Predictive factors of recurrence after pediatric acute pericarditis

Abstract Objective The predisposing factors for pericarditis recurrence in the pediatric population have not yet been established. This study aimed to define the risk factors for the unfavorable prognosis of pediatric acute pericarditis. Methods This was a retrospective study that included all patients with acute pericarditis treated from 2011 to 2019 at a tertiary referent pediatric center. Results The study included 72 children. Recurrence was observed in 22.2% patients. Independent risk factors for recurrence were: erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥ 50 mm/h (p = 0.003, OR 186.3), absence of myocarditis (p = 0.05, OR 15.2), C-reactive protein ≥ 125 mg/L (p = 0.04, OR 1.5), and non-idiopathic etiology pericarditis (p = 0.003, OR 1.3). Corticosteroid treatment in acute pericarditis was associated with a higher recurrence rate than treatment with non-steroid anti-inflammatory therapy (p = 0.04). Furthermore, patients treated with colchicine in the primary recurrence had lower recurrence rate and median number of repeated infections than those treated without colchicine (p = 0.04; p = 0.007, respectively). Conclusion Independent risk factors for recurrence are absence of myocarditis, non-idiopathic etiology pericarditis, C-reactive protein ≥ 125 mg/L, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥ 50 mm/h. Acute pericarditis should be treated with non-steroid anti-inflammatory therapy. A combination of colchicine and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs could be recommended as the treatment of choice in recurrent pericarditis.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la pericarditis purulenta: reporte de un caso / Surgical treatment of purulent pericarditis: report of a case

Resumen Introducción: La pericarditis es la enfermedad del pericardio más presente en la práctica médica. La pericarditis purulenta representa el 5% de ellas, con una mortalidad de hasta el 40%. Caso Clínico: Se presenta un paciente masculino, de 27 años de edad, con antecedentes de hipotiroidismo que ingresa con tos y expectoración amarillenta, asociado a fiebre, que resolvió con tratamiento antibiótico. Un mes después, reingresa con dolor abdominal, astenia y disnea intensa que no tolera el decúbito. Se indica ecocardiograma, que diagnostica derrame pericárdico severo, con colapso de cavidades derechas. Se procedió a pericardiocentesis de emergencia, donde se extrajeron 450 mililitros de líquido purulento. En el seguimiento ecocardiográfico a las 48 h, se observa aumento del derrame, por lo que se decide tratamiento quirúrgico, mediante toracotomía anterolateral izquierda, encontrando derrame purulento y engrosamiento pericárdico de 6 mm, con múltiples adherencias. Se indica pericardiectomía parcial. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente, egresándose 7 días posteriores a la cirugía.

Introduction: Pericarditis is frecuent pericardial disease in medical practice. The purulent pericarditis represents 5%, with a mortality of up to 40%. Case Report: We present a male patient, 27 years old, with a history of hypothyroidism that enters with cough and yellowish expectoration, associated with fever, resolved with antibiotic treatment. One month later, he reenters with abdominal pain, asthenia and intense dyspnea that does not tolerate decubitus. Echocardiogram diagnosed severe pericardial effusion, with collapse of right cavities. Emergency pericardiocentesis was performed and 450 milliliters of purulent fluid were extracted. In the echocardiographic follow-up at 48 hours, an increase in the effusion was observed, was decided surgical treatment by left anterolateral thoracotomy, finding purulent effusion and pericardial thickening of 6 mm, with multiple adhesions. Partial pericardiectomy is indicated. The patient evolved favorably, leaving 7 days after surgery.

Diagnóstico diferencial de pericardite aguda no infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST: relato de caso / Differential diagnosis of acute pericarditis in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction: case report

A pericardite é um processo inflamatório do pericárdio de múltiplas causas, sendo a infecção viral a mais comum. O infarto agudo do miocárdio é um dos principais diagnósticos diferenciais. O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar um caso de pericardite aguda com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST. Os dados foram coletados em um hospital de ensino do Estado de Minas Gerais. O paciente era do sexo masculino, tinha 24 anos e era negro. Foi encaminhado ao serviço médico terciário devido à hipótese de síndrome coronariana aguda com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Nos exames do serviço médico de origem, apresentava supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de caráter difuso simultaneamente em paredes inferior e anterior, e alteração da isoenzima MB da creatina quinase de 100ng/mL e troponina I de 21ng/mL. No momento da admissão, encontrava-se em bom estado geral, afebril, estável hemodinamicamente e sem queixa de dor. Referiu que 4 dias antes da admissão, apresentou febre, mal-estar geral, odinofagia e tratamento de amigdalite. Os exames da admissão demonstravam ritmo sinusal, frequência cardíaca de 75bpm, supradesnivelamento de ST em D2, D3, aVF, V1 a V6, isoenzima MB da creatina quinase de 152ng/mL, troponina I de 1,28ng/mL, hemograma normal; ecocardiograma mostrou pericárdio de aspecto anatômico normal e fração de ejeção de 64%. O diagnóstico foi de pericardite aguda de provável etiologia infecciosa. O tratamento foi realizado com ibuprofeno por 7 dias e colchicina por 3 meses. Paciente evoluiu com alta hospitalar após 5 dias. O diagnóstico correto proporcionou a condução adequada do caso, permitindo a redução dos custos hospitalares e eliminando riscos de procedimentos desnecessários. (AU)

Pericarditis is an inflammatory process of the pericardium of multiple causes, being the most common viral infection. Acute myocardial infarction is one of the main differential diagnoses. The objective of this article was to report a case of acute pericarditis with ST-segment elevation. Data were collected at a teaching hospital in the state of Minas Gerais. The patient was a man of 24 years, black. He was referred to the tertiary medical service due to the hypothesis of Acute Coronary Syndrome with ST-segment elevation. In the tests from the medical service of origin, there was diffuse ST-segment elevation, simultaneously on lower and anterior walls, and a change in the Creatinine Kinase MB Isoenzyme of 100ng/ml, and troponin I of 21ng/ml. At the time of admission, he was in good general condition, afebrile, hemodynamically stable, with no complaint of pain. He said that 4 days before admission he had fever, malaise, odynophagia, and treatment for tonsillitis. The admission tests showed sinus rhythm, heart rate of 75bpm, ST-elevation in D2, D3, aVF, V1 to V6, MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase of 152ng/ml, troponin I of 1.28ng/ml, normal complete blood count; echocardiogram showed pericardium of normal anatomical aspect and ejection fraction of 64%. The diagnosis was acute pericarditis of probable infectious etiology. Treatment was performed with ibuprofen for seven days, and colchicine for three months. The patient was discharged from hospital after 5 days. The correct diagnosis provided adequate case management, allowing for reduced hospital costs, and eliminating risks of unnecessary procedures. (AU)

Manejo de derrame pericárdico: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Management of pericardial effusion: systematic review of literature

Resumen Objetivo: Revisar sistemáticamente la efectividad del tratamiento no quirúrgico para el manejo del derrame pericárdico moderado o severo. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática desde febrero hasta junio de 2016 en las bases de datos Pub Med, SciELO y Lilacs, en inglés y español. Los términos de búsqueda utilizados fueron: Pericardial Effusion and Acute Pericarditis, Treatment, Therapy, Therapeutics, Management. Se eligieron artículos publicados entre 2011 y 2016 que abordaran el tratamiento del derrame pericárdico no quirúrgico y la pericarditis aguda. Se excluyeron artículos que evaluaran el manejo de taponamiento cardíaco, pericarditis constrictiva y derrame pericárdico por lesión miocárdica. La selección de artículos estuvo a cargo de dos evaluadores y, en caso de discrepancias, se consultó un tercer evaluador. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 2.998 referencias; posteriormente, se seleccionaron 138 artículos, de los cuales se evaluaron sus resúmenes. Se eligieron dos artículos para la lectura a texto completo, y se aplicaron a estos las guías Strobe, para estudios observacionales, y Consort, para ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Se evidenció que la pericarditis recurrente ocurrió en 26 de los 120 pacientes en el grupo de colchicina y en 51 de 120 en el grupo placebo, RRR: 0, 49 (IC = 0, 24-0, 65; p = 0, 0009). Conclusiones: la colchicina asociada a antiinflamatorios no esteroides evidenció ser efectiva en la pericarditis aguda idiopática y asimismo en sus recurrencias. Sin embargo, aún es necesario consultar más ensayos clínicos con mayor tamaño de muestra para determinar con exactitud la efectividad del tratamiento.

Abstract Objective: To present a systematic review of the effectiveness of non-surgical treatment for the management of moderate or severe pericardial effusion. Methodology: A systematic search was made from February to June 2016 in the databases of Pub Med, SciELO, and Lilacs, in English and Spanish. The search terms used were: Pericardial Effusion and Acute Pericarditis, Treatment, Therapy, Therapeutics, Management. Articles published between 2011 and 2016 that approached the non-surgical treatment of pericardial effusion and acute pericarditis were chosen. Articles that were excluded were those that evaluated cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, and pericardial effusion due to a myocardial lesion. The selection of the articles was the responsibility of two evaluators and, in case of discrepancies, a third evaluator was consulted. Result: A total of 2,998 references where identified, from which 138 articles were later selected, and their Abstracts were evaluated. Two articles were chosen in order to read the full text, and the Strobe guidelines for observational studies and the Consort guidelines for randomised clinical trials were used. It was shown that recurrent pericarditis occurred in 26 of the 120 patients in the colchicine group, and in 51 of 120 in the placebo group, with a relative risk ratio (RRR): 0.49 (95% CI; 0.24- 0.65; P=.0009). Conclusions: Colchicine combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs showed to be effective in acute idiopathic pericarditis, as well as in their recurrences. However, more clinical trials with a larger sample size need to be consulted in order to determine the effectiveness of the treatment with more accuracy.

Acute pericarditis / Pericardite aguda

Summary Acute pericarditis is a common disease caused by inflammation of the pericardium, usually benign and self-limited and can occur as an isolated or as a manifestation of a systemic disease entity. Represents 5% of all causes of chest pain in the emergency room. The main etiology are viral infections, although it can also be secondary to systemic diseases and infections. The main complication of acute pericarditis is pericardial effusion, triggering a cardiac tamponade. The first line of treatment is the use of anti-inflammatory and or acetylsalicylic acid. Most patients have a good initial response to an NSAID associated to colchicine and became asymptomatic within a few days. This review article seeks to contemplate the main clinical findings and armed investigation to optimize the diagnosis of this important disease, as well as addressing their therapeutic management.

Resumo A pericardite aguda é uma doença comum causada pela inflamação do pericárdio, geralmente benigna e autolimitada, podendo ocorrer como entidade isolada ou como manifestação de uma patologia sistêmica. Representa 5% de todas as causas de dor torácica na sala de emergência. A principal etiologia são as infecções virais, embora também possa ser secundária a afecções sistêmicas. A principal complicação da pericardite aguda é o derrame pericárdico, desencadeando um tamponamento. A primeira linha de tratamento é uso de anti-inflamatórios ou ácido acetilsalicílico. A maioria dos pacientes tem boa resposta inicial a um anti-inflamatório não esteroide (AINE) associado à colchicina e torna-se assintomática em poucos dias. Este artigo busca contemplar os principais achados clínicos e de propedêutica armada para otimizar o diagnóstico dessa patologia, bem como abordar o seu manejo terapêutico.

Pyopericardium due to group D streptococcus.

Beta-hemolytic Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from the pericardial fluid obtained from a patient with pyopericardium. The patient was immunocompetent and had mild pleural effusion. He was treated with parenteral co-amoxiclav and amikacin, had underwent pericardiectomy with repeated pericardial aspiration, and recovered completely. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pyopericardium due to E. faecalis .

Pericardite: série de 84 casos consecutivos / Pericarditis: series of 84 consecutive cases

OBJETIVO: Identificar características clínicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiográficas diferenciais em indivíduos com diagnóstico de pericardite secundária e idiopática. MÉTODOS: De janeiro/1999 a dezembro/2001, foram identificados 84 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e ecocardiográfico de pericardite em clínica de cardiologia. Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, quanto à idade, sexo, características antropométricas, hábitos, pressão arterial casual, causas potenciais, comorbidades, sinais e sintomas, medicação e complicações. Os indivíduos foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo A constituído de 61 pacientes com causas potenciais conhecidas e grupo B com 23 casos considerados idiopáticos. Os grupos foram comparados, utilizando-se o teste do Qui-quadrado, considerando-se estatisticamente significativas as associações com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os dois grupos foram semelhantes quanto à idade, sexo, medidas antropométricas, hábitos e pressão arterial casual. No grupo B, 23 (100 por cento) casos foram diagnosticados entre os meses de abril e agosto contra 24 (39,4 por cento) no mesmo período no grupo A (p<0,01). No grupo B, 23 (100 por cento) pacientes receberam vacina antiinfluenza previamente contra nenhum no grupo A. Dispnéia (p=0,02) e edema (p=0,01) foram mais freqüentes no grupo A, enquanto fadiga foi mais referida no grupo B (p=0,01). No manejo terapêutico, administrou-se antiinflamatórios não esteróides (AINE) em 5 (8,2 por cento) pacientes do grupo A e em 19 (82,6 por cento) do grupo B (p=0.01). CONCLUSAO: Os pacientes com pericardite idiopática receberam aplicação prévia de vacina antiinfluenza, apresentaram-se com distribuição sazonal, tiveram menor prevalência de comorbidades, sintomatologia menos exuberante e foram tratados principalmente com AINE.

Hepatic hydatid cyst rupturing into sub-diaphragmatic space and pericardial cavity.

A ten-year-old male child presented with a large hepatic hydatid cyst which ruptured into the sub-diaphragmatic space and pericardial cavity, giving rise to a pericardial effusion. This communication between the hydatid cyst and the pericardium was documented on computerised tomographic scan of the chest and abdomen. The cyst was aspirated carefully and then enucleated. There was an associated right-sided reactionary pleural effusion. The pericardial effusion and pleural effusion resolved on albendazole therapy and did not require surgical intervention.

Avanços em clínica cardiológica: Parte 1. Pericarditis / Advances in clinical cardiology: Pericardites

O autor fez uma revisäo sobre o tétano abordando os principais estudos referentes a etiologia, epidemiologia, patologia, diagnóstico, quadro clínico, diagnóticos diferenciais, exames laboratoriais subsidiários, tratamento, complicaçöes e profilaxias