Enterococcus faecium M7AN10 probiótico em matriz alimentar para cães / Enterococcus faecium M7AN10 probiotic in food matrix for dogs / Enterococcus faecium M7AN10 probiótico en matriz alimentaria para perros

Probióticos são capazes de melhorar o equilíbrio da microbiota intestinal, trazendo benefícios ao hospedeiro. Atualmente no mercado há poucas opções de alimentos, com probióticos em sua composição, destinados a cães e gatos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma matriz alimentar canina (ração úmida) com o probiótico Enterococcus faecium M7AN10. Para tal, avaliou-se a inocuidade, atividade enzimática, atividade antimicrobiana, potencial probiótico e a viabilidade do microrganismo em matriz alimentar canina. O isolado foi considerado inócuo, pois apresentou ausência de atividade hemolítica e de gelatinase, além de ser suscetível a diversos antimicrobianos. E. faecium M7AN10 apresentou atividade proteolítica e capacidade de produção de exoplissacarídeo. Em relação a atividade antimicrobiana pelo método da estria radial, o isolado inibiu Acinetobacter sp. 1, Corynebacterium sp. 4, Micrococcus luteus 33, Micrococcus luteus 43, Micrococcus sp. 3, Micrococcus sp. 20, Micrococcus sp. 36. Além disso, E. faecium M7AN10 apresentou capacidade de autoagregação de 33,50% e resistiu de forma constante quando submetido ao trato gastrointestinal in vitro em conjunto com Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LB 1.5 e Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LB 6.4. O cultivo misto manteve-se viável em matriz alimentar canina durante o período de oito dias. Com base nesses resultados, o isolado E. faecium M7AN10 foi considerada uma bactéria candidata a probiótico que pode vir a ser usada como aditivo em alimento para cães.

Probiotics are capable of improving the balance of the intestinal microbiota, bringing benefits to the host. Currently, on the market, there are few food options with probiotics in their composition intended for dogs and cats. Therefore, this research aimed to develop a canine food matrix (wet food) with the probiotic Enterococcus faecium M7AN10. To this end, the harmlessness, enzymatic activity, antimicrobial activity, probiotic potential, and viability of the microorganism in the canine food matrix were evaluated. The isolate was considered harmless, as it showed no hemolytic and gelatinase activity and was susceptible to several antimicrobials. E. faecium M7AN10 showed proteolytic activity and exopolysaccharide production capacity. Regarding antimicrobial activity using the radial stria method, the isolate inhibited Acinetobacter sp. 1, Corynebacterium sp. 4, Micrococcus luteus 33, Micrococcus luteus 43, Micrococcus sp. 3, Micrococcus sp. 20, Micrococcus sp. 36. Furthermore, E. faecium M7AN10 showed a self-aggregation capacity of 33.50% and resisted consistently when subjected to the gastrointestinal tract in vitro together with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LB 1.5 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LB 6.4. The mixed culture remained viable in a canine food matrix over eight days. Based on these results, the isolate E. faecium M7AN10 was considered a candidate bacterium for a probiotic that could be used as an additive in dog food.

Los probióticos son capaces de mejorar el equilibrio de la microbiota intestinal, aportando beneficios al huésped. Actualmente en el mercado existen pocas opciones de alimentos con probióticos en su composición, destinados a perros y gatos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una matriz alimentaria canina (comida húmeda) con el probiótico Enterococcus faecium M7AN10. Para ello se evaluó la inocuidad, actividad enzimática, actividad antimicrobiana, potencial probiótico y viabilidad del microorganismo en matriz alimentaria canina. El aislado fue considerado inofensivo, ya que no mostró actividad hemolítica ni gelatinasa, además de ser susceptible a varios antimicrobianos. E. faecium M7AN10 mostró actividad proteolítica y capacidad de producción de exoplisacáridos. En cuanto a la actividad antimicrobiana mediante el método de las estrías radiales, el aislado inhibió a Acinetobacter sp. 1, Corynebacterium sp. 4, Micrococcus luteus 33, Micrococcus luteus 43, Micrococcus sp. 3, Micrococcus sp. 20, Micrococcus sp. 36. Además, E. faecium M7AN10 mostró una capacidad de autoagregación del 33,50% y resistió consistentemente cuando se sometió al tracto gastrointestinal in vitro junto con Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LB 1.5 y Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LB 6.4. El cultivo mixto permaneció viable en una matriz de alimento canino durante un período de ocho días. Con base en estos resultados, el aislado E. faecium M7AN10 se consideró una bacteria candidata para un probiótico que podría usarse como aditivo en la comida para perros.

Ameliorative effects of Lactobacillus against Aflatoxin B1 / Efeitos benéficos do Lactobacillus contra a Aflatoxin B1

Abstract Lactobacilli are probiotics with Aflatoxin (AF) detoxification ability, found in fermented products, GIT of animals and environment. Purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of broiler isolates of Lactobacillus against Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). For this purpose, 5 isolates of Lactobacillus from broiler gut were incubated with 100 ppb AFB1 in aqueous environment and effect of different parameters (cell fractions, time, temperature, pH) on detoxification was determined by HPLC. The ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) against AFB1 was studied in broiler. The results revealed that LS (CR. 4) showed the best results (in vitro) as compared to other isolates (L. salivarius (CR. 3, CR, 4), L. agilis (CE. 2.1, CE. 3.1) and L. crispatus (CE. 28). Cell debris of CR. 4 showed significantly higher detoxification (P<0.05). Maximum amount of AFB1 was detoxified at 30°C (97%), pH 4.0 (99%) and 6 h (99.97%). In vivo study showed that AFB1 decreased weight gain (1,269 ± 0.04 gm/ bird), feed consumed (2,161 ± 0.08 gm/ bird), serum total protein (2.42 ± 0.34 gm/ dl), serum albumin (0.5 ± 0.2 2 gm/dl) and antibody titer (4.2 ± 0.83). Liver function enzymes were found (alanine transaminase (ALT): 32 ± 10.7 U/L) and aspartate transaminase (AST): 314.8 ± 27 U/L) elevated in AFB1 fed broilers. Treatment with 1% LS not only decreased the toxic effects of AFB1 (group D) but also improved the overall health of broilers due to its probiotic effects (p<0.05) as compared to control negative (group A). The detoxification ability of LS was better than commercial binder (CB) (0.2% Protmyc). It was concluded that detoxification of AFB1 by Lactobacillus was strain, temperature, pH and time dependent. LS has detoxification ability against AFB1 in vivo.

Resumo Os lactobacilos são probióticos com capacidade de desintoxicação da Aflatoxina (AF), encontrados em produtos fermentados, TGI de animais e meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a capacidade de isolados de frango de corte de Lactobacillus contra a Aflatoxina B1 (AFB1). Para tanto, 5 isolados de Lactobacillus de intestino de frango foram incubados com 100 ppb AFB1 em meio aquoso, e o efeito de diferentes parâmetros (frações celulares, tempo, temperatura, pH) na desintoxicação foi determinado por CLAE. O efeito melhorador de Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) contra AFB1 foi estudado em frangos de corte. Os resultados revelaram que LS (CR. 4) apresentou os melhores resultados (in vitro) em comparação com outros isolados [L. salivarius (CR. 3, CR. 4), L. agilis (CE. 2.1, CE. 3.1) e L. crispatus (CE. 28)]. Detritos celulares de CR. 4 mostraram desintoxicação significativamente maior (P < 0.05). A quantidade máxima de AFB1 foi desintoxicada a 30 °C (97%), pH 4.0 (99%) e 6 h (99,97%). O estudo in vivo mostrou que AFB1 diminuiu o ganho de peso (1,269 ± 0.04 g / ave), alimento consumido (2,161 ± 0.08 g / ave), proteína total sérica (2.42 ± 0.34 g / dl), albumina sérica (0.5 ± 0.22 gm / dl) e título de anticorpo (4.2 ± 0.83). As enzimas da função hepática foram encontradas (alanina transaminase (ALT): 32 ± 10.7 U / L) e aspartato transaminase (AST): 314.8 ± 27 U / L) elevadas em AFB1 alimentados com frangos. O tratamento com 1% LS não só diminuiu os efeitos tóxicos de AFB1 (grupo D), mas também melhorou a saúde geral dos frangos devido aos seus efeitos probióticos (p < 0.05) em comparação com o controle negativo (grupo A). A capacidade de desintoxicação do LS foi melhor do que o aglutinante comercial (CB) (0.2% Protmyc). Concluiu-se que a desintoxicação de AFB1 por Lactobacillus foi dependente da cepa, temperatura, pH e tempo. LS tem capacidade de desintoxicação contra AFB1 in vivo.

The antagonistic activity of the synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and pineapple residue FOS against pathogenic bacteria / A atividade antagônica do simbiótico contendo Lactobacillus acidophilus e resíduo de abacaxi FOS contra bactérias patogênicas

Fructooligosaccharide is used widely in many foods and pharmaceutical industries and produced by using different ways such as extracting it from plants or producing it by using plants and microorganisms' enzymes. In a previous study, we extracted Fructosyltransferase (Ftase) enzyme from pineapple residue and produced FOS. In this study, we measured the antagonistic activity of two synbiotics, the first synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and the produced FOS, the second synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and standard FOS, against pathogenic bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and B cereus). The results showed that the antagonistic activity of both synbiotic types was very close, as there were no significant differences between them except in the antagonistic activity against S. aureus, there was a significant difference between the synbiotic containing the standard FOS, which was the highest in its antagonistic activity compared to the synbiotic containing the produced FOS in this study. The activity of the fructooligosaccharide (FOS) extracted from pineapple residue was evident in enhancing the activity of the probiotic bacteria (L. acidophilus), which had a major role in the production of acids and compounds that inhibited the pathogenic bacteria. The diameters of inhibition areas in the current study ranged between 19.33-28 mm, and E. coli was more susceptible to inhibition, followed by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and B. cereus, respectively.

O fruto-oligossacarídeo (FOS) é amplamente utilizado em muitos alimentos e indústrias farmacêuticas, e é produzido por meio de diferentes maneiras, como extraí-lo de plantas ou produzi-lo usando enzimas de plantas e microrganismos. Em um estudo anterior, extraímos a enzima frutosiltransferase (Ftase) do resíduo de abacaxi e produzimos FOS. Neste estudo, medimos a atividade antagônica de dois simbióticos: o primeiro simbiótico contendo Lactobacillus acidophilus e o FOS produzido, e o segundo simbiótico contendo Lactobacillus acidophilus e o FOS padrão, contra bactérias patogênicas (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus e B. cereus). Os resultados mostraram que a atividade antagônica de ambos os tipos simbióticos foi muito próxima, pois não houve diferenças significativas entre eles, exceto na atividade antagônica contra S. aureus, em que houve uma diferença significativa entre o simbiótico contendo o FOS padrão, que foi o mais alto em sua atividade antagônica, em comparação com o simbiótico contendo o FOS produzido neste estudo. A atividade do fruto-oligossacarídeo (FOS) extraído do resíduo de abacaxi ficou evidente no aumento da atividade da bactéria probiótica (L. acidophilus), que teve papel importante na produção de ácidos e compostos inibidores das bactérias patogênicas. Os diâmetros das áreas de inibição no estudo atual variaram entre 19,33 e 28 mm, e E. coli foi mais suscetível à inibição, seguida por S. aureus, P. aeruginosa e B. cereus, respectivamente.

Tracing probiotic producing bacterial species from gut of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), South-East-Asia / Rastreando espécies bacterianas produtoras de probióticos de intestino de búfalo (Bubalus bubalis), sudeste da Ásia

Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties

Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.

Probiotics intervention in colorectal cancer: From traditional approaches to novel strategies / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

The intestine harbors a large population of microorganisms that interact with epithelial cells to maintain host healthy physiological status. These intestinal microbiota engage in the fermentation of non-digestible nutrients and produce beneficial metabolites to regulate host homeostasis, metabolism, and immune response. The disruption of microbiota, known as dysbiosis, has been implicated in many intestinal diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). As the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, CRC poses a significant health burden. There is an urgent need for novel interventions to reduce CRC incidence and improve clinical outcomes. Modulating the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a promising approach for CRC prevention and treatment. Current research efforts in CRC probiotics primarily focus on reducing the incidence of CRC, alleviating treatment-related side effects, and potentiating the efficacy of anticancer therapy, which is the key to successful translation to clinical practice. This paper aims to review the traditional probiotics and new interventions, such as next-generation probiotics and postbiotics, in the context of CRC. The underlying mechanisms of probiotic anti-cancer effects are also discussed, including the restoration of microbial composition, reinforcement of gut barrier integrity, induction of cancer cell apoptosis, inactivation of carcinogens, and modulation of host immune response. This paper further evaluates the novel strategy of probiotics as an adjuvant therapy in boosting the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Despite all the promising findings presented in studies, the evaluation of potential risks, optimization of delivery methods, and consideration of intra-patient variability of gut microbial baseline must be thoroughly interpreted before bench-to-bedside translation.

O uso de probióticos como adjunto no tratamento da periodontite: revisão literatura / The use of probiotics as adjunct in the treatment of periodontitis: revisão literatura

A periodontite é definida como uma doença inflamatória crônica de natureza multifatorial associada com biofilme disbiótico. O tratamento padrão para periodontite é a Raspagem e Alisamento Radicular (RAR), no entanto quando há a presença de bolsas profundas, áreas com dificuldades de inacessibilidade como lesão de furca ou perfil microbiológico especifico, pode ser necessário a prescrição de métodos auxiliares como a antibioticoterapia. No entanto o uso de antibióticos pode causar efeitos indesejáveis. Diante disso, ao longo dos últimos anos vem crescendo o interesse de estudos sobre o uso de probióticos no tratamento da periodontite, uma vez que estes são microrganismos vivos, ou seja, que quando ingeridas corretamente são benéficas à saúde. Diante disso o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura quanto ao uso de probióticos como adjuvante no tratamento da periodontite, onde foram avaliados diversos artigos científicos. Foi observado que o uso de probióticos como adjuvantes no tratamento periodontal é benéfico, no entanto, há a necessidade de realização de mais estudos para averiguação da eficiência do mesmo, assim como a necessidade deste uso ser mais conhecido pelos Cirurgiões dentistas(AU)

Periodontitis can be defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of a multifactorial nature associated with a dysbiotic biofilm. The standard treatment for periodontitis is Scaling and Root Planing (RAR, in Portuguese), however when there is the presence of deep pockets, areas with inaccessibility difficulties such as furcation lesion or specific microbiological profile, it can be necessary to prescribe auxiliary methods such as antibiotic therapy. However, the use of antibiotics can cause undesirable effects. In view of this, over the last few years, interest in studies on the use of probiotics in the treatment of periodontitis has been growing, since these are live microorganisms, that is, when ingested correctly they are beneficial to health. Therefore, the present article aimed to carry out a literature review regarding the use of probiotics as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis, where several scientific articles were analyzed. It was observed that the use of probiotics as adjuvants in periodontal treatment is beneficial, however, there is a need to carry out more studies to investigate if it's really efficient, as well the dentists needs to be known about the right use(AU)

Microbiota intestinal y cólicos infantiles: ¿hay lugar para los prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos? / Gut Microbiota and Infant Colic: is there a Place for Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics?

El consumo de probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos, o su combinación, puede contribuir a mantener una microbiota intestinal saludable ya que permite la regulación de su disbiosis en el caso de algunas enfermedades o trastornos, principalmente en los trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales (TGIF). El microbioma intestinal es protagonista esencial en la fisiopatología de los TGIF a través de sus funciones metabólicas y nutricionales, el mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y la regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Las investigaciones realizadas hasta la fecha indican que los probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos pueden tener efectos inmunomoduladores directos y clínicamente relevantes. Existen pruebas del uso de esta familia de bióticos en individuos sanos para mejorar la salud general y aliviar los síntomas en una serie de enfermedades como los cólicos infantiles. La colonización y establecimiento de la microbiota comienza en el momento del nacimiento; los primeros 2-3 años de vida son fundamentales para el desarrollo de una comunidad microbiana abundante y diversa. Diversos estudios científicos realizados mediante técnicas tradicionales dependientes de cultivo y más recientemente por técnicas moleculares han observado diferencias en las poblaciones bacterianas de bebés sanos y aquellos que sufren TGIF, estos últimos caracterizados por un aumento de especies patógenas y una menor población de bifidobacterias y lactobacilos, en comparación con los primeros. En tal contexto, se considera que la microbiota intestinal como protagonista en el desarrollo de esos trastornos, entre ellos los cólicos infantiles, a través de sus funciones metabólicas, nutricionales, de mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Esto ha abierto la puerta al estudio de la utilización de prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos en el tratamiento y/o prevención de los TGIF infantiles. El parto vaginal y de término así como la lactancia son fundamentales en la constitución de una microbiota saludable. Como herramientas de apoyo, existen estudios de eficacia que sustentan la administración de esta familia de bióticos, principalmente en los casos en que la lactancia no sea posible o esté limitada. (AU)

The consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, or a combination of them, can contribute to maintaining a healthy intestinal microbiota as it allows the regulation of its dysbiosis in the case of some diseases or disorders, mainly in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The gut microbiome is an essential player in the pathophysiology of FGIDs through its metabolic and nutritional functions, the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity, and the regulation of the immune response. Research results thus far indicate that probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics may have direct and clinically relevant immunomodulatory effects. There is evidence regarding the prescription of this family of biotics in healthy individuals to improve overall health and alleviate symptoms in many conditions like infantile colic. The colonization and microbiota establishment begins at birth; the first 2-3 years of life are critical for developing an abundant and diverse microbial community. Several scientific studies performed by traditional culture-dependent techniques and more recently by molecular techniques have observed differences in the bacterial populations of healthy infants and those suffering from FGIDs, the latter characterized by an increase in pathogenic species and a lower population of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, compared to the former. In this context, the intestinal microbiota plays a leading role in the onset of these disorders, including infantile colic, through its metabolic and nutritional functions, maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, and regulation of the immune response. That has opened the door to the study of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics usage in the treatment and or prevention of infantile FGIDs. Vaginal and term delivery and breastfeeding are fundamental in the constitution of a healthy microbiota. As supportive tools, there are efficacy studies that support the administration of this family of biotics, mainly in cases where lactation is not possible or is limited.

Preparation of a probiotic quinoa beverage by enzymatic hydrolysis of its starches and subsequent lactic acid fermentation / Elaboración de una bebida probiótica de quinua por hidrólisis enzimática de sus almidones y posterior fermentación ácido láctica

Background: The concern about consuming healthy foods has increased in recent years. Not only are they expected to comply with essential feeding functions, but they also provide health benefits. Probiotics are one of the main functional components expected to be present in functional foods and beverages. They provide many health benefits and stand out due to their metabolic capacities and adaptability to different habitats. In addition, Quinoa seeds contain valuable quantities of quality protein and nutritional values of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibers, and mineral substances for which they are considered an ideal dietary alternative. Objectives: This research aimed to elaborate on a probiotic quinoa beverage, which combines the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of the starches obtained from its seeds with lactic acid fermentation using probiotic cultures, seeking to enhance its nutritional properties and converting it into a functional beverage. Methods: For this, fermentations were carried out in three different concentrations of probiotic cultures (inoculum): 10%, 5%, 1%, and three other different fermentation times: 8, 10, and 12 hours. pH, Total titrable acidity expressed as lactic acid (%), reducing sugars, and soluble solids were measured. After that, the beverage was formulated with honey, carob, preservatives, and mango flavoring. Results: Statistical analysis indicated optimal conditions were achieved with 10% probiotic cultures and 10 hours of fermentation. The microbiological analysis confirmed the presence of probiotic microorganisms at a concentration of 108 CFU/mL. Proximal analysis indicated that the composition contained 84.6 Kcal, 19.3 g of carbohydrates, and 1.4 g of protein per 100 g of beverage. Conclusions: The probiotic quinoa beverage was produced and can be considered in the group of plant-based foods, as well as a functional beverage, since the probiotic cultures it contains contribute to maintaining the intestinal microbiota and prevent the onset of chronic diseases.

Antecedentes: La preocupación por el consumo alimentos saludables ha aumentado en los últimos años. No solo se espera que cumplan con las funciones esenciales de alimentación, sino que también brinden beneficios para la salud. Los probióticos son uno de los principales componentes funcionales que se espera que estén presentes en los alimentos y bebidas funcionales. Aportan múltiples beneficios para la salud y destacan por sus capacidades metabólicas y adaptabilidad a diferentes hábitats. Además, las semillas de quinua contienen valiosas cantidades de proteína de notable calidad, valores nutricionales de carbohidratos, proteínas, grasas, fibras y sustancias minerales por lo que se consideran una alternativa dietética ideal. Objetivos: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar una bebida probiótica de quinua, que combina el efecto de la hidrólisis enzimática de los almidones obtenidos de sus semillas con la fermentación láctica utilizando cultivos probióticos, buscando potenciar sus propiedades nutricionales y convertirla en una bebida funcional. Métodos: Para ello se realizaron fermentaciones en tres concentraciones diferentes de cultivos probióticos (inóculo): 10%, 5%, 1%, y tres distintos tiempos de fermentación: 8, 10 y 12 horas. Se midió pH, Acidez titulable total expresada como ácido láctico (%), azúcares reductores y sólidos solubles. Posteriormente, se formuló la bebida con miel, algarrobina, conservantes y saborizante de mango. Resultados: El análisis estadístico indicó que se lograron condiciones óptimas con 10% de cultivos probióticos y 10 horas de fermentación. El análisis microbiológico confirmó la presencia de microorganismos probióticos a una concentración de 108 UFC/mL. El análisis proximal indicó que la composición contenía 84,6 Kcal, 19,3 g de carbohidratos y 1,4 g de proteína por 100 g de bebida. Conclusiones: la bebida probiótica de quinua fue elaborada y puede ser considerada en el grupo de alimentos de origen vegetal, así como una bebida funcional, ya que los cultivos probióticos que contiene contribuyen al mantenimiento de la microbiota intestinal y previenen la aparición de enfermedades crónicas.

Effect of probiotic therapy on periodontal tissues and intestinal mucosa of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis / Efeito da terapia probiótica nos tecidos periodontais e mucosa intestinal de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura

INTRODUCTION: As periodontitis is caused by dysbiotic biofilm, it is believed that therapy with probiotics can act to control the mechanisms of adhesion and colonization, competing with invading microorganisms. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate probiotic therapy effect on periodontal tissues and intestinal mucosa of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. METHODS: 32 Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8): Control Group (CG); Periodontal disease (PD); Probiotic (PROB); PD + probiotic (PDPRO). PD and PDPRO received a ligature over the first lower molars and PROB and PDPRO the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus based were given orally for 44 days. The animals were euthanized and the blood was collected for evaluation of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. The hemimandibles were collected for histomorphometric and radiographic analysis. The duodenum was removed for morphological evaluation and gingival tissue around the molars was collected for analysis of IL-17. RESULTS: The ANOVA one-way test was used followed by Tukey Test. PDPRO had a significantly lower bone loss than the PD (p<0.05) and a smaller number of osteoclasts on PDPRO when compared to the PD. As for IL-17, there was a decrease in the PDPRO when compared to the PD. The histomorphometry of the duodenum showed that there was a significant increase in the width of the villi in PROB only. CONCLUSION: The therapy with probiotics was effective to avoid the development of periodontitis by reducing alveolar bone loss and inflammation modulation and increasing the width of the duodenum villi, which may help to restabilize the balance of the gastrointestinal tract.

INTRODUÇÃO: Como a periodontite é causada por biofilme disbiótico, acredita-se que a terapia com probióticos possa atuar no controle dos mecanismos de adesão e colonização, competindo com microrganismos invasores. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da terapia probiótica nos tecidos periodontais e mucosa intestinal de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura. MÉTODOS: 32 ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=8): Grupo Controle (GC); Doença periodontal (PD); Probiótico (PROB); PD + probiótico (PDPRO). PD e PDPRO receberam ligadura sobre os primeiros molares inferiores e PROB e PDPRO, o probiótico à base de Lactobacillus acidophilus dado via oral por 44 dias. Os animais foram sacrificados e o sangue coletado para avaliação das concentrações de triglicerídeos e colesterol total. As hemimandíbulas foram coletadas para análise histomorfométrica e radiográfica. O duodeno foi removido para avaliação morfológica e o tecido gengival ao redor dos molares foi coletado para análise de IL-17. RESULTADOS: Foi usado Teste ANOVA seguido pelo Teste de Tukey. PDPRO teve uma perda óssea significativamente menor do que o PD (p<0.05) e um menor número de osteoclastos no PDPRO quando comparado ao PD. Já para IL-17, houve diminuição do PDPRO em relação ao PD. A histomorfometria do duodeno mostrou que houve aumento significativo da largura das vilosidades no PROB somente. CONCLUSÃO: A terapia com probiótico foi eficaz para evitar o desenvolvimento de periodontite por reduzir a perda óssea alveolar e a modulação da inflamação e aumentar a largura das vilosidades duodenais, o que pode ajudar a estabilizar o equilíbrio do trato gastrointestinal.

Importancia del microbioma en la salud humana y aplicaciones médicas / Importance of the microbiome in human health and medical implications

Recientes investigaciones han relacionado la microbiota intestinal con la salud humana en múltiples aspectos. La evolución de los estilos de vida ha determinado un cambio en la composición de las bacterias intestinales, así como la implicación que la comunidad de estas ejerce sobre la salud. Actualmente, se conoce que la mayoría de las bacterias presentes en el sistema gastrointestinal pertenecen principalmente a los fila Firmicutes y Bacterioidetes, aunque también se encuentran otros grupos tales como proteobacterias y actinobacterias. A medida que se avanza en el tracto gastrointestinal predominan algunos géneros de bacterias. Los efectos de la microbiota pueden ser directos e indirectos, además, dependen de muchos factores tales como la edad de la persona, el grupo etario, la genética del individuo, la dieta y el estilo de vida. Durante los últimos años, la accesibilidad a tecnologías de secuenciación ha permitido tener un acercamiento más estrecho a la microbiota intestinal. Esto, sumado a herramientas bioinformáticas, ha permitido establecer relaciones microbiales entre la cantidad y estructura poblacional y las manifestaciones clínicas en el ser humano. Algunas de las afecciones estudiadas y que tienen relación con la microbiota intestinal son: la obesidad, la diabetes, el cáncer, las enfermedades relacionadas con el cerebro, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las enfermedades gastrointestinales. De acuerdo con lo mencionado, se hizo una recopilación de información de carácter científico en cuanto a estudios relevantes que describen la relación microbiota-salud humana y casos donde se observa compromiso del organismo, al mismo tiempo que se describen opciones terapéuticas propuestas y un abordaje de perspectivas futuras.

Recent research has linked gut microbiota to human health in multiple ways. The evolution of lifestyles has determined a change in the composition of intestinal bacteria, as well as the implications that they exert on health. Currently, it is known that most of the bacteria present in the gastrointestinal sector belong mainly to the phylum Firmicutes and Bacterioidetes, although there are also other groups such as proteobacteria and actinobacteria. As it progresses through the gastrointestinal tract, some genera of bacteria and species predominate. The effects of the microbiota can be direct and indirect, and also depend on many factors such as the age of the person, the age group, the individual's genetics, diet, and lifestyle. In recent years, accessibility to sequencing technologies has allowed for a closer approach to the intestinal microbiota. This, added to bioinformatic tools has allowed establishing microbial relationships in terms of quantity and population structure with clinical manifestations in humans. Some of the pathologies studied that are related to intestinal microbiota are obesity, diabetes, cancer, brain-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases. A compilation of scientific information is made regarding relevant studies that describe the microbiota-human health relationship, cases where the organism is affected, as well as proposed therapeutic options and an approach to future perspectives

Os desafios na conduta terapêutica em pacientes acometidos com feridas crônicas / Challenges in the therapeutic conduct in patients affected with chronic wounds / Retos en la conducta terapéutica en pacientes afectados de heridas crónicas

Considerado um grave problema em saúde pública, as feridas crônicas são patologias que desafiam o manejo terapêutico e infelizmente acometem milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo. Essa doença apresenta altos índices de morbidade impactando negativamente na qualidade de vida dos seus portadores, além de influenciar negativamente no domínio "bem-estar", principalmente quando associado aos fatores clínicos podendo estar relacionado há anos de tratamento sem cura da ferida. As feridas crônicas são caracterizadas por demora ou dificuldade nos processos de cicatrização e reparação ordenada da integridade anatômica e funcional da pele durante um período de no mínimo três meses. Porém, algumas lesões permanecem por anos e até décadas sem cicatrizar. Objetivo: O escopo dessa revisão é mostrar o limitado arsenal terapêutico bem como a dificuldade no manejo clínico e dessa forma proporcionar uma reflexão sobre sua fisiopatologia e a urgente necessidade de novas opções e condutas terapêuticas que possam auxiliar no tratamento desses pacientes. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre feridas crônicas, cujo critérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados no período de janeiro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2023. Conclusão: A problemática acerca dessa patologia é vasta, tratando de uma doença de difícil cura, com uma gama de fatores associados que dificultam a cura da lesão, estendendo essa doença a altos índices de morbidade. Novas condutas terapêuticas e novos fármacos, precisam ser desenvolvidos urgentemente. Destaca-se que o uso de probióticos e o emprego da nanotecnologia tem mostrado um grande potencial inovador no tratamento de pacientes portadores de feridas crônicas.

Considered a serious public health problem, chronic wounds are pathologies that defy therapeutic management and unfortunately affect thousands of people around the world. This disease has high morbidity rates, negatively impacting the quality of life of its patients, in addition to negatively influencing the "well-being" domain, especially when associated with clinical factors, which may be related to years of treatment without healing of the wound. Chronic wounds are characterized by delay or difficulty in healing processes and orderly repair of the anatomical and functional integrity of the skin over a period of at least three months. However, some injuries remain for years and even decades without healing. Objective: The scope of this review is to show the limited therapeutic arsenal as well as the difficulty in clinical management and thus provide a reflection on its pathophysiology and the urgent need for new options and therapeutic approaches that can help in the treatment of these patients. Methodology: This is an integrative review of the literature on chronic wounds, whose inclusion criteria were articles published from January 2005 to February 2023. Conclusion: The problem surrounding this pathology is vast, dealing with a difficult-to-cure disease, with a range of associated factors that make healing of the lesion difficult, extending this disease to high morbidity rates. New therapeutic approaches and new drugs need to be developed urgently. It is noteworthy that the use of probiotics and the use of nanotechnology have shown great innovative potential in the treatment of patients with chronic wounds.

Consideradas un grave problema de salud pública, las heridas crónicas son patologías que desafían el manejo terapéutico y que, lamentablemente, afectan a miles de personas en todo el mundo. Esta enfermedad presenta altas tasas de morbilidad, impactando negativamente en la calidad de vida de sus pacientes, además de influir negativamente en el dominio "bienestar", especialmente cuando se asocia a factores clínicos, que pueden estar relacionados con años de tratamiento sin curación de la herida. Las heridas crónicas se caracterizan por un retraso o dificultad en los procesos de cicatrización y reparación ordenada de la integridad anatómica y funcional de la piel durante un periodo de al menos tres meses. Sin embargo, algunas heridas permanecen durante años e incluso décadas sin cicatrizar. Objetivo: El alcance de esta revisión es mostrar el limitado arsenal terapéutico así como la dificultad en el manejo clínico y así aportar una reflexión sobre su fisiopatología y la urgente necesidad de nuevas opciones y enfoques terapéuticos que puedan ayudar en el tratamiento de estos pacientes. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura sobre heridas crónicas, cuyos criterios de inclusión fueron artículos publicados desde enero de 2005 hasta febrero de 2023. Conclusiones: La problemática que rodea a esta patología es amplia, tratándose de una enfermedad de difícil curación, con una serie de factores asociados que dificultan la cicatrización de la lesión, extendiendo esta enfermedad a altas tasas de morbilidad. Es urgente desarrollar nuevos enfoques terapéuticos y nuevos fármacos. Cabe destacar que el uso de probióticos y el empleo de nanotecnología han mostrado un gran potencial innovador en el tratamiento de pacientes con heridas crónicas.

Administração de Lactobacillus para casei 28.4 como terapia adjuvante no tratamento da periodontite: desenvolvimento in vitro de formulação probiótica usando gellan gum e ensaio clínico randomizado placebo controlado / Administration of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of periodontitis: in vitro development of the probiotic formulation using gellan gum and placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

A periodontite é uma doença inflamatória do periodonto associada ao acúmulo de biofilme dental, com consequente disbiose da microbiota oral e alteração da resposta imuno-inflamatória. O controle da periodontite realizado por meio do tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico altera o ambiente subgengival e pode ser associado a terapias adjuntas. O uso de probióticos como terapia adjuvante a esse tratamento parece favorecer a modificação do biofilme bacteriano e resposta imuno-inflamatória. Entretanto, os probióticos empregados até o momento não são próprios da cavidade oral e, por isso, a busca por cepas originadas da microbiota oral tem ganhado espaço na tentativa de favorecer a aderência e colonização permanente dessas bactérias. Recentemente, a cepa de Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 foi isolada da cavidade oral, exibindo atividades antimicrobianas promissoras sobre o controle de patógenos orais. O presente estudo teve como objetivos o desenvolvimento de uma formulação probiótica de L. paracasei 28.4 incorporado em gellan gum para uso humano, bem como a avaliação dos efeitos clínicos da administração desta formulação como adjuvante no tratamento periodontal. Para tal, o trabalho foi dividido em 2 etapas, contemplando uma etapa laboratorial (parte A), para desenvolvimento da formulação probiótica; e um ensaio clínico randomizado (parte B, n=40), envolvendo um protocolo de tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico associado à terapia adjunta probiótica ou placebo. Os resultados da parte A permitiram encontrar a melhor forma de apresentação e armazenamento da formulação de gellan gum. Na parte B, aos 3 e 6 meses de acompanhamento, os dois grupos apresentaram melhoras significativas dos parâmetros periodontais (índice de sangramento, índice gengival, profundidade de sondagem e ganho de nível de inserção) em relação ao baseline, sem diferença estatística na comparação intergrupo. Como conclusão, uma formulação probiótica segura e possível de ser aplicada na prática clínica foi obtida; no entanto, sua administração não promoveu efeitos clínicos adicionais ao tratamento de pacientes com periodontite generalizada estágios III/IV e graus B/C (AU)

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontium associated with the accumulation of dental biofilm, with consequent dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and alteration of the immune-inflammatory responseThe control of periodontitis carried out through non-surgical periodontal treatment alters the subgingival environment and can be associated with adjunctive therapies.The use of probiotics as an adjuvant therapy in the periodontal treatment seems to favor the modification of the bacterial biofilm and modulation of the immuneinflammatory response. However, the probiotics used so far are not specific to the oral cavity and, therefore, the search for strains originating from the oral microbiota has gained space to favor the adherence and permanent colonization of these bacteria. Recently, strain of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 was isolated from the oral cavity itself, showing promising antimicrobial activities in the control of oral pathogens. The present study aimed to develop and characterize a probiotic formulation of L. paracasei 28.4 incorporated into gellan gum for human use, as well as to evaluate the clinical effects of administering this formulation as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis. To this end, the study was divided into 2 stages, comprising a laboratory stage (part A), for the development of the probiotic, and a randomized clinical trial (part B, n=40) contemplating a non-surgical periodontal treatment protocol associated with adjunctive probiotic therapy or placebo. The results from part A made it possible to find the best way to present and store the gellan gum formulation. In part B, at 3 and 6 months of follow-up, both groups showed significant improvements in periodontal parameters (bleeding index, gingival index, probing depth and attachment level gain) in relation to baseline, with no statistical difference in the intergroup comparison. In conclusion, a safe probiotic formulation that can be applied in clinical practice was obtained; however, its administration did not promote additional clinical effects in the treatment of patients with stage III/IV and grades B/C generalized periodontitis (AU)

Use of multi-strain probiotics in linseed meal based diet for Labeo rohita fingerlings / Uso de probióticos multi-cepas na dieta à base de farinha de linhaça para alevinos de Labeo rohita

Unavailability of probiotics in fish digestive system fingerlings is unable to digest and absorb their food properly. The current research was conducted to investigate the influence of probiotics added Linseed meal based (LMB) diet on hematology and carcass composition of Labeo rohita juveniles. Hematological parameters are essential diagnostics used to estimate the health status of fish. The usage of probiotics for fish health improvement is becoming common due to the higher demand for environment-friendly culture system in water. Linseed meal was used as a test ingredient to prepare six experimental test diets by adding probiotics (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g/kg) and 1% indigestible chromic oxide for seventy days. According to their live wet weight, five percent feed was given to fingerlings twice a day. Fish blood and carcass samples (Whole body) were taken for hematological and carcass analysis at the end of the experiment. The highest carcass composition (crude protein; 18.72%, crude fat; 8.80% and gross energy; 2.31 kcal/g) was observed in fish fed with test diet II supplemented with probiotics (2 g/kg). Moreover, maximum RBCs number (2.62× 106mm-3), WBCs (7.84×103mm-3), PCV (24.61), platelets (63.85) and hemoglobin (7.87) had also been reported in the fish fingerlings fed on 2 g/kg of probiotics supplemented diet. Results indicated that probiotics supplementation has a critical role in improvement of fingerlings' body composition and hematological indices. Present findings showed that probiotics supplementation at 2 g/kg level in linseed by-product-based diet was very useful for enhancing the overall performance of L. rohita fingerlings.

A indisponibilidade de probióticos em alevinos do sistema digestivo de peixes faz com que ele seja incapaz de digerir e absorver seus alimentos adequadamente. A presente pesquisa foi conduzida para investigar a influência de probióticos adicionados à dieta à base de farelo de linhaça (LMB) na hematologia e na composição da carcaça de juvenis de Labeo rohita. Os parâmetros hematológicos são diagnósticos essenciais usados para estimar o estado de saúde dos peixes. O uso de probióticos para a melhoria da saúde dos peixes está se tornando comum devido à maior demanda por sistemas de cultivo em água que não agridam o meio ambiente. Farinha de linhaça foi usada como ingrediente para preparar seis dietas de teste experimentais adicionando probióticos (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 g/kg) e 1% de óxido crômico indigestível por 70 dias. De acordo com seu peso úmido vivo, 5% de alimento eram dados aos alevinos duas vezes ao dia. Amostras de sangue e carcaça de peixes (corpo inteiro) foram coletadas para análise hematológica e de carcaça no final do experimento. A maior composição da carcaça (proteína bruta, 18,72%; gordura bruta, 8,80%; e energia bruta, 2,31 kcal/g) foi observada em peixes alimentados com a dieta teste II suplementada com probióticos (2 g/kg). Além disso, os números máximos de RBCs (2,62×106 mm-3), WBCs (7,84×103 mm-3), PCV (24,61), plaquetas (63,85) e hemoglobina (7,87) também foram relatados em alevinos alimentados com 2 g/kg de dieta suplementada com probióticos. Os resultados indicaram que a suplementação de probióticos tem um papel crítico na melhoria da composição corporal dos alevinos e índices hematológicos. As descobertas atuais mostraram que a suplementação de probióticos no nível de 2 g/kg em dieta à base de subproduto de linhaça foi muito útil para melhorar o desempenho geral de alevinos de L. rohita.

Evaluation of secretory activity in carp pancreatocytes (Cyprinus carpio L. ) when using lactobacillus-based chelate and probiotic supplemental feed complexes / Avaliação da atividade secretora em pancreatócitos de carpa (Cyprinus carpio L. ) ao usar quelato à base de lactobacilos e complexos suplementares de alimentação probiótica

The experimental research was carried out on the juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The impact from supplemental feeds consisting of variable concentrations of chelate compounds, biogenic trace elements and probiotic lactobacillus-based product Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 was evaluated. Optical and qualitative parameters of the lactobacillus base were studied in order to identify the major group of substances potentially able to influence the end result. The purpose of this research was to identify changes in the structure of the zymogen granules and their dimensions at which supplemental feeds produce a stimulating effect on the synthesis of zymogens in exogenous cells of the secretory part of pancreas. At the outcome of the study, for the first time, it was possible to prove that the integrated action of chelates and lactobacillus-based probiotics complemented each other. Metal chelate compounds contributed to enlargement of the zymogen granules, if compared to the control values. The bacterial products accelerated production of the zymogen granules in acinar cells diffusely located in carp hepatopancreas.

A pesquisa experimental foi realizada em carpas juvenis (Cyprinus carpio L.). O impacto de suplementos alimentares consistindo em concentrações variáveis de compostos quelatos, oligoelementos biogênicos e produto probiótico baseado em lactobacilos Bacillus subtilis VKPM B-2335 foi avaliado. Parâmetros ópticos e qualitativos da base de lactobacilos foram estudados a fim de identificar o maior grupo de substâncias potencialmente capazes de influenciar o resultado final. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar mudanças na estrutura dos grânulos de zimogênio e suas dimensões nas quais alimentos suplementares produzem um efeito estimulante na síntese de zimogênios em células exógenas da parte secretora do pâncreas. No resultado do estudo, pela primeira vez, foi possível comprovar que a ação integrada dos quelatos e dos probióticos à base de lactobacilos se complementava. Compostos quelatos metálicos contribuíram para o aumento dos grânulos de zimogênio, se comparados aos valores de controle. Os produtos bacterianos aceleraram a produção dos grânulos de zimogênio nas células acinares localizadas difusamente no hepatopâncreas da carpa.

The use of lactobacillus reuteri as an adjunct in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed asthma in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines

Rationale@#Probiotics are live microorganisms that exert beneficial effects on the host, including a reduction of allergic disease symptoms. Lactobacillus reuteri in particular was shown to attenuate the allergic airway, and when used as an adjunct in the treatment of asthma in children, resulted in decreased fractional exhaled nitric oxide and interleukin levels when compared to placebo. However, insufficient information is available regarding the significance of L. reuteri as an adjunct in the treatment of allergic disorders, particularly in allergic airway disease.

Long-term lung protection of probiotics in children with sepsis and its mechanism / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of probiotics supplementation on the natural killer T cell (NKT cell) and inflammatory factors in children with sepsis and its protective effect on long-term lung function.@*METHODS@#A total of 100 children with sepsis admitted to the department of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from March 2021 to May 2022 were selected as the research objects. The children were randomly divided into placebo group and probiotic group, 50 cases in each group. In addition to the conventional treatment, the probiotic group was given oral or nasal administration of 0.5 g probiotics, three times a day for 30 days, and the placebo group received oral placebo. 40 healthy children were selected as the healthy control group. The levels of interleukins (IL-4, IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and immunoglobulin E (IgE), percentages of NKT cell in blood and induced sputum, lung function of the two groups of children with sepsis were measured before treatment, 7 days after treatment, and during follow-up. All these data were compared with those of healthy children. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the incidence of cough varied cough (CVA) between the two septic groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the influence of various factors on the proportion of NKT cells in induced sputum.@*RESULTS@#In the placebo group, 2 cases died and 4 cases were lost to follow-up. In the probiotics group, 3 cases died and 5 cases were lost to follow-up. All the inflammatory factors of two groups decreased slowly after 7 day after treatment. There was no significance in the parameters of the two groups, but the levels of probiotic group declined more evidently. During the follow-up, a further decrease of inflammatory factors in probiotic group could be found, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly different from those in the placebo group [IL-4 (ng/L): 20.3±9.3 vs. 27.6±11.9, IL-10 (ng/L): 23.1±6.8 vs. 14.4±4.4, both P < 0.05], with a significant decrease in IgE level (μg/L: 53.0±15.6 vs. 64.2±16.9, P < 0.05]. The results of flow cytometry showed that the percentage of NKT cell in peripheral blood in two septic groups decreased gradually, and the proportion of peripheral blood NKT cells in the probiotics group was significantly lower than that in the placebo group after 7 days of treatment [(4.2±0.9)% vs. (5.3±1.2)%, P < 0.05]. In the follow-up, the level of NKT cell in peripheral blood and induced sputum in probiotic group were lower than the placebo group [peripheral blood: (0.024±0.009)% vs. (0.029±0.008)%, induced sputum: (0.025±0.008)% vs. (0.035±0.01)%, both P < 0.05], which were similar to those in the healthy control group. Meanwhile, the percentage of predicted peak expiratory (PEF%) and ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) of probiotic group were higher than those in the placebo group [PEF%: (91.3±4.8)% vs. (85.8±8.6)%, FEV1/FVC ratio: (91.8±4.7)% vs. (87.2±7.4)%, both P < 0.05]. Although there was no significance in the incidence of CVA between two septic groups according to the Kaplan-Meier curve analysis, multiple linear regression analysis showed mechanical ventilation and allergic history were the risk factors for the increase of NKT cells [β values were 0.584, 0.601, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were 0.069 to 1.099, 0.011 to 1.192, P = 0.027, 0.046], and probiotics was an independent protective factor for the relieve of increase in NKT cells (β value was -0.984,95%CI was -1.378 to -0.591, P = 0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Application of probiotics to septic children early could promote the recovery of NKT cell and inflammatory factors, and alleviate the lung function injury induced by them during follow-up, which is helpful to improve the long-term prognosis of the patients.

Maternal and infant microbiome: next-generation indicators and targets for intergenerational health and nutrition care

Microbes are commonly sensitive to shifts in the physiological and pathological state of their hosts, including mothers and babies. From this perspective, the microbiome may be a good indicator for diseases during pregnancy and has the potential to be used for perinatal health monitoring. This is embodied in the application of microbiome from multi body sites for auxiliary diagnosis, early prediction, prolonged monitoring, and retrospective diagnosis of pregnancy and infant complications, as well as nutrition management and health products developments of mothers and babies. Here we summarized the progress in these areas and explained that the microbiome of different body sites is sensitive to different diseases and their microbial biomarkers may overlap between each other, thus we need to make a diagnosis prudently for those diseases. Based on the microbiome variances and additional anthropometric and physical data, individualized responses of mothers and neonates to meals and probiotics/prebiotics were predictable, which is of importance for precise nutrition and probiotics/prebiotics managements and developments. Although a great deal of encouraging performance was manifested in previous studies, the efficacy could be further improved by combining multi-aspect data such as multi-omics and time series analysis in the future. This review reconceptualizes maternal and infant health from a microbiome perspective, and the knowledge in it may inspire the development of new options for the prevention and treatment of adverse pregnancy outcomes and bring a leap forward in perinatal health care.

Live biotherapeutic products: the forefront of innovative drug development driven by biotechnology / 生物工程学报

As human microbiome research advances, a large body of evidence shows that microorganisms are closely related to human health. Probiotics were discovered and used as foods or dietary supplements with health benefits in the last century. Microorganisms have shown broader application prospects in human health since the turn of the century, owing to the rapid development of technologies such as microbiome analysis, DNA synthesis and sequencing, and gene editing. In recent years, the concept of "next-generation probiotics" has been proposed as new drugs, and microorganisms are considered as "live biotherapeutic products (LBP)". In a nutshell, LBP is a living bacterial drug that can be used to prevent or treat certain human diseases and indications. Because of its distinct advantages, LBP has risen to the forefront of drug development research and has very broad development prospects. This review introduces the varieties and research advances on LBP from a biotechnology standpoint, followed by summarizing the challenges and opportunities for LBP clinical implementations, with the aim to facilitate LBP development.

Interaction between mucus layer and gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Soil and seeds / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

The intestinal mucus layer is a barrier that separates intestinal contents and epithelial cells, as well as acts as the "mucus layer-soil" for intestinal flora adhesion and colonization. Its structural and functional integrity is crucial to human health. Intestinal mucus is regulated by factors such as diet, living habits, hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and intestinal flora. The mucus layer's thickness, viscosity, porosity, growth rate, and glycosylation status affect the structure of the gut flora colonized on it. The interaction between "mucus layer-soil" and "gut bacteria-seed" is an important factor leading to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and wash microbial transplantation are efficient methods for managing NAFLD, but their long-term efficacy is poor. FMT is focused on achieving the goal of treating diseases by enhancing the "gut bacteria-seed". However, a lack of effective repair and management of the "mucus layer-soil" may be a reason why "seeds" cannot be well colonized and grow in the host gut, as the thinning and destruction of the "mucus layer-soil" is an early symptom of NAFLD. This review summarizes the existing correlation between intestinal mucus and gut microbiota, as well as the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and proposes a new perspective that "mucus layer-soil" restoration combined with "gut bacteria-seed" FMT may be one of the most effective future strategies for enhancing the long-term efficacy of NAFLD treatment.