 0.01. Duration of anesthesia and of peritoneal insufflation was similar between groups. Baseline pulmonary compliance (Crs) of the obese (38.3 ± 8.3 mL.cm H2O-1) was lower than of the non-obese (47.4 ± 5.7 mL.cm H2O-1), p = 0.01. After insufflation, Crs decreased in both groups and remained even lower in the obese at all moments assessed (GLM p < 0.01). Respiratory system peak pressure and plateau pressure were higher in the obese, albeit variations were similar at moments analyzed (GLM p > 0.05). The same occurred with elastic pressure, higher in the obese at all times (GLM p = 0.04), and resistive pressure showed differences in variations between groups during pneumoperitoneum (GLM p = 0,05). Conclusions: Grade I obese presented more changes in pulmonary mechanics than the non-obese during video laparoscopies and the fact requires mechanical ventilation-related care.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Em videolaparoscopias, a associação de pneumoperitônio e obesidade pode contribuir para complicações pulmonares, mas não está bem definida em grupos específicos de obesos. Avaliamos os efeitos do pneumoperitônio na mecânica respiratória dos obesos Grau I em comparação aos não obesos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 20 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, com espirometria normal, separados em não-obesos (IMC ≤ 25 kg.m-2) e obesos (IMC > 30 kg.mg-2), excluídos obesos Grau II e III. Mensuramos dados da mecânica ventilatória pulmonar antes do pneumoperitônio basal, após cinco, quinze e trinta minutos da insuflação peritoneal e quinze minutos após a desinsuflação final. Resultados: O IMC médio dos não obesos foi de 22,72 ± 1,43 kg.m-2 e dos obesos 31,78 ± 1,09 kg.m-2, p < 0,01. A duração da anestesia e da insuflação peritoneal foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A complacência pulmonar (Crs) basal dos obesos (38,3 ± 8,3 mL.cm H2O-1) foi inferior aos não obesos (47,4 ± 5,7 mL.cm H2O-1), p = 0,01. Após a insuflação, a Crs diminuiu nos dois grupos e permaneceu ainda mais baixa nos obesos em todos os momentos avaliados (GLM p < 0,01). A pressão de pico e a pressão de platô do sistema respiratório foram mais elevadas nos obesos, mas apresentaram semelhantes variações nos momentos analisados (GLM p > 0,05). O mesmo ocorreu com a pressão elástica, mais elevada nos obesos em todos tempos (GLM p = 0,04), e a pressão resistiva apresentou diferenças nas variações entre os grupos durante o pneumoperitônio (GLM p = 0,05). Conclusão: Obesos Grau I apresentam maiores alterações na mecânica pulmonar que os não obesos em videolaparoscopias e este fato recomenda cuidados relacionados a ventilação mecânica.

Doble mecanismo de estrangulación. A propósito de un caso / Double mechanism of strangulation. Apropos of a case

RESUMEN Las asfixias mecánicas son aquellas que resultan del impedimento mecánico a la penetración del aire en las vías respiratorias, suelen clasificarse atendiendo a la naturaleza del medio mecánico que las origina y a su modo de actuar. La estrangulación puede definirse como la constricción del cuello mediante la aplicación de una fuerza activa, ajena al peso del cuerpo, que actúa por intermedio de un lazo, las manos, el antebrazo o cualquier otra estructura rígida. En la estrangulación antebraquial, la constricción del cuello se lleva a cabo normalmente rodeando al individuo con el brazo y el antebrazo. Cuando el mecanismo de la compresión del cuello es lateral, no se afectan las vías aéreas, la compresión de las arterias carótidas hace que se produzca una isquemia cerebral y pérdida de conocimiento en 10-15 segundos. El mecanismo de muerte en estos casos será la anoxia cefálica. Si la compresión del cuello es anterior, actúa ocluyendo las vías aéreas, la presión sobre los cartílagos tiroides y cricoides puede producir fracturas y el mecanismo de muerte será la obstrucción respiratoria. El presente trabajo constituyó un caso poco común de estrangulación, donde se utilizó un mecanismo combinado que llevó al occiso al deceso final. Para la realización de la discusión del caso se tuvo en cuenta los elementos del lugar del hecho, el examen del exterior y el interior del cadáver (AU).

ABSTRACT Mechanical asphyxias are those resulting from the mechanical obstruction of the air penetration in the airways. They are usually classified according to the nature of the mechanical mean producing it and the way it performs. Strangulation may be defined as neck constriction through the application of an active force not proper to the body weight, acting by means of a knot, hands, forearm or any stiff structure. In ante brachial strangulation, neck constriction is normally performed surrounding the individual with the arm and forearm. When the neck constriction mechanism is lateral, the airways are not affected: carotid arteries constriction produces a brain stroke and loss of consciousness in 10-15 s. The death mechanism in these cases will be cephalic anoxia. If the neck compression is anterior, it occludes the airways; the pressure on thyroidal and cricoid cartilages may produce fractures and death mechanism will be respiratory obstruction. The current work deals with an uncommon strangulation case, where a combined mechanism led the person to the final decease. For the case discussion the authors took into account the elements of the place, and the examination of the exterior and the inside of the corpse (AU).

Comparison of the effects of deep and moderate neuromuscular block on respiratory system compliance and surgical space conditions during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a randomized clinical study / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

OBJECTIVE@#Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) requires pneumoperitoneum (Pnp) and a steep head-down position that may disturb respiratory system compliance (Crs) during surgery. Our aim was to compare the effects of different degrees of neuromuscular block (NMB) on Crs with the same Pnp pressure during RARP.@*METHODS@#One hundred patients who underwent RARP were enrolled and randomly allocated to a deep or moderate NMB group with 50 patients in each group. Rocuronium was administered to both groups: in the moderate NMB group to maintain 1-2 responses to train-of-four (TOF) stimulation; and in the deep NMB group to maintain no response to TOF stimulation and 1-2 responses in the post-tetanic count. Pnp pressure in both groups was 10 mmHg (1 mmHg=133.3 Pa). Peak inspiratory pressure (Ppeak), mean pressure (Pmean), Crs, and airway resistance (Raw) were recorded after anesthesia induction and at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min of Pnp and post-Pnp. Surgical space conditions were evaluated after the procedure on a 4-point scale.@*RESULTS@#Immediately after the Pnp, Ppeak, Pmean, and Raw significantly increased, while Crs decreased and persisted during Pnp in both groups. The results did not significantly differ between the two groups at any of the time points. There was no difference in surgical space conditions between groups. Body movements occurred in 14 cases in the moderate NMB group and in one case in the deep NMB group, and all occurred during obturator lymphadenectomy. A significant difference between the two groups was observed.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Under the same Pnp pressure in RARP, deep and moderate NMBs resulted in similar changes in Crs, and in other respiratory mechanics and surgical space conditions. However, deep NMB significantly reduced body movements during surgery.

Therapeutic blowing toys: does the overlap of ventilatory stimuli alter the respiratory mechanics of healthy schoolchildren? / Brinquedos terapêuticos de sopro: a sobreposição de estímulos ventilatórios altera a mecânica respiratória de escolares saudáveis?

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify whether the overlapping of ventilatory stimuli, resulting from playing with blowing toys, changes the respiratory mechanics of healthy schoolchildren. Methods: Cross-sectional study with healthy schoolchildren aged seven to 14 years old from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Spirometric data were obtained, a health questionnaire and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire were also applied. The procedure consisted of playing with the following blow toys in a random order: soap bubbles, party whistles and balloon. Before and after the intervention, the assessment of respiratory mechanics was carried out by impulse oscillometry - IOS (Erich Jaeger, Germany®). The ANOVA for repeated measures test was applied. Results: 71 students of both genders with mean age of 9.7±2.1 years participated in the study. Results showed a progressive decrease of impedance (Z5), total airway resistance (R5) and resonance frequency (Fres) when the moment before the use of the first toy was compared with the moment after the third toy (Z5/p=0.048; R5/p=0.049; Fres/p=0.004). Fres also differed between the moment before the first and the second toy (p=0.048). After the use of each of the three blowing toys, the oscillometric parameters did not differ. Conclusions: The difference in oscillometric parameters of R5 before the use of each toy indicates that the overlap of ventilatory stimuli produced by them provided a reduction in the R5.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se a sobreposição de estímulos ventilatórios decorrentes da execução de brinquedos de sopro altera a mecânica respiratória de escolares saudáveis. Métodos: Estudo transversal com escolares saudáveis de sete a 14 anos de idade, provenientes de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram obtidos dados espirométricos e realizada aplicação de um recordatório de saúde e do questionário International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). A coleta de dados consistiu na aplicação dos brinquedos bola de sabão, língua de sogra e balão de forma aleatória. Antes e após a intervenção foi realizada a avaliação da mecânica respiratória por meio da oscilometria de impulso - IOS (Erich Jaeger, Germany®). Aplicou-se o teste de ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 71 escolares de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 9,7±2,1 anos. Houve redução progressiva na impedância respiratória a 5 hertz (Z5), na resistência total das vias aéreas (resistência a 5 hertz - R5) e na frequência de ressonância (Fres) ao comparar o momento antes do uso do primeiro e do terceiro brinquedo (Z5/p=0,048; R5/p=0,049; Fres/p=0,004). Fres também diferiu no momento antes do primeiro e do segundo brinquedo (p=0,048). Após o uso de cada um dos três brinquedos, os parâmetros oscilométricos não diferiram. Conclusões: Observando a diferença nos parâmetros oscilométricos da R5 antes do uso de cada um dos brinquedos, notou-se que a sobreposição de estímulos ventilatórios produzidos por eles proporcionou uma redução na R5.