Rare tumors: a blue ocean of investigation / 医学前沿

Advances in novel drugs, therapies, and genetic techniques have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, substantially improving cancer patients' prognosis. Although rare tumors account for a non-negligible number, the practice of precision medicine and development of novel therapies are largely hampered by many obstacles. Their low incidence and drastic regional disparities result in the difficulty of informative evidence-based diagnosis and subtyping. Sample exhaustion due to difficulty in diagnosis also leads to a lack of recommended therapeutic strategies in clinical guidelines, insufficient biomarkers for prognosis/efficacy, and inability to identify potential novel therapies in clinical trials. Herein, by reviewing the epidemiological data of Chinese solid tumors and publications defining rare tumors in other areas, we proposed a definition of rare tumor in China, including 515 tumor types with incidences of less than 2.5/100 000 per year. We also summarized the current diagnosis process, treatment recommendations, and global developmental progress of targeted drugs and immunotherapy agents on the status quo. Lastly, we pinpointed the current recommendation chance for patients with rare tumors to be involved in a clinical trial by NCCN. With this informative report, we aimed to raise awareness on the importance of rare tumor investigations and guarantee a bright future for rare tumor patients.

Asociación de tiburones con el Monte Submarino Las Gemelas y primera evidencia de conectividad con la Isla del Coco, Pacífico de Costa Rica / Association of sharks with Las Gemelas Seamount and first evidence of connectivity with Cocos Island, Pacific of Costa Rica

Introducción: Los montes submarinos y las islas oceánicas son conocidos como "puntos calientes" de biodiversidad pelágica, los cuales son utilizados por especies altamente migratorias como corredores biológicos naturales. En el Pacífico Tropical Oriental se han establecido una serie de Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMPs) cuyo objetivo principal es proteger y manejar los recursos marinos que se encuentran dentro de esta región. Sin embargo, muchas de estas AMPs no incluyen esquemas de protección absoluta, y ninguna cuenta con la capacidad de de proteger a las especies altamente móviles una vez que estas se desplazan fuera de sus límites. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio es dar a conocer la primer evidencia de conectividad entre el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco (PNIC) y el monte submarino Las Gemelas ubicado dentro del Área Marina de Manejo Montes Submarinos (AMM-MS) registrada por un tiburón martillo hembra (Sphyrna lewini). Métodos: Entre mayo del 2015 y mayo del 2016 un tiburón martillo y un tiburón zorro (Alopias pelagicus) fueron marcados (V16, Vemco Ltd.) y monitoreados por una serie de receptores acústicos ubicados en el PNIC y en Las Gemelas. Los datos fueron analizados descriptivamente y se calculó el índice de residencia (IR). Resultados: S. lewini realizó viajes de ida y vuelta entre los sitios ubicados dentro del PNIC y el AMM-MS. El mayor número de detecciones registradas por S. lewini ocurrieron en Roca Sucia, y todas las detecciones tuvieron lugar durante las horas de la mañana (7:00 - 12:00 h). S. lewini exhibió una baja residencia (IR=0.02) y una presencia periódica en el área de estudio. Se detectó la presencia de A. pelagicus en Las Gemelas casi un año después de haber sido marcado en ese mismo lugar. Conclusiones: La presencia periódica de S. lewini entre estas dos AMPs, y la presencia de A. pelagicus en Las Gemelas sugiere que los movimientos entre las islas oceánicas de la región puede ser más complejo que simples movimientos de "ida y vuelta", donde los montes submarinos juegan un papel importante en el desplazamiento de dichas especies. Nuestros resultados destacan la importancia de aumentar la protección a los montes submarinos y de crear corredores marinos que conecten las islas oceánicas con el fin de promover la conservación de especies altamente migratorias. Aunque la creación de AMPs alrededor de estas formaciones geológicas se ha propuesto como una manera efectiva de conservar y proteger la biodiversidad marina en aguas abiertas, su efectividad es solo parcial. Esta investigación resalta la importancia de estudiar la dinámica espacial de especies altamente migratorias con el objetivo de mejorar el diseño y la efectividad de AMPs ubicadas lejos del continente como es el caso del PNIC y el AMM-MS.

Introduction: Seamounts and oceanic islands are known as hotspots of pelagic biodiversity, which highly migratory species use as natural biological corridors. Although marine protected areas have been established in the Eastern Tropical Pacific with a goal to protect and manage region's marine biodiversity, not all utilize or enforce a no-take policy, and none are capable of protecting highly mobile species once they move outside of the limit of these areas. Objective: We present the first evidence of shark connectivity between Cocos Island National Park (CINP) and Las Gemelas seamount located in the Seamounts Marine Management Area (SMMA), by a female scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini). Methods: Between May 2015 and May 2016 a scalloped hammerhead shark and a pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus) were tagged (V16, Vemco Ltd.) and monitored by an array of acoustic receivers installed at CINP and Las Gemelas. We analyzed the acoustic data descriptively and we calculated the residency index (IR). Results: S. lewini performed persistent movements between these two marine protected areas. All detections in Cocos Island occurred during the morning (7:00-12:00 h) and Roca Sucia was the most visited site. The shark shows a low residency (IR=0.02) and intermittent presence in the study area. We recorded the presence of A. pelagicus at Las Gemelas almost one year after it was tagged at the site. Conclusions: The persistent movements of S. lewini between these two pelagic marine protected areas, and the presence of a tagged A. pelagicus at Las Gemelas seamount, suggests that movements between oceanic islands in the region may be more complex than simple "back and forth" movements, with seamounts in between them acting as stepping stones, where they may also stay for periods of time. Our results emphasize the importance of granting greater protection to seamounts and creating connecting swimways to oceanic island hotspots for the conservation of pelagic and highly migratory species. Although the establishment of marine reserves around oceanic islands and seamounts have been proposed as an effective way to conserve and protect marine biodiversity in the high seas, their effectiveness is only partial. This study highlights the importance of studying the spatial dynamics of highly migratory species to help improve the design and efficiency of marine protected areas located in the high seas such as CINP and SMMA.

Residencia del tiburón punta blanca de arrecife, Triaenodon obesus, (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) en las bahías Chatham y Wafer del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica / Residency of the whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) in Chatham and Wafer Bays, Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica

Introducción: El tiburón punta blanca (Triaenodon obesus) es una especie de arrecife de aguas tropicales, no migratoria, que ha demostrado no tener una alta conectividad costera, como la observada para otras especies de tiburón, sin embargo posee la distribución más amplia de todas las demás especies de tiburón de arrecife del Indo-Pacífico. T. obesus, es una de las especies de tiburón más comunes en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco (PNIC), y no presenta una estacionalidad marcada. En las bahías localizadas en el norte del PNIC, Bahía Chatham y Bahía Wafer, reside una saludable población del tiburón punta blanca de arrecife. A pesar de ser una especie abundante en las bahías Chatham y Wafer del PNIC, la información sobre su residencia resulta escaza. Objetivo: Conocer sobre el uso de hábitat y los movimientos del tiburón punta blanca de arrecife mejorará su manejo en el PNIC y en otros lugares del Pacífico Tropical Oriental. Para esto se realizó un estudio preliminar sobre la residencia en las bahías Chatham y Wafer del PNIC, utilizando telemetría acústica. Métodos: Se realizó una expedición de marcaje de tiburones al Parque Nacional Isla del Coco entre el 25 de noviembre al 5 de diciembre del 2014. Durante esta expedición se realizaron 2 giras nocturnas entre las 18:00 y las 22:00 a Bahía Chatham y Bahía Wafer y se marcaron 8 individuos de T. obesus con telemetría acústica y se instalaron dos receptores, uno en cada bahía. Resultados: Entre noviembre 2014 y diciembre 2015 los tiburones punta blanca marcados fueron detectados por los receptores instalados en las bahías en un total de 278 706 ocasiones. Los tiburones T. obesus marcados permanecieron largos periodos en las bahías Chatham y Wafer, El índice de Residencia (IR) medio de los T. obesus marcados fue de 0.97±0,03, reportando una tendencia en la baja del número total de detecciones durante las horas nocturnas. Los tiburones punta blanca de arrecife mostraron una alta fidelidad al sitio de marcaje, que se ve reflejado en los elevados índices de residencia reportados, particularmente altos en comparación con otras especies de tiburón de arrecife. Las detecciones de los tiburones en las bahías tienden a disminuir a partir de las 18:00 horas, cuando el tiburón punta blanca se vuelve activo para cazar en el arrecife. Conclusiones: En conclusión, los tiburones punta blanca poseen una alta residencia y fidelidad, lo cual confirma su bajo rango de hogar. El Área Marina Protegida de la Isla del Coco probablemente brinda una protección efectiva a la población del tiburón punta blanca de la pesca ilegal.

Introduction: The whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) is a non-migratory tropical reef species that has shown no high coastal connectivity, as observed for other shark species. At the same time, has the widest distribution of all Indo-Pacific reef shark species. Triaenodon obesus is one of the most common shark species at Isla del Coco National Park (PNIC) and it is present year-round. In the bays located in the north of the PNIC, Chatham Bay and Wafer Bay, there is a large population of whitetip reef sharks. Despite that, information about its residency is scarce. Objective: The aim of this initiative is to study the hábitat use and the movements of the whitetip reef sharks, in order to improve the management of its population at the Isla del Coco National Park and other áreas of Eastern Tropical Pacific. A preliminary study on the residency in the Chatham and Wafer bays of the PNIC was conducted, using acoustic telemetry. Methods: A shark tagging expedition was made to Isla del Coco National Park from November 25 to December 5, 2014. During this expedition, two night trips were made between 6:00 pm and 10:00 pm at Chatham Bay and Wafer Bay. Results: A total of 8 individuals of T. obesus were fitted with acoustic tags and two receivers were installed, one in each bay. Sharks were monitored between November 2014 and December 2015, the sharks were detected on 278 706 occasions. The sharks remained long periods in the Chatham and Wafer bays. Their average Residency Index (IR) was 0.97 ± 0.03, reporting less number of detections during the night hours. Detections of sharks in the bays tend to diminish after 18:00, when the whitetip shark becomes active to hunt on the reef. Conclusions: In conclusion, white tip sharks have a high residence and fidelity, which confirms their low home range. The Protected Marine Area of Isla del Coco probably provides effective protection to the white tip shark population for the illegal fisheries.

Distribución de temperatura y salinidad en campañas oceanográficas recientes en el Pacífico Tropical Oriental de Costa Rica / Distribution of temperature and salinity during recent oceanographic campaigns in the Eastern Tropical Pacific of Costa Rica

Introducción: Para Costa Rica, los estudios realizados en el Pacífico Tropical Este o PTE son importantes ya que se relacionan con el Corredor Marino del Pacífico Este Tropical, el cual es un esfuerzo de conservación multinacional. El presente estudio describe los parámetros físicos de temperatura del mar y salinidad del océano de las masas de agua que rodean a la Isla del Coco y su entorno, el PTE, a través del análisis de perfiles de CTD obtenidos durante campañas hidrográficas realizadas entre el año 2008 y el 2012; y comparar los resultados de los datos in-situ con los del reanálisis del modelo HYCOM-NCODA. Métodos: Se compilaron los resultados de 8 diferentes campañas científicas a la Isla del Coco de abril de 2008, marzo de 2009, abril de 2010, julio de 2011 y marzo de 2012. También se analizan las campañas de octubre de 2010 y marzo de 2011 en donde se realizó un transecto latitudinal y un transecto longitudinal en las aguas del Pacífico Tropical Este de Costa Rica. En julio de 2012 se realizaron 3 transectos latitudinales en las aguas en torno a la Isla del Coco. Las mediciones se hicieron por medio de un CTD, instrumento utilizado para determinar la conductividad, temperatura y presión de la columna de agua, entre otras variables. Resultados: Se observó la presencia de Agua Superficial Tropical en los primeros 50m de profundidad, con temperaturas superiores a 25°C y salinidades menores 33psu y Agua Sub-superficial Sub-tropical bajo los 60m con temperaturas menores a 25°C y salinidades alrededor de las 35ups. La zona de transición entre ellas se presentó entre los 50-60m. Los resultados de la temperatura del mar y la salinidad de los transectos analizados reflejan las condiciones climáticas y atmosféricas observadas, en donde se nota que las variaciones estacionales en el PTE están fuertemente influenciadas por la migración meridional de la Zona de Convergencia Inter-Tropical. Conclusiones: El estudio mostró que los datos del reanálisis del modelo de circulación general HYCOM-NCODA son comparables con los resultados de los perfiles del CTD en el PTE. La distribución de la temperatura de los muestreos tiende a ser similar a los datos del modelo oceánico y las principales diferencias se dan en la capa profunda para la salinidad, por lo que el modelo HYCOM es capaz de reproducir las características observadas en el PTE de temperatura y salinidad y puede ser usado para estudiar la dinámica tropical oceánica, en regiones más extensas y en otras épocas del año.

Introduction: In Costa Rica, studies done in the Eastern Tropical Pacific or ETP are important because of their interaction/relationship with the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape, a known multinational conservation initiative. The present study describes the physical parameters of sea temperature and salinity around Cocos Island and its environment, the ETP, using CTD profiles. Methods: Data were obtained in April 2008, March 2009, April 2010, July 2011 and March 2012 near this island. Latitudinal and longitudinal transects were also done during October 2010 and March 2011 in a broader Costa Rican ETP region. In July 2012, three latitudinal transects were done around Cocos Island. Records were obtained using a CTD, measuring conductivity, temperature and pressure, among other variables. Results: Tropical Surface Water was observed in the upper 50m, showing temperatures above 25°C and salinities below 33psu. Below the surface waters, Subsurface Subtropical Water was detected below a 60m depth, showing temperatures colder than 25°C and salinities around 35psu. The transition between these waters was around 50-60m in depth. Temperature and salinity results were related with the atmosphere conditions observed, in which ETP variability was strongly influenced by the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone migration. Conclusions: This study also showed that reanalysis data from the HYCOM-NCODA general circulation model are comparable and in a good agreement with the CTD profiles. Temperature and salinity HYCOM data also reproduced, in general terms, the main characteristics of CTD data, having some small differences in the deeper levels. This reanalysis data set could also be used to study the tropical ocean dynamics, in wider ETP regions and for different seasons.

Maná sobre el océano: los viajes del árbol del pan / Manna over the ocean: the breadfruit's voyages

Ending the nineteenth century the King of England sent Captain Bligh with orders to take from Tahiti to Jamaica plants of the breadfruit tree, searching for a chip and nutritive food for his slaves in the New World. The first voyage failed because the famous Bounty's mutiny; in the second, with the Providence and the Assistance, Bligh did successfully his task and today the tree growths well all around the Caribbean Sea, being not only a popular food, but also, in hands of a good chef, a gourmet's dish.

Determination of visual portfolio for surgeons overseas assessment of surgical needs Nigeria study: Consensus generation through an e-Delphi process

Background: Surgery as a public health priority has received little attention until recently. There is a significant unmeasured and unmet burden of surgical illness in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our aim was to generate a consensus among expert pediatric surgeons practicing in LMICs regarding the spectrum of pediatric surgical conditions that we should look out for in a community-based survey for Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Needs Nigeria study. Materials and Methods: The Delphi methodology was utilized to identify sets of variables from among a panel of experts. Each variable was scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The experts were provided with an anonymous summary of the results after the first round. A consensus was achieved after two rounds, defined by an improvement in the standard deviation (SD) of scores for a particular variable over that of the previous round. We invited 76 pediatric surgeons through e-mail across Africa but predominantly from Nigeria. Results: Twenty-one pediatric surgeons gave consent to participate through return of mail. Thirteen (62%) answered the first round statements and 8 (38%) the second round. In general, the strength of agreement to all statements of the questionnaire improved between the first and second rounds. Overall consensus, as expressed by the decrease in the mean SD from 0.84 in the first round to 0.68 in the second round, also improved over time. The strength of consensus improved for 23 (74%) of the statements. The strength of consensus decreased for the remaining 8 (26%) of statements. Out of the 31 consensus-generating statements, 16 (51%) scored high agreement, 13 (42%) scored low agreement, and 2 (15%) scored perfect disagreement. Conclusion: We have successfully identified the pediatric surgical conditions to be included in any community survey of pediatric surgical need in an LMIC setting

Foraging behavior and at-sea distribution of White-Tailed Tropicbirds in tropical ocean / Comportamento de forrageio e distribuição no mar do Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-laranja em oceano tropical

Abstract We used miniaturized GPS loggers and site observations to access foraging patterns and nest behaviour of the White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus (WTTB), an endangered species at its South Atlantic breeding colony. Dual foraging pattern was observed with alternation between long and short foraging trips. Birds responsible for nest attendance engaged in short foraging trips with mean distance from colony of 25 ± 17 km, total distance covered of 79 ± 65 km and mean duration of 4.02 ± 5.28 hours. Birds flew by dawn and returned before dusk while partners were at sea for long foraging trips that ranged from four to 11 days, with mean maximum distance from colony of 105 ± 47.48 km. Chicks were usually left alone for hours and chick predation by Land Crab Johngartia lagostroma, egg consumption by Goniopsis cruentata and intra-specific competition are suspected to be responsible for high chick mortality rates.

Resumo Utilizamos aparelhos de GPS miniaturizados e observações de campo para determinar padrões de forrageio e comportamento em ninho da espécie ameaçada Rabos-de-palha-de-bico-laranja Phaethon lepturus em sua colônia reprodutiva do Atlântico Sul. Padrão dual de forrageio foi observado, com alternância entre viagens longas e curtas. Aves responsáveis por cuidado parental efetuaram viagens curtas de forrageio com em média 25 ± 17 km de distância da colônia, distância total percorrida média de 79 ± 65 km e duração média de 4.02 ± 5.28 horas. As aves saíram da colônia entre o amanhecer e o entardecer, enquanto seus parceiros estavam em alto-mar em viagens longas de quatro a 11 dias de duração, com média de distância máxima da colônia de 105 ± 47.48 km. Filhotes foram constantemente deixados sozinhos por várias horas, e predação por Johngartia lagostroma, consumo de ovos por Goniopsis cruentata e competição intra-específica possivelmente foram responsáveis por sua morte.

Marine drugs for cancer: surfacing biotechnological innovations from the oceans

This review will discuss the contributions of marine natural molecules, a source only recently found to have pharmaceutical prospects, to the development of anticancer drugs. Of the seven clinically utilized compounds with a marine origin, four are used for the treatment of cancer. The development of these drugs has afforded valuable knowledge and crucial insights to meet the most common challenges in this endeavor, such as toxicity and supply. In this context, the development of these compounds will be discussed herein to illustrate, with successful examples provided by cytarabine, trabectedin, eribulin and brentuximab vedotin, the steps involved in this process as well as the scientific advances and technological innovation potential associated with developing a new drug from marine resources.

Implicaciones sedimentológicas sobre el cambio en la cobertura del bosque de manglar en Boca Zacate, Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe, Costa Rica / Sedimentological implications of the change in the coverage of mangrove forest in Boca Zacate, Térraba-Sierpe National Wetlands, Costa Rica

Resumen:En los últimos sesenta años han ocurrido cambios en el Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe, Costa Rica. Los cambios en la geomorfología costera están asociados a la erosión o acreción de sedimentos, lo que ha favorecido la eliminación de sectores de bosque o a la formación de bancos de sedimentos que han sido colonizados por árboles de mangle. El estudio se realizó en los sectores Bocón, Brujo e isla Coco en Boca Zacate, Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe, Costa Rica, entre 2008-2013, cuyo objetivo consiste en analizar el aporte de sedimentos y las implicaciones en la cobertura del bosque de mangle en el sector de Boca Zacate. Es este estudio se realizó un análisis multitemporal de la morfología litoral con fotografías aéreas e imágenes satelitales de 1948, 1960, 1974, 1978, 1984, 1992 y 2011. Y además, se cuantificó la tasa de sedimentación mensual (g/cm2/día) en los canales de los estuarios, la composición granulométrica y la concentración de elementos químicos en los sedimentos (mgL-1) en época seca y lluviosa durante los años de estudio. Los resultados indican que Boca Zacate ha mantenido en los últimos 60 años una tendencia hacia la erosión, perdiendo un 10.6 % de su espacio emergido entre 1948 y 2011 y aproximadamente un 8.9 % de su cobertura forestal; también ha experimentado una acreción en la zona de la isla Coco, uniéndose al continente por este sector. La tasa de sedimentación cuantificada en los esteros presentó diferencias con respecto al sitio y a la época. La mayor cantidad se presentó en el estero el Brujo y la menor cantidad en el estero Camíbar. Con respecto a la granulo-metría, el tipo de sedimento dominante es la arena, seguido por la arcilla y en menor cantidad el limo en todos los sitios de estudio. La mayor distribución de los elementos químicos corresponde al magnesio, calcio, potasio; mientras que el manganeso, hierro, aluminio, fósforo, zinc y cobre se encontraron en menor cantidad. El transporte, composición y cantidad de sedimentos en Boca Zacate aportados por el río Grande de Térraba asociados a las corrientes, mareas y oleaje, son factores determinantes en los cambios que han ocurrido en el litoral de la Boca, conllevando a un paisaje de bosque de mangle muerto en la zona. Por consiguiente, este tipo de análisis es importante para la recomendación de lineamientos y acciones en la conservación y la gestión integrada del espacio marino-costero en el Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe.

Abstract:In the last sixty years many geomorphological changes have occurred in Costa Rica's Térraba-Sierpe National Wetlands. Changes in coastal geomorphology are generally associated with erosion or accretion of sediment, which has led to the removal of sections of mangrove forests or sediment banks colonized by mangroves. The aim of this study was to analyze sedimentation as a leading process in the dynamics of coastal morphology and its implications for mangrove forest cover in the Boca Zacate area of Térraba-Sierpe wetlands. The study was conducted in the sectors of Bocón, Brujo and Coco Island in Boca Zacate, from 2008 to 2013. The research was based on a multi-temporal analysis of coastal morphology using aerial photographs from the years 1948, 1960, 1974, 1978, 1984, 1992 and 2011. The following measurements were also performed: monthly sedimentation rate (g/cm2/day), and granulometric composition and content of chemical elements in the sediments of the study area. These last two measurements were performed once each in the dry and rainy seasons during the years of study. The results indicated that over the past 60 years, Boca Zacate has witnessed a process of sustained erosion; from 1948 through 2001, losing 10.6 % of its land and approximately 8.9 % of its forest cover. It has also experienced accretion in the area of Coco Island. The Brujo sector showed the highest sedimentation rate and the Camibar estuary, the lowest. The dominant type of sediment in all study sites was sand, followed by clay and silt. The most widespread chemical elements (mg/L) included magnesium, calcium and potassium; others, such as manganese, iron, aluminum, phosphorus, zinc and copper, were measured in smaller amounts. Transport, composition and quantity of sediment in Boca Zacate are crucial to the changes that have occurred on the coastal area of La Boca, where the presence of dead trees was evident. This geomorphological analysis holds great importance for future guidelines and actions for the conservation and integrated management of the mangrove in Terraba- Sierpe National Wetlands.

Offshore work and the work of nurses on board: an integrative review / El trabajo offshore y la actuación del enfermero embarcado: una revisión integradora / Trabalho offshore e a atuação do enfermeiro embarcado: uma revisão integrativa

OBJECTIVETo know the production of theoretical approaches on issues related to offshore work and the work of offshore nurses.METHODIntegrative literature review conducted in the databases of LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE, SciELO and Index PSI.RESULTSWe selected 33 studies published in national and international journals between 1997 and 2014. The thematic analysis corpus resulted in four central themes: offshore work environment; amid work adversities, an escape; structuring of offshore health and safety services; in search of safe practices.CONCLUSIONThis study contributes to the offshore work of nurses in relation to the nature of work, acting amid adversities and the restless search for safe practices in the open sea.

OBJETIVOConocer la producción de abordajes teóricas acerca de los aspectos relacionados con el trabajo offshore y la actuación del enfermero embarcado.MÉTODORevisión integradora de la literatura realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE, SciELO e Index PSI.RESULTADOSFueron seleccionados 33 estudios publicados en periódicos nacionales e internacionales, entre 1997-2014. Del corpus del análisis temático resultaron cuatro temas centrales: ambiente laboral offshore; en medio de las adversidades del trabajo, una fuga; estructuración de los servicios de salud y seguridadoffshore; en búsqueda de prácticas seguras.CONCLUSIÓNEl presente estudio brinda contribuciones al trabajo offshore del enfermero en cuanto a la naturaleza del trabajo, la actuación en medio de las adversidades y la incesante búsqueda de prácticas seguras en alta mar.

OBJETIVOConhecer a produção de abordagens teóricas sobre aspectos relacionados ao trabalho offshore e a atuação do enfermeiro embarcado.MÉTODORevisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE, SciELO e Index PSI.RESULTADOSForam selecionados 33 estudos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, entre 1997-2014. Do corpus da análise temática resultaram quatro temas centrais: ambiente de trabalho offshore; em meio às adversidades do trabalho, uma fuga; estruturação dos serviços de saúde e segurança offshore; em busca de práticas seguras.CONCLUSÃOO presente estudo traz contribuições ao trabalho offshore do enfermeiro quanto à natureza do trabalho, o agir em meio às adversidades e a incessante busca por práticas seguras em alto-mar.

Dead sea syndrome: a case report

Dead Sea has 33.7% salinity which makes it one of the saltiest water on earth. Drowning and swallowing Dead Sea water with its high content of minerals affects significantly the electrolytes balance in the body. We report a nine year old boy who drown in the dead sea and developed secondary life threatening sever hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia causing abnormal cardiac rhythm; he is successfully treated with hemodialysis. Physician who treat patients drown in the Dead Sea has to be aware of electrolyte abnormalities especially for calcium and magnesium and the proper method of management including hemodialysis or hemofiltration

“ Un souvenir de los paisajes submarinos”: la fotografía subacuática y los límites de la visibilidad fotográfica, 1890-1910 / “ A souvenir of undersea landscapes”: underwater photography and the limits of photographic visibility, 1890-1910 / “ A souvenir of undersea landscapes:”: underwater photography and the limits of photographic visibility, 1890-1910

Los primeros intentos conocidos por tomar fotografías bajo la superficie del agua fueron llevados adelante poco después de la aparición del daguerrotipo en 1839. Los más antiguos registros datan de la década de 1850. Hacia fines de ese siglo y con el propósito de auxiliar a los estudios científicos de la vida marina se obtuvo lo que se consideran las primeras fotografías subacuáticas. En estos intentos se valoró la fotografía en tanto productora de evidencia al mismo tiempo que se discutían los límites y alcances de su visibilidad. Aquí compararemos algunas experiencias europeas y norteamericanas, particularmente aquellas emprendidas por los biólogos Louis Boutan y Jacob Reighard en sus estudios de la fauna marina realizados entre 1890 y 1910.

The first known attempts to take photographs below the surface of the water were carried out shortly after the appearance of the daguerreotype in 1839. The earliest records date from the 1850s. Towards the end of that century, in order to help advance scientific study of marine life, what are considered to be the first underwater photographs were taken. In these attempts, photography was valued as producing evidence, while at the same time the limits of its range of visibility were debated. Here we compare some European and American experiments, particularly those of biologists Louis Boutan and Jacob Reighard in their studies of marine fauna from 1890 to 1910.

Entre mares e continentes: aspectos da trajetória científica de Hermann von Ihering, 1850-1930 / Between seas and continents: aspects of the scientific career of Hermann von Ihering, 1850-1930

Este artigo considera momentos da trajetória científica de Hermann von Ihering: sua formação em zoologia em instituições alemãs e em Nápoles, sua atuação internacional a partir do Brasil e retorno à Alemanha. Aborda aspectos da elaboração de suas teorias sobre pontes continentais. Destaca as redes de sociabilidade construídas prioritariamente com Florentino Ameghino e com emigrantes alemães como ele, que lhe permitiram interagir nos círculos científicos internacionais. Menciona fragmentos de suas cartas e de suas publicações nos períodos em que inicia a correspondência com Ameghino (1890); viaja à Europa em busca de apoio para suas teorias (1907); e publica um livro sobre a história do oceano Atlântico (1927).

This paper covers some periods in Hermann von Ihering’s scientific trajectory: his training in zoology in Germany and Naples, his international activities based in Brazil, and his return to Germany. It deals with aspects of the formulation of his theories on land bridges. It focuses on the network of contacts he maintained with German émigrés like himself, and primarily with Florentino Ameghino, which allowed him to interact in international scientific circles. It mentions excerpts of his letters and his publications in the periods when he began corresponding with Ameghino (1890), when he travelled to Europe in search of support for his theories (1907), and when he published his book on the history of the Atlantic Ocean (1927).

The planktonic communities of the Jamaican south-east coast; a comparison of harbor, shelf and oceanic areas / Comunidades planctónicas de la costa sudoriental jamaiquina; una comparación de puerto, estante y áreas oceánicas

Few studies have compared water quality and plankton along the eutrophication gradient from Kingston Harbour to oceanic waters around Jamaica. To compare the planktonic community along the expected nutrient gradient, we sampled every two weeks at four stations, from eutrophic Kingston Harbour to oceanic California Bank. Phytoplankton was assessed from whole water Niskin bottle casts and zooplankton by vertical hauls with plankton nets of three different mesh sizes: 64µm, 200µm, and 600µm. Total phytoplankton biomass declined sharply away from the harbour (1.0 μg L-1 at the Harbour Shoal Beacon to 0.2 μg L-1 at California Bank). Characteristic estuarine phytoplankton genera -such as Ceratium, Gonyaulax, Gyrodinium and Rhizosolenia- dominated harbour samples while genera characteristic of offshore locations -such as Asterionelliopsis, Navicula, Nitzschia, Rhizosolenia and Thalassionema- dominated California Bank. Highest phytoplankton densities (mean values of 34 174 cells L-1) were found at the harbor mouth. Mean zooplankton abundances ranged from maximum (5 858.5m-3) at Beacon to minimum (2 124.2 m-3) at California; 171 species of zooplankton were identified and copepods dominated with 76 species. Overall, 75 species of zooplankton were identified from Beacon, 107 from Port Royal Cays- South East Cay, 110 from the exposed shelf edge- Windward Edge, and 95 from the oceanic California Bank. Larval forms dominated; copepod nauplii, fish eggs and echinoderm larvae occurred at all sites. Lucifer faxoni and Penilia avirostris were indicative of harbor waters and Microsetella sp. and Farranula carinata of offshore waters. Some zooplankton taxa, like L. faxoni, Paracalanus parvus and copepod nauplii, despite showing gradual decline with distance from Beacon to the Edge, increased in abundance at the furthest station, California. California Bank clearly experiences enrichment which at times can be as high as near-shore areas, but the planktonic community is unique and similar only to those at other offshore station. To be reliable, characterization of water masses must involve a range of physicochemical and biological parameters.

Pocos estudios han comparado la calidad de agua y plancton a lo largo de un gradiente de eutrofización en el Puerto Kingston con aguas oceánicas en Jamaica. Para comparar la comunidad de plancton a lo largo del gradiente de nutrientes esperado, muestreamos cada dos semanas en cuatro estaciones, desde el eutrófico Puerto Kingston hasta el Banco oceánico California. Evaluamos el fitoplancton de agua entera en botellas de molde tipo Niskin usando la biomasa total y y zooplancton por arrastres verticales con redes de plancton de tres tamaños de malla diferente: 64µm, 200µm y 600µm. La biomasa total de fitoplancton mostró una fuerte caída al aumentar la distancia desde el puerto Kingston (1.0µg L-1 en el Puerto Shoal Beacon a 0.2µg L-1 en el Banco California). Géneros característicos estuarinos como Ceratium, Gonyaulax, Gyrodinium y Rhizosolenia dominaron en las muestras del Puerto Kingston mientras que géneros característicos de costa afuera como Asterionelliopsis, Navicula, Nitzschia, Rhizosolenia y Thalassionema dominaron en el Banco California. Las densidades más altas de fitoplancton (valores promedio de 34 174 células L-1) se encontraron en la boca del puerto. Valores promedio de zooplancton oscilaban entre un máximo (5 858.5m-3) en el Puerto Shoal Beacon (HSB) a un mínimo (2 124.19m-3) en el Banco California (CB), 171 especies del zooplancton fueron identificadas, de los cuales los copépodos dominaban con 76 especies. En general, se identificaron 75 especies del zooplancton en HSB, 107 de los Cayos Port Royal (SEC), 110 del borde de la plataforma expuesta (WE) y 95 del Banco oceánico (CB). Las formas larvarias eran numéricamente dominantes con nauplios de copépodos, huevos de peces y larvas de equinodermos que ocurren en todos los sitios. La dominancia de especies individuales fue utilizada para caracterizar las masas de agua. Lucifer faxoni y Penilia avirostris fueron indicativos de las aguas del puerto y Microsetella sp. y Farranula carinata fueron identificados como indicadores de aguas costa afuera. Taxones seleccionados de de zooplancton, como L. faxoni, Paracalanus parvus y nauplios de copépodos, a pesar de mostrar un decline gradual con la distancia desde el puerto de Kingston a la otra estación costa afuera, aumentan su abundancia en la estación más lejana, Banco California. Banco California es claramente una zona que experimenta un enriquecimiento que a veces puede ser tan alto como las áreas cerca de la costa, pero la comunidad planctónica es única y similar únicamente a las estaciones costa afuera. Para ser confiable, la caracterización de masas de agua debe implicar una serie de parámetros físico-químicos y biológicos.

Molluscs associated with the macroalgae of the genus Gracilaria (Rhodophyta): importance of algal fronds as microhabitat in a hypersaline mangrove in Northeastern Brazil / Moluscos associados a macroalgas do gênero Gracilaria (Rhodophyta): importância das frondes algais como microhabitat em um manguezal hipersalino no Nordeste do Brasil

The fronds of marine macroalgae play an important role in coastal ecosystems because the algae banks are utilized as a microhabitat by different taxa, including molluscs, one of the most abundant and diverse animals of marine ecosystems. In this study, we characterized the malacofauna associated with the macroalgae Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie 1874 and Gracilaria cuneata Areschoug 1854 of a hypersaline mangrove on the northern coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. The first alga dominates in the rainy season and it is substituted by second one in the dry period. A total of 1,490 molluscs were surveyed, representing 56 species in 29 families: 1,081 were associated with G. domingensis and 409 with G. cuneata, the latter showing the greater diversity (H′=1.25). Columbellidae, Neritidae, Pyramidellidae and Cerithiidae were among the most representative families in the number of species and individuals. The micromolluscs were dominant in the algal microhabitat, constituting 74.63% of the malacofauna recorded. The columbellid Parvanachis obesa (C. B. Adams, 1845) was the dominant species followed by the neritid Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758) in both algae. In spite of the annual alternated succession of the algae species, at least 15 mollusc species are common for these algae. Furthermore, juveniles of P. obesa were recorded in both seasons, indicating a continuous reproduction. Possible reasons for difference in abundance, diversity and dominance of molluscs living on these algae are discussed. Both species of substrate-algae represent an important microhabitat for refuge, feeding and the reproduction of small-sized mollusc species during rainy and dry seasons.

As frondes de macroalgas marinhas exercem um importante papel nos ecossistemas costeiros, tendo em vista que os bancos de algas são utilizados como microhabitat por diferentes táxons, incluindo os moluscos, que estão entre os mais abundantes e diversos animais dos ecossistemas marinhos. Neste estudo, caracterizou-se a malacofauna associada às macroalgas Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie 1874 e Gracilaria cuneata Areschoug 1854 de um manguezal hipersalino da costa norte do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil. A primeira alga domina no período chuvoso e é substituída pela segunda no período seco. Foram inventariados 1.490 moluscos, representando 56 espécies em 29 famílias: 1.081 estavam associados a G. domingensis e 409 a G. cuneata, esta última apresentando maior diversidade (H′=1,25). Columbellidae, Neritidae, Pyramidellidae e Cerithiidae estiveram entre as famílias mais representativas em número de espécies e indivíduos. Os micromoluscos foram dominantes no microhabitat algal, constituindo 74,63% da malacofauna registrada. O columbelídeo Parvanachis obesa (C. B. Adams, 1845) foi a espécie dominante, seguida pelo neritídeo Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758) em ambas as algas. Apesar da sucessão alternada anual das espécies de algas, pelo menos 15 espécies de moluscos são comuns a estas algas. Além disso, os jovens de P. obesa foram registrados em ambas as estações, indicando uma reprodução contínua. São discutidas possíveis razões para a diferença na abundância, diversidade e dominância dos moluscos habitantes destas algas. Ambas as espécies de alga-substrato representam um importante microhabitat para refúgio, alimentação e reprodução para pequenas espécies de moluscos durante as estações chuvosa e seca.

An assessment of oceanic seabird abundance and distribution off the southern Brazilian coast using observations obtained during deep-water fishing operations / Uma avaliação da abundância de aves marinhas oceânicas e distribuição do Sudeste e Sul do Brasil a partir de observações durante operações de pesca em águas profundas.

The use of discarded fish over baited hooks used in longline fishery, and fish caught in gillnets, as a food source for gulls, albatrosses and petrels has been intensively studied in northern and southern oceans. This study describes the occurrence and abundance of seabirds observed from 20 foreign vessels which operated during the period between July 2001 and May 2005, off the southeastern and southern Brazilian coast. A total of 353,557 seabirds were observed; comprising eight families and 28 species. The most abundant species was Procellaria conspicillata followed by Daption capense, Puffinus gravis, Thalassarche melanophrys and Oceanites oceanicus. Ten species of seabirds (392 individual birds) were incidentally captured in gillnets; and 122 birds (9 species) by longline hooks, with P. gravis, D. capense and Procellaria aequinoctialis having the largest capture rates.

A utilização dos descartes sobre as iscas dos anzóis em pescarias de espinheis e peixes capturados por redes de deriva como fonte de alimento por gaivotas, petréis e albatrozes têm sido intensamente estudados nos Oceanos Norte e Sul. Este trabalho tem como objetivo registrar a ocorrência e abundância das aves marinhas observadas a partir de 20 embarcações estrangeiras arrendadas que atuaram durante o período de julho de 2001 a maio de 2005 na costa sudeste-sul do litoral brasileiro. Foi registrada a ocorrência de 353.557 aves marinhas distribuídas em oito famílias e 28 espécies, com a maior participação de Procellaria conspicilatta, seguido de Daption capense, Puffinus gravis, Thalassarche melanophrys e Oceanites oceanicus. Foram capturadas incidentalmente 392 exemplares de aves marinhas pelas redes de emalhe e 122 pelos anzóis dos espinhéis, distribuídos em dez e nove espécies, respectivamente, com as maiores taxas de captura sobre P. gravis, D. capense e Procellaria aequinoctialis. Este estudo mostra uma pequena parcela das aves capturadas no litoral brasileiro, uma vez que as embarcações fiscalizadas representam a minoria das que estão em atividade. O acompanhamento de Observadores de bordo capacitados deve ser intensificado para avaliar o impacto das pescarias nas populações de aves marinhas, bem como implementar ações para diminuir suas capturas.

Inter-cohort growth patterns of pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis (Sepioidea: Sepiidae) in Eastern Arabian Sea

Sepia pharaonis is an important commercial species endemic to the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Despite its commercial significance, only few information on natural populations is available. This study was aimed to describe the aspects of size-composition, length-weight relationship, catch rates, seasonal recruitment and inter-cohort growth patterns of S. pharaonis population (Clade C), distributed along the Eastern Arabian Sea (South-West coast of India). For this, the Dorsal Mantle Length (DML) and weight of cuttlefishes was obtained from commercial trawl catches, from April 2002 to October 2006. Data was analyzed by normal length-weight methods such as von Bertalanffy. A total of 12 454 cuttlefishes, ranging in length from four to 41cm were analyzed. Size-composition patterns discriminated two pulses in recruitment to the fishery, discernible by a decrease in the monthly mean size of the population. The DMLs of the two seasonal cohorts were subjected to modalprogression analysis using the Bhattacharya’s method for the estimation of growth. The estimated parameters L∞ and K in von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF) were used to model growth curves in length for the cohorts. The first cohort, (post-monsoon cohort) which supports the major fishery, was composed of mediumsized, fast growing individuals, whereas the second cohort (pre-monsoon cohort), comprised of slow growing and large-sized individuals. There were differential growth characteristics between the sexes and the life span was estimated at less than 2.3years for males and 2.1years for females. Negative allometric growth in weight (W) with length (L) was observed for males (W=0.33069.L2.5389) and females (W=0.32542.L2.6057). The females were heavier compared to males at any given mantle length, and the males were found to attain larger ultimate lengths. The major fishing season for cuttlefish was from May to November, when higher monthly catch rates of 1.67-13.02kg/h were observed in comparison with 0.03-0.85kg/h in December-April. Seasonal catch rates indicated a migratory life cycle of S. pharaonis between offshore and inshore coastal zones.

Sepia pharaonis es una importante especie endémica comercial del trópico Indo-Pacífico. A pesar de su valor comercial, hay muy poca información de sus poblaciones naturales disponible. En este estudio se describen aspectos como composición de tallas, relación longitud-peso, tasas de captura, reclutamiento estacional y patrones de crecimiento entre cohortes de la población (Clado C), distribuidos a lo largo del Mar Arábigo del Este (costa Suroeste de India). Se obtuvo la Longitud del Manto Dorsal (LMD) y el peso de las capturas de los arrastres comerciales, de Abril 2002 a Octubre 2006. Los datos fueron analizados mediante FiSAT y von Bertalanffy. Se capturó un total de 12 454 sepias, con una longitud entre 4-41cm. Los patrones de composición de tallas discriminaron dos pulsos en el reclutamiento de la pesquería, perceptibles por una disminución en el tamaño promedio mensual de la población. Los LMD de las dos cohortes estacionales se sometieron a un análisis de progresión modal mediante el método de Bhattacharya para la estimación del crecimiento. La primera cohorte (después de los monzones) mantiene la principal pesquería, se compone de individuos medianos de rápido crecimiento, mientras que el segundo grupo (pre-monzón) está compuesto por individuos de crecimiento lento y de gran tamaño. Se encontraron diferencias en las características de crecimiento entre sexos y la duración de vida útil se estima en menos de 2.3 años para machos y 2.1 años para hembras. Se observó crecimiento alométrico negativo entre el peso (W) y la longitud (L) para machos (W=0.33069. L2.5389) y hembras (W=0.32542.L2.6057). Las hembras fueron más pesadas en comparación con los machos en cualquier longitud de manto. La temporada de pesca más importante fue de mayo a noviembre, cuando se tuvieron las tasas de captura mensual más altas, de 1.67-13.02kg/h en comparación con 0.03-0.85kg/h entre diciembre y abril. Las tasas de captura estacional indican un ciclo de vida migratorio de S. pharaonis entre las zonas marinas y costeras de las áreas someras.

Evaluation of a community-based drowning prevention programme in northern Islamic Republic of Iran

This study evaluated the feasibility of a drowning intervention package in northern Islamic Republic of Iran. A quasi-experimental design used pre- and post-observations among residents and tourists in water-recreation beach areas of intervention and control regions by the Caspian Sea and in residents near the Caspian Sea coastline. The fatal drowning rate in the studied resident population in the provinces fell from 4.24 per 100 000 residents at baseline to 3.04 per 100 000 residents at endline. The risk of death from drowning in the intervention areas in the water-recreation area was greater during the pre-intervention [OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.66-2.01] than the implementation period [OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.15-0.37]. The risk of drowning can be reduced by implementing increased supervision and raising community awareness

Plankton research in the ROPME sea area, achievements and gaps

Plankton studies are one of the major items of the marine scientific activities in the ROPME Sea Area, whereas numerous investigations have been conducted on the plankton during the past century. For phytoplankton, species composition, abundance and biomass, primary production, harmful algal blooms, red tide, toxic species, and eutrophication were considered. Zooplankton studies included species composition and abundance, certain zooplankton groups and few studies on certain species. The main achievement of these studies was the identification of large number of phytoplankton and zooplankton species in different parts of the RSA and estimation of their abundance. The survey of these studies revealed the occurrence of several gaps in the plankton research in ROPME Sea Area. For example, the majority of these studies were carried out in the inner part, while some of them were done in the middle part. Several studies were based on samples collected once only during certain time of the year or on samples collected from localized areas. The role of the function groups of the both phytoplankton and zooplankton, the harmful algal blooms, toxic phytoplankton species, the role of small phytoplankton groups rather diatoms and dinoflagellates and vertical migration of zooplankton were little concerned. In addition, the continuous record of the Indo-Pacific species entering the inner RSA from the Sea of Oman appeared to be completely missed. The present study attempts to stress the achievements as well as the gaps in the earlier plankton studies in the ROPME Sea Area in order to propose a scientific plan for comprehensive study of plankton community relative to the prevailing environmental conditions in the concerned area