IGFBP-3 promotes cachexia-associated lipid loss by suppressing insulin-like growth factor/insulin signaling / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Progressive lipid loss of adipose tissue is a major feature of cancer-associated cachexia. In addition to systemic immune/inflammatory effects in response to tumor progression, tumor-secreted cachectic ligands also play essential roles in tumor-induced lipid loss. However, the mechanisms of tumor-adipose tissue interaction in lipid homeostasis are not fully understood.@*METHODS@#The yki -gut tumors were induced in fruit flies. Lipid metabolic assays were performed to investigate the lipolysis level of different types of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) treated cells. Immunoblotting was used to display phenotypes of tumor cells and adipocytes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis was carried out to examine the gene expression levels such as Acc1 , Acly , and Fasn et al .@*RESULTS@#In this study, it was revealed that tumor-derived IGFBP-3 was an important ligand directly causing lipid loss in matured adipocytes. IGFBP-3, which is highly expressed in cachectic tumor cells, antagonized insulin/IGF-like signaling (IIS) and impaired the balance between lipolysis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conditioned medium from cachectic tumor cells, such as Capan-1 and C26 cells, contained excessive IGFBP-3 that potently induced lipolysis in adipocytes. Notably, neutralization of IGFBP-3 by neutralizing antibody in the conditioned medium of cachectic tumor cells significantly alleviated the lipolytic effect and restored lipid storage in adipocytes. Furthermore, cachectic tumor cells were resistant to IGFBP-3 inhibition of IIS, ensuring their escape from IGFBP-3-associated growth suppression. Finally, cachectic tumor-derived ImpL2, the IGFBP-3 homolog, also impaired lipid homeostasis of host cells in an established cancer-cachexia model in Drosophila . Most importantly, IGFBP-3 was highly expressed in cancer tissues in pancreatic and colorectal cancer patients, especially higher in the sera of cachectic cancer patients than non-cachexia cancer patients.@*CONCLUSION@#Our study demonstrates that tumor-derived IGFBP-3 plays a critical role in cachexia-associated lipid loss and could be a biomarker for diagnosis of cachexia in cancer patients.

Síndrome de Doege Potter / Doege-Potter syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de Doege Potter es un síndrome caracterizado por hipoglucemia severa asociada a tumor fibroso de la pleura. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 67 años con antecedente por biopsia de tumor fibroso de pleura, quien seis meses después de este diagnóstico presenta episodios de alteración del estado de conciencia con desorientación y documentación de hipoglucemia con triada de Whipple presente. Se realiza test de ayuno el cual es positivo para hipoglucemia no hiperinsulinémica y dado sus antecedentes, se hace el diagnóstico de un síndrome de Doege Potter. Se realiza manejo quirúrgico con resección total de masa tumoral con posterior resolución de la hipoglucemia.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1503).

Abstract Doege-Potter syndrome is characterized by severe hypoglycemia associated with a fibrous tumor of the pleura. We present the case of a 67-year-old patient with a history of a fibrous tumor of the pleura, diagnosed through biopsy, who six months after this diagnosis experienced episodes of altered consciousness with disorientation, and documented hypoglycemia with Whipple's triad. A fasting test was positive for non-hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and, given his history, he was diagnosed with Doege-Potter syndrome. He was treated surgically through total removal of the tumor mass, with subsequent resolution of the symptoms.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1503).

Impact of Kuntai Capsules on LIF, IGF-1 and EGF expression in the implantation window of endometrium in mice / Impacto de cápsulas de Kuntai en la expresión de LIF, IGF-1 y EGF en la ventana de implantación de endometrio en ratones

To investigate the influence of Kuntai capsules on the expression level of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1)and epidermal growth factor (EGF) during the mouse's implantation window of superovulation period and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation period. 90 female mice were randomly divided into six groups in control, superovulation and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) conditions. The RNA expression of EGF, LIF and IGF-1 in the endometrium on the 4th day of pregnancy was detected, and the relative expression was compared. mRNA expression of these three factors in endometrium was significantly lower in superovulation and COH groups than control group (p<0.001). mRNA expression of these three factors in endometrium remained obviously lower in superovulation plus kuntai capsule group and COH plus kuntai capsule group than control group (p<0.01). mRNA expression of these three factors in endometrium was lower in control group than in the NS plus kuntai capsule group (p<0.05). Kuntai capsule cannot completely reverse the endometrial damages caused by superovulation and COH. Thus Kuntai capsule could partially improve a mouse's endometrial receptivity during the implantation window.

Para investigar la influencia de las cápsulas de Kuntai en el nivel de expresión del factor inhibidor de la leucemia (LIF), el factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina I (IGF-1) y el factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGF) durante la ventana de implantación del ratón del período de superovulación y la hiperestimulación ovárica controlada período, se dividieron aleatoriamente 90 ratones hembra en seis grupos en condiciones de control, superovulación e hiperestimulación ovárica controlada (COH). Se detectó la expresión de ARN de EGF, LIF e IGF-1en el endometrio al cuarto día de embarazo, y se comparó la expresión relativa. La expresión de ARNm de estos tres factores en el endometrio fue significativamente menor en los grupos de superovulación y COH que en el grupo control (p<0,001). La expresión de ARNm de estos tres factores en el endometrio permaneció más baja en el grupo de cápsulas de superovulación más Kuntai y en el grupo de cápsulas de COH más Kuntai respecto del grupo control (p<0,01). La expresión de ARNm de estos tres factores en el endometrio fue menor en el grupo control que en el grupo de cápsula NS más Kuntai (p<0,05). La cápsula de Kuntai no pudo revertir completamente los daños endometriales causados por la superovulación y la COH. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que la cápsula de Kuntai podría mejorar parcialmente la receptividad endometrial de un ratón durante la ventana de implantación.

Insulin-like Growth Factors and Dermatosis / 中国医学科学院学报

Insulin-like growth factors(IGFs)are polypeptides structurally homologous to insulin.By binding to membrane tyrosine receptors,they regulate the proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis,growth,and development of body cells and are involved in the pathogenesis of tumors and other diseases.In recent years,more research on IGFs of dermatosis increased.This article reviews recent research advances in IGFs and its relationship with dermatosis.

Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor Recepter Type I in CD34 Cells of Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the expression level of insulin-like growth facter (IGF-IR) in CD34 cells of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of IGF-IR in the CD34 cells of 100 MDS patients and 18 normal controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average IGF-IR expression level in the CD34 cells of 100 MDS patients (41.0±28.1)% was statistically and significantly elevated in comparison with the corresponding level in normal controls(4.3±1.8)%,(P<0.0001). The average expression level of 22 cases in high-risk groups was very significantly increased, compared with that in 78 cases of low-risk groups[(66.5±27.8)% vs (34.5%±24.9)%](P<0.0001), and the average expression level in 23 patients with chromosome abnormality was very significantly increased in comparison with that in rest 77 patients [(56.0±30.9)% vs (36.9%±26.2)%](P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The over-expression of IGF-IR in CD34 cells of MDS patients suggests that the IGF-IR may involve in the origin, occurrence and progress. The average IGF-IR expression level is markedly elevated in high-risk groups and the patients who showed chromosome abnormality, this trend revealed that IGF-IR correlates with malignant clonal proliferation in MDS patients, thus providing a basis for their prognosis and outcome evaluation.</p>

In vitro inactivation of thrombin generation by polysulfated fractions isolated from the tropical coenocytic green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpaceae, Bryopsidales) / Inativação in vitro da geração de trombina por frações polissulfatadas isoladas da macroalga verde cenocítica tropical Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpaceae; Bryopsidales)

Pharmacological efficacy of Caulerpa racemosa (Chlorophyta) sulfated polysaccharidic (SPs) fractions (F I→III) on models of coagulation and inflammation has been demonstrated, but not their effects on thrombin generation (TG). This study examined fractions for composition and physical-chemical characteristics and in vitro inactivation of TG by F I and F II in 60-fold diluted human plasma using continuous method. Papain-extraction yield of 0.7% revealed F I→III by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, with differences among the relative proportions of sulfate (17.37-24.00%), total sugars (30.03-48.34%) and absence of proteins. Charge density patterns and molecular sizes > 100 kDa of the fractions were verified by both agarose/polyacrylamide analyses, respectively. These electrophoreses combined with toluidine blue/Stains-All also indicated nonSPs. Anticoagulant effects of 4.76 (F I), 12.00 (F II) and 2.32 (F II) IU mg-1 by activated partial thromboplastin time test were recorded against heparin (193 IU mg-1), without changes in prothrombin time. Diluted plasma treated with F I and F II reduced concentration-dependent and sulfation pattern TG by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, with 50% inactivation by intrinsic pathway of F II even at 4.1 µg. Heparin abolished TG at least 4-fold lower. Therefore, C. racemosa produces SPs with TG inhibition.

Eficácia farmacológica de frações (F I→III) polissacarídicas sulfatadas (PSs) da Chlorophyta Caulerpa racemosa sobre modelos de coagulação e inflamação tem sido demonstrada, exceto seus efeitos sobre geração de trombina (GT). Examinaram-se frações quanto à composição, características físico-químicas e inativação in vitro de GT por F I e F II, em plasma humano diluído 60 vezes usando método contínuo. Rendimento de extração-papaína (0,7%) revelou, por cromatografia de DEAE -celulose, F I→III com diferenças entre as proporções relativas de sulfato (17,37-24,00%), açúcares totais (30,03-48,34%) e ausência de proteínas. Foram verificados, por ambas as análises agarose/poliacrilamida, graus de densidade de carga e tamanhos moleculares > 100 kDa das frações, respectivamente. Também essas eletroforeses, combinadas com azul de toluidina/Stains-All, indicaram polissacarídeos não sulfatados. Foram registrados, pelo teste do tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada, efeitos anticoagulantes de 4,76 (F I), 12,00 (F II) e 2,32 (F II) UI mg-1 contra heparina (193 UI mg- 1), porém não modificando tempo de protrombina. Plasma diluído tratado com F I e F II reduziu GT por ambas as vias intrinsíca/extrínsica, dependente de concentração e grau de sulfatação, com F II em 4,1 µg apresentando eficácia de 50% pela via intrínsica. Heparina, quatro vezes menos, aboliu GT. Portanto, C. racemosa produz PSs com inibição de GT.

Regulation of the embryonic erythropoietic niche: a future perspective

The production of red blood cells, termed erythropoiesis, occurs in two waves in the developing mouse embryo: first primitive erythropoiesis followed by definitive erythropoiesis. In the mouse embryo, both primitive and definitive erythropoiesis originates in the extra-embryonic yolk sac. The definitive wave then migrates to the fetal liver, fetal spleen and fetal bone marrow as these organs form. The fetal liver serves as the major organ for hematopoietic cell expansion and erythroid maturation after mid-gestation. The erythropoietic niche, which expresses critical cytokines such as stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO) and the insulin-like growth factors IGF1 and IGF2, supports hematopoietic expansion in the fetal liver. Previously, our group demonstrated that DLK1⁺ hepatoblasts support fetal liver hematopoiesis through erythropoietin and SCF release as well as extracellular matrix deposition. Loss of DLK1⁺ hepatoblasts in Map2k4(−/−) mouse embryos resulted in decreased numbers of hematopoietic cells in fetal liver. Genes encoding proteinases and peptidases were found to be highly expressed in DLK1⁺ hepatoblasts. Capitalizing on this knowledge, and working on the assumption that these proteinases and peptidases are generating small, potentially biologically active peptides, we assessed a range of peptides for their ability to support erythropoiesis in vitro. We identified KS-13 (PCT/JP2010/067011) as an erythropoietic peptide-a peptide which enhances the production of red blood cells from progenitor cells. Here, we discuss the elements regulating embryonic erythropoiesis with special attention to niche cells, and demonstrate how this knowledge can be applied in the identification of niche-derived peptides with potential therapeutic capability.

A Preliminary Exploration on the Pathogenesis of Osteopenia in Patients with Hemophilia / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influencing factors and pathogenesis of osteopenia in the patients with hemophilia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-three patients with hemophilia were admitted in the hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and technology from March to August 2015, including 13 severe cases, 10 mild and moderate cases. All the patients accepted the detection of serum I collagen cross-linking N terminal peptide (NTX I), osteoprotegerin (OPG), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), the score scale of activity ability was recorded according to the criteria published by the U.S. Center for disease prevention and control in 2002, and 21 patients received the measurement of bone mineral density. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition, the clinical significance of bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by measuring the Z level.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Z level>-2 was recorded in 10 cases, Z≤-2 was recorded in 11 cases; the levels of body mass index (BMI) and human bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) reflecting bone formation in 11 cases (Z≤-2) were lower than there in 10 cases (Z>-2) (P<0.05); the levels of BALP (r=0.489, P<0.05), IGF (r=0.538, P<0.05) and BMI (r=0.572, P<0.01) positively correlated significantly with BMD (P<0.05); the levels of bFGF (r=0.570, P<0.01) and OPG (r=0.505, P<0.05) positively correlated with NTX I, indicating bone destruction (P<0.05); the score of activity ability of severe patients was significantly lower than that of mild and moderate cases (P<0.05), BMD levels of these 2 groups were not statistically different (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The BMD level does not correlate with the clinial grouping of hemophilia, the low body mass index may be a risk factor for bone lose; the mechanism of hemophilia patient's bone lose may be related with the decrease of osteogenic activity, the IGF can prevent bone lose in hemophilia, the bFGF and OPG can promote bone metabolism of the patients with hemophilia.</p>

Research on expression of somatomedin b domain of proteoglycan 4 and recombinant protein aggregation / 生物医学工程学杂志

Recombinant protein SMB(PRG4) containing two Somatomedin B domains and a small amount of glycosylation of repetitive sequences of proteoglycan 4 was cloned according to PGR4 gene polymorphism. Mature purification process was established and recombinant protein SMB(PRG4), with high-level expression was purified. By using size-exclusion chromatogaraphy and dynamic light scattering, we found that the recombinant protein self-aggregate to dimeric form. Structure prediction and non-reducing electrophoresis revealed that SMB(PRG4), was a non-covalently bonded dimer.

Expressions of somatomedins in anoxic prostate epithelial cells / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the changes in the expressions of somatomedins in the prostate epithelial cells in anoxic condition.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We cultured prostate epithelial cell line RWPE-1 in vitro. At 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 hours after seeding of the cells, we determined the gene and protein expressions of the epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the prostate epithelial cells by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With the increase of time, the expressions of the EGF, bFGF, TGF-beta, IGF-1 and VEGF genes were obviously up-regulated, more significantly in the anoxic than in the normoxic prostate epithelial cells. Take FGF mRNA, its expression level was 0.14 +/- 0.01 in the anoxic and 0. 12 +/- 0.01 in the normoxic prostate epithelial cells at 8 hours (P = 0.01), but increased to 0.29 +/- 0.01 and 0.14 +/- 0.01, respectively, at 48 hours (P < 0.001). The expression of the TGF-beta protein was also more significantly increased in the anoxic than in the normoxic prostate epithelial cells, 0.32 +/- 0.01 versus 0.26 +/- 0.01 at 4 hours (P = 0.017) and 1.56 +/- 0.13 versus 0.87 +/- 0.06 at 48 hours (P < 0.001). The other 4 somatomedins showed no significant differences in their protein expressions between anoxic and normoxic conditions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Anoxia can up-regulate the gene expressions of somatomedins and increase the secretion of TGF-beta in prostate epithelial cells.</p>

Inhibitory effect of exogenous insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 on proliferation of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-453 and its mechanism / 生理学报

The present study was to investigate the effects of exogenous insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) on the proliferation of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-453 and its possible mechanism. By means of MTT method in vitro, the results showed exogenous IGFBP7 inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-453 cells (IC50 of IGFBP7 = 8.49 μg/mL) in time- and concentration-dependent manner. SB203580, p38(MAPK) inhibitor, blocked the anti-proliferative effect of exogenous IGFBP7. The flow cytometry assay showed that exogenous IGFBP7 remarkably induced G0/G1 arrest in MDA-MB-453 cells. The Western blot showed that exogenous IGFBP7 promoted phosphorylation of p38(MAPK), up-regulated expression of p21(CIP1/WAF1), and inhibited phosphorylation of Rb. SB203580 restrained exogenous IGFBP7-induced regulation of p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p-Rb in MDA-MB-453 cells. In conclusion, the present study suggests that exogenous IGFBP7 could activate the p38(MAPK) signaling pathway, upregulate p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression, inhibit phosphorylation of Rb, and finally induce G0/G1 arrest in MDA-MB-453 cells.

Valores de referência para níveis séricos do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo I (IGF-I) numa população adulta do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Reference ranges for serum levels of insulin-like growth Factor I (IGF-I) in an adult population of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

O nível sérico do Fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo I (IGF-I) é fundamental para auxiliar no dignóstico e controle terapêutico dos transtornos relacionados à secreção do Hormônio de Crescimento (GH), bem como no diagnóstico e seguimento de outras doenças. Estabelecer valores de referência para as dosagens séricas de IGF-I por um ensaio imunoquimioluminométrico (ICMA), utilizando o sistema automatizado Immulite 2000/Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), e por um ensaio imunoradiométrico (IRMA), utilizando o kit comercial ACTIVE IGF-I/Diagnostic System Laboratories (DSL)-5600, numa população brasileira adulta da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Este estudo, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Instituto Estadual de Hematologia Arthur de Siqueira Cavalcanti, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, incluiu amostras de 484 indivíduos saudáveis (251 homens e 233 mulheres) com idades entre 18 e 70 anos. As amostras foram estudadas por ICMA- Immulite 2000/DPC and IRMA- ACTIVE IGF-I/DSL-5600. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados modelos específicos para idade e sexo, após transformação dos dados de IGF-I. Foi observada uma lenta diminuição dos níveis de IGF-I com a idade usando ambos os ensaios. Os níveis de IGF-I foram signicativamente (p=0,0181) mais elevados em mulheres do que em homens, quando as amostras foram analisadas usando ICMA. Não houve diferença significativa dos níveis de IGF-I entre homens e mulheres quando as amostras foram analisadas usando IRMA. Este estudo estabeleceu valores de referência de IGF-I específicos para idade e sexo, determinados com o sistema automatizado ICMA-Immulite 2000/DPC, e valores de referência de IGF-I específicos para idade, determinados com o kit comercial IRMA- ACTIVE IGF-I/DSL-5600, em uma população adulta brasileira, da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Serum level of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is fundamental in order to aid in the diagnosis and follow-up of growth hormone (GH)-related disorders, as well as in the diagnosis and follow-up of other diseases. The aim of this investigation was to determine reference values for IGF-I using an automated immunochemiluminometric assay (ICMA) system Immulite 2000/Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC); and an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), using the commercial kit ACTIVE IGF-I/Diagnostic System Laboratories (DSL)-5600, in an adult Brazilian population of Rio de Janeiro city. The study, approved by the Ethical Committee of the Instituto Estadual de Hematologia Arthur de Siqueira Cavalcanti, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, included samples of blood taken from 484 healthy subjects (251men, 233 women) aged from 18 up to 70. The samples were analyzed by ICMA- Immulite 2000/DPC and IRMA- ACTIVE IGF-I/DSL-5600. For statistical analysis, age and sex-specific models were fitted after transformation of IGF-I values. In adulthood, a slow age-dependent decrease was found, using both assays. IGF-I in women were significantly (p=0,0181) higher than in men when samples were analayzed using ICMA.There was no significant difference between men and women IGF-I values when samples were analayzed using IRMA. The present study established age- and sex specific IGF-I reference values, determined with the automated system: ICMA-Immulite 2000/DPC and age-specific IGF-I reference values determined with the IRMA- ACTIVE IGF-I/DSL-5600, in an adult Brazilian population of Rio de Janeiro city

Shugan Yiyang capsule increases the expressions of VEGF, IGF and Akt1 in the rat model of arteriogenic erectile dysfunction / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Cytokines such as VEGF and IGF play an important role in maintaining the function of blood vascular endothelium. And Akt1 is an important molecule in the intra-cellular signaling transduction. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanism of Shugan Yiyang (SGYY) capsule in the treatment of arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (AED) by detecting the expressions and phosphorylation of VEGF, IGF and Akt1 in AED rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We established AED models in 60 three-month-old adult male SD rats by bilateral ligation of the internal iliac artery, and assigned them to a sham operation group, a model control group, a sildenafil group, a low-dose SGYY group (0.5 g/[kg x d]) and a high-dose SGYY group (1 g/[kg x d]). After 30 days of gavage, we assayed the plasma concentrations of VEGF and IGF in the carotid artery of the rats by ELISA, detected the expressions of VEGF and IGF mRNA by real-time PCR and determined the expression and phosphorylation of Aktl protein in the corpus cavernosum penis by Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the model control group, the expressions of VEGF and IGF mRNA were 0.41 +/- 0.06 and 0.42 +/- 0.06, the plasma concentrations of VEGF and IGF were (28.59 +/- 24.97) pg/ml and (15.82 +/- 4.37) ng/ml, and the expression of p-Aktl/Akt1 was 0.93 +/- 0.14. While in the high-dose SGYY group, the expressions of VEGF and IGF mRNA were 0.77 +/- 0.04 and 0.78 +/- 0.05, the plasma concentrations of VEGF and IGF were (95.83 +/- 37.34) pg/ml and (20.45 +/- 3.83) ng/ml, and the expression of p-Aktl/Aktl was 1.43 +/- 0.50. All the parameters above were significantly higher in the high-dose SGYY than in the model control group (P < 0.05), and so were they in the low-dose SGYY group except the plasma concentration of IGF (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SGYY can significantly upregulate the expressions of VEGF, IGF and Akt1 in the corpus cavernosum penis of AED rats, and improve the function of blood vascular endothelium, which is probably an important mechanism of SGYY capsule acting on AED.</p>

Obesity and Pancreatic Diseases / 대한소화기학회지

Obesity is defined as BMI (calculated as weight in kg divided by height in m2) more than 30, and overweight is defined as BMI of 25-29.9. Obesity has been considered as a risk factor for pancreatic diseases, including pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Severe acute pancreatitis is significantly more frequent in obese patients. Furthermore, obese patients develop systemic and local complications of acute pancreatitis more frequently. The underlying mechanisms are increased inflammation and necrosis from increased amount of intra- and peri-pancreatic fat. In addition, obesity is a poor prognostic factor in acute pancreatitis, and overweight before disease onset appears to be a risk factor for chronic pancreatitis. Overweight and/or obesity are associated with greater risk of pancreatic cancer and younger age of onset. Physical activity appears to decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer, especially among those who are overweight. Long-standing diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer. The pathogenic mechanism is that obesity and physical inactivity increase insulin resistance. In a state of hypersinulinemia, increased circulating level of insulin-like growth factor-1 induces cellular proliferation of pancreatic cancer. Obesity is associated with negative prognostic factor and increased mortality in pancreatic cancer. However, there are controversies regarding the effects of obesity on long-term post-operative results in the patient with pancreatic cancer.

Obesity and Colorectal Cancer / 대한소화기학회지

Obesity worldwide is constantly increasing. Obesity acts as an independent significant risk factor for malignant tumors of various organs including colorectal cancer. Visceral adipose tissue is physiologically more important than subcutaneous adipose tissue. The relative risk of colorectal cancer of obese patients is about 1.5 times higher than the normal-weight individuals, and obesity is also associated with premalignant colorectal adenoma. The colorectal cancer incidence of obese patients has gender-specific and site-specific characteristics that it is higher in men than women and in the colon than rectum. Obesity acts as a risk factor of colorectal carcinogenesis by several mechanisms. Isulin, insulin-like growth factor, leptin, adiponectin, microbiome, and cytokines of chronic inflammation etc. have been understood as its potential mechanisms. In addition, obesity in patients with colorectal cancer negatively affects the disease progression and response of chemotherapy. Although the evidence is not clear yet, there are some reports that weight loss as well as life-modification such as dietary change and physical activity can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. It is very important knowledge in the point that obesity is a potentially modifiable risk factor that can alter the incidence and outcome of the colorectal cancer.

Obesity and Gastrointestinal Cancer-related Factor / 대한소화기학회지

Despite a higher incidence and less favorable outcome of malignant tumors in obese patients, much less recognized is the link between obesity and cancer. The mechanism of the association of obesity with carcinogenesis remains incompletely understood. Postulated mechanisms include insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor signaling, chronic inflammation, immunomodulation, hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, and changes of intestinal microbiome. Insulin resistance leads to direct mitogenic and antiapoptotic signaling by insulin and the insulin-like growth factor axis. Obesity can be considered to be a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. In obesity, numerous proinflammatory cytokines are released from adipose tissue which may involve in carcinogenesis. Hyperglycemia in susceptible cells results in the overproduction of superoxide and this process is the key to initiating all damaging pathways related to diabetes. This hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress could be one possible link among obesity, diabetes, and cancer development. The role of obesity-related changes in the intestinal microbiome in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis deserves further attention.

Clinical significance of insulin-like growth factor gene polymorphisms with survival in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors / 대한외과학회지

PURPOSE: Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) regulate a wide range of biological functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis through paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. Accordingly, the present study analyzed polymorphisms of IGF genes and their impact on the prognosis for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). METHODS: Two hundred-thirteen consecutive patients with GISTs who underwent curative surgery from 5 medical centers were enrolled in the present study. The genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, and four IGF-1 (+2995C/A, +533C/T, IVS2-16540A/G, Ex4-177G/C) and one IGF-2 (IVS1+1280A/G) gene polymorphisms were determined using a Sequenom MassARRAY system. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 18.4 months, the estimated 5-year relapse-free survival and overall survival rates were 69.9% and 86.7%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis including age, gender, primary site of disease, pathology, and risk stratification, no significant association was observed between the polymorphism of the IGF-1 and IGF-2 genes and survival. CONCLUSION: None of the five IGF-1 and IGF-2 gene polymorphisms investigated in this study was found to be an independent prognostic marker for Korean patients with surgically resected GIST. However, further studies on a larger scale are warranted to clarify the role of IGF-1 and IGF-2 gene polymorphisms as a prognostic biomarker for GIST patients.

Enrichment analysis of Fanconi anemia gene expression profiles in cancer related genesets / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the underlying tumor susceptibility mechanisms and reasons for the high risk of cancer in Fanconi anemia (FA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed to compare gene expression profiles between 21 FA patients' bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cell (BMNC) and 11 normal controls in cancer related gene sets from NCBI GEO database, then core enriched genes were identified by further investigation. Through enrichment analyzing biological processes of gene ontology sets and structural genomic gene sets between FA expression profiles and control, more details related with its tumor susceptibility had been revealed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with normal control, gene expression in FA group had significant been enriched in resistance to Bcl-2 inhibitor gene set, fibroblast growth factors signalling pathways, insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) signalling pathways induced cancer genesis gene sets. The high level of D4S234E, SST, FGFs, IGFs, FGFRs and IGFBP expression provided an initiate environment for tumorgenesis and drug resistance. There were significant differences in biogenesis extracellular molecules and cytomembrane structure organizations between FA and control. Genes with promoter regions around transcription start sites containing either motif RRCAGGTGNCV or CCTNTMAGA were enriched and those former genes match annotation for tumorgenic transcription factor 3 (TCF3).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The high tumor susceptibility of FA patients may be closely related with the dramatic changes in cancer related growth factors and hormones environment. This study provides new insights into tumor susceptibility mechanism in FA patients.</p>

Functional roles and clinical values of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 in different types of cancers / 癌症

Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins(IGFBPs) are critical regulators of the mitogenic activity of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). IGFBP5, one of these IGFBPs, has special structural features, including a nuclear transport domain, heparin-binding motif, and IGF/extracellular matrix/acid-labile subunit-binding sites. Furthermore, IGFBP5 has several functional effects on carcinogenesis and even normal cell processes, such as cell growth, death, motility, and tissue remodeling. These biological effects are sometimes related with IGF (IGF-dependent effects) and sometimes not (IGF-independent effects). The functional role of IGFBP5 is most likely determined in a cell-type and tissue-type specific manner but also depends on cell context, especially in terms of the diversity of interacting proteins and the potential for nuclear localization. Clinical findings show that IGFBP5 has the potential to be a useful clinical biomarker for predicting response to therapy and clinical outcome of cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the functional diversity and clinical importance of IGFBP5 in different types of cancers.