Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond or Non-Woven Fabric for respiratory protection of healthcare workers / Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond o Tejido-no-Tejido para protección respiratoria de trabajadores sanitarios / Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond ou Tecido-Não-Tecido para proteção respiratória de trabalhadores da saúde

Objective: To analyze the fibers and porosity of Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond and Non-Woven Fabric materials used to manufacture sur-gical masks for respiratory protection of healthcare workers exposed to chemical and biological occupational hazards. Method: Descriptive analytical study, using scanning electron microscopy to analyze the materials. Conducted at the Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory. Masks made with Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond wraps for sterilization and Non-Woven Fabric surgical masks were used in this research. Result: The mask made with Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond presents fibers distributed randomly ­ the inner filtering layer has fine fibers ranging from 1 to 5 µm and are well tangled. The Non-Woven Fabric mask has the filtering layer consisting of fine fibers and is less dense. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate vari-ation in pore size and fibers of Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond and Non-Woven Fabric, which may result in improper filtering of chemical particles by fabric fibers. Microorganisms can vary from 1 to 5 µm, making these analyzed materials act as a protective barrier against biological risks. (AU)

Objetivo: Analisar as fibras e a porosidade dos materiais Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond e Tecido-Não-Tecido utilizados para confeccionar másca-ras cirúrgicas para proteção respiratória de trabalhadores da saúde expostos a riscos ocupacionais químicos e biológicos. Método: Estudo analítico des-critivo, utilizando o microscópio eletrônico de varredura para analisar os materiais. Realizado no Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica e Microanálise. Foram usadas nessa pesquisa máscaras confeccionadas com envoltórios de Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond para esterilização e máscaras cirúrgicas de Tecido-Não-Tecido. Resultado: A máscara confeccionada com Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond apresenta fibras distribuídas de forma aleatória ­ a camada interna filtrante possui fibras finas, que variam de 1 a 5 µm e bem emaranhadas. A máscara de tecido-não-tecido possui a camada filtrante constituída por fibras finas e apresenta-se pouco densa. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo indicam que há variação no tamanho dos poros e das fibras do Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond e do Tecido-Não-Tecido, o que pode acarretar a não filtragem de forma correta de partículas químicas pelas fibras do tecido. Os micror-ganismos podem variar de 1 a 5 µm, fazendo com que esses materiais analisados se apresentem como barreira protetora relacionada a riscos biológicos. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar las fibras y la porosidad de los materiales Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond y Tejido-no-Tejido utilizados para la fabricación de máscaras quirúrgicas para la protección respiratoria de trabajadores de la salud expuestos a riesgos ocupacionales químicos y biológicos. Método: Estudio analítico descriptivo, utilizando el Microscopio Electrónico de Barrido para llevar a cabo los análisis de los materiales. Realizado en el Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica y Microanálisis. Se utilizaron en esta investigación máscaras fabricadas con envolturas de Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond para esterilización y máscaras quirúrgicas de Tejido-no-Tejido. Resultados: La máscara fabricada con Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond presenta fibras distribui-das de forma aleatoria. La capa interna filtrante tiene fibras finas que varían de 1 a 5 µm y están bien entrelazadas. La máscara fabricada con el material de Tejido-no-Tejido tiene la capa filtrante constituida por fibras finas y presenta una densidad baja. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio indican que hay variación en los tamaños de los poros y las fibras del Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond y Tejido-no-Tejido, lo que puede provocar que las partículas químicas no se filtren correctamente a través de las fibras del tejido. Los microorganismos pueden variar de 1 a 5 µm, lo que hace que estos materiales analizados se presenten como una barrera protectora relacionada con los riesgos biológicos. (AU)

Hairdressers in Johannesburg: knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding occupational health

Introduction: Hairdressers are exposed to hazardous chemicals in haircare products, which can cause adverse respiratory, skin, and reproductive effects. The incidence of these effects can be reduced with good occupational health and safety (OHS) knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). Objective: The objective of the study was to assess Johannesburg hairdressers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards occupational health and safety. Methods: Three hundred and eighty-three hairdressers were recruited into this crosssectional study. They were categorised into employees/wage earners (earning a salary or wage, n = 151), or business owners (self-employed, n = 232). Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Frequency tables were generated and chi-square tests were used to test differences between KAP amongst business owners and wage earners. Results: Most of the study participant were female (n = 237, 61.9%). A higher proportion of business owners than wage earners knew that hairdressing was hazardous to their health, in general (n = 44, 29.1% and n = 120, 51.7%, respectively), and with regard to specific health risks such as asthma, cancer, and skin diseases. However, more of the wage earners than the business owners had good attitudes towards the wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, (n = 143, 94.7% and n = 210, 90.5%, respectively). Overall, wage earners practised better OHS than business owners, e.g. 67.5% (n = 102) and 55.2% (n = 128) reported that they wore gloves, respectively. Conclusion: Wage earners had poorer OHS knowledge than those who owned or operated hairdressing salons. Both had good attitudes towards OHS, but self-employed hairdressers had poorer OHS practices. Training, including workshops and seminars, is needed to improve KAP regarding OHS amongst all hairdressers, regardless of their employment status.

Analysis of clinical effect of blood purification on acute benzene-based thinner poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of blood purification on changes in serum toxicant concentration and prognosis of acute benzene-based thinner poisoning. Methods: A total of 44 patients with acute benzene-based thinner poisoning admitted to the emergency department of Characteristic Medical Center of Armed Police from August 2013 to August 2020 were collected and divided into a blood purification group (24 cases) and a conventional treatment group (20 cases) , the general data, toxicant concentrations and prognosis of the two groups of patients were analyzed, and logistic regression analysis was performed on the influencing factors of the prognosis to explore the clinical effect of blood purification. Results: The concentration of poisons in the blood purification group at 24 hours after treatment was significantly lower than that in the conventional treatment group (t=6.76, P<0.001) , and the reduction in the concentration of poisons was significantly higher than that in the conventional treatment group (t=3.33, P=0.002) . The overall improvement rate in the blood purification group was 91.7% (22/24) , which was higher than that in the conventional treatment group (60.0%, 12/20) . Logisitic regression analysis showed that blood purification treatment method was the main factor affecting the prognosis of patients (OR=7.605×10(-5), 95%CI: 6.604×10(-8)-0.087, P=0.008) , and the toxic dose was a synergistic effect on the prognosis of patients factor (OR=1.038, 95%CI: 1.008-1.068, P=0.011) . Conclusion: Early blood purification treatment in patients with acute benzene-based thinner poisoning can rapidly reduce blood toxin concentration, avoid disease progression, and ultimately improve patient prognosis.

Effect of occupational exposure on hematological and biochemical parameters in workers at oil and gas companies

Petroleum refineries are largest chemical industries that are responsible for emission of several pollutants into the atmosphere. Benzene and its metabolites are regarded as the most hazardous compounds that are emitted by petroleum refineries. These contribute to toxic oxidants, which cause many serious health risks to petroleum refineries workers. This study was aimed to analyze the effects of chemical exposure on hematological and biochemical parameters among workers at Zawia oil refinery and Mellituh oil and gas refinery companies. A total of 200 workers participated in this study which consisting of two equal groups (each group: n = 100). The first group consists of petroleum refineries workers and the second group consists of non-oil work civil servants serving were recruited as exposed and control subjects, respectively. The results of blood picture, liver enzymes and kidney functions were compared between the groups. Mean white blood cells counts, platelet counts, and hematocrit count were significantly higher, while the mean red blood cells count was insignificantly changed in petroleum refineries workers. While the mean hemoglobin and corpuscular hemoglobin concentration levels were significantly lower, whereas the mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels were insignificantly changed in petrol refineries workers. Liver enzymes and renal functions were significantly higher in petrol refineries workers. The present findings indicate that occupational exposure to benzene causes significant alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters and workers are at high risk of developing blood, hepatic or renal related disorders. Protection and frequent medical attention should be given to petroleum refineries workers.

Grado de riesgo biológico al manipular toxina botulínica como medicamento / Degree of Biohazard When Handling Botulinum Toxin as A Medication

Introducción: El uso de la toxina como medicamento constituye un riesgo biológico, debido a la presencia de la toxina, así como al uso indebido que se le puede dar. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de riesgo biológico al manipular toxina botulínica como medicamento. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en el Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, La Habana, Cuba, en 2017. Se aplicó una lista de chequeo de riesgo biológico a 6 profesionales del área de tratamiento de toxina botulínica. El resultado integrado de la lista de chequeo se analizó a través del método semicuantitativo "ERBIO". Resultados: La probabilidad se catalogó de "media", el cumplimiento de medidas de contención como "aceptable" y la exposición se consideró como "muy frecuente". Conclusiones: Se constató un grado de riesgo biológico "tolerable" al manipular la toxina botulínica como medicamento en el Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica. Esto implica que se deben considerar mejoras que no supongan una carga económica importante, que requerirán de comprobaciones periódicas para asegurar el mantenimiento de la eficacia de las medidas de control establecidas(AU)

Introduction: The use of the toxin as a medication constitutes a biological risk, due to the presence of the toxin, as well as the potential improper use. Objective: To evaluate the degree of biological risk when Handling botulinum toxin as a medication. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at the International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana, Cuba, in 2017. A biological risk checklist was applied to six professionals from the botulinum toxin treatment area. The integrated result of the checklist was analyzed through ERBIO semi-quantitative method. Results: The probability was classified as medium. Compliance with containment measures was assessed as acceptable and the exposure was considered as very frequent. Conclusions: A tolerable degree of biological risk was found when manipulating botulinum toxin as a medication at the International Center for Neurological Restoration. This implies that improvements should be considered not to imply a significant economic burden, which will require periodic checks to ensure the maintenance of the effectiveness of the established control measures(AU)

Medidas empleadas por odontólogos paraguayos para disminuir el riesgo biológico en la práctica odontológica durante la pandemia de Covid-19 / Infection control procedures used by Paraguayan dentists to reduce biological risk in dental practice during the Covid-19 pandemic

Resumen Introducción: los profesionales en odontología han sido identificados como de muy alto riesgo de exposición al coronavirus, específicamente cuando llevan a cabo procedimientos de generación de aerosoles en pacientes infecciosos. El objetivo fue conocer los mecanismos mecánicos y químicos usados por los odontólogos paraguayos para evitar la propagación del COVID-19. Evaluar el porcentaje de odontólogos que hayan atendido pacientes COVID positivo y que posteriormente hayan desarrollado la enfermedad. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Participaron del estudio odontólogos paraguayos con acceso a internet. La difusión del enlace de acceso se realizó por redes sociales. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos y medidas de protección utilizadas en el consultorio a fin de disminuir el riesgo biológico. Resultados: participaron 428 odontólogos, 84,11 % fueron mujeres, 38,32 % tenía de 30-39 años. Las medidas de desinfección y cuidados más utilizadas fueron la desinfección del sillón dental (96,7 %), lavado de manos del profesional (93,46 %) y desinfección de superficies con alcohol 70 (88,08 %). El 59,1% utilizaba el peróxido de hidrógeno al 1% como enjuague bucal preoperatorio. La mayoría utilizaba tapabocas KN95 (48,83%), bata de tela tejida (78,04 %), bata desechable (72,20%); uso de gorrito (89,49%) y/o cubre calzado (76,40 %) por parte del paciente, y esterilizan en autoclave sus instrumentales (82,48%). Un profesional relató haberse contagiado en el consultorio odontológico. Conclusión: La mayoría de los odontólogos paraguayos encuestados cumple con los protocolos establecidos por el Ministerio de Salud y organismos internacionales, los cuales aparentan ser efectivos como mecanismos de protección contra el COVID-19 en el ambiente clínico.

Abstract Introduction: dental professionals have been identified as having a very high risk of exposure to coronavirus, specifically when they carry out procedures to generate aerosols in infectious patients. The objective was identifying the mechanical and chemical mechanisms used by Paraguayan dentists to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Evaluate the percentage of dentists who have treated positive COVID patients and who have subsequently developed the disease. Methods: it was a cross-sectional descriptive observational study. Paraguayan dentists with internet access participated. The questions were about sociodemographic data and protection measures used in the office to reduce biological risk. The access link was disseminated through social networks. Results: 428 dentists participated in the study, 84.11 % were women, 38.32 % were 30-39 years old. The most used disinfection and care measures were dental chair disinfection (96.7 %), hand washing (93.46 %) and surface disinfection with alcohol 70 (88.08 %). 59.1% used 1% hydrogen peroxide as a preoperative mouthwash. The majority wore KN95 masks (48.83 %), woven cloth robe (78.04 %), disposable robe (72.20 %); The patient is fitted with a disposable surgeon's cap (89.49 %) and/or shoe covers (76.40 %), and their instruments are sterilized in an autoclave (82.48%). One professional reported having been infected in the dental office. Conclusion: most of the Paraguayan dentists surveyed comply with the protocols established by the Ministry of Health and international organizations, which appear to be effective as protection mechanisms against COVID-19 in the clinical environment.

Conocimientos y prácticas asociados al manejo de sus tancias químicas en trabajadores del distrito Central, Honduras / Knowledge and practices associated with the handling of chemical substances in workers of the Central District, Honduras

Investigaciones científicas evidencian daños a la salud y al ambiente debido al mal manejo de sustancias químicas en las distintas actividades de la economía mundial, por lo que los trabajadores deben ser capacitados en la manipulación de dichas sustancias. Objetivo: evaluar los conocimientos y prácticas para prevenir accidentes asociados al manejo de sustancias químicas manipuladas por trabajadores de la Región Sanitaria Metropolitana del Distrito Central de Honduras. Material y métodos: estudio de intervención cuasiexperimental educativo, antes-después sin grupo control. El universo 85 trabajadores, con una muestra de 28 que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión; se aplicó un formulario individual y auto administrado para obtener datos sociodemográficos y laborales. Para el proceso de intervención se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado tipo pre-test y una guía de observación inicial de prácticas de trabajo; posteriormente se desarrollaron diferentes técnicas de capacitación y finalmente se aplicó el mismo cuestionario como post-test y guía de observación post- intervención. Resultados: 24(85%) de la población en estudio fueron mujeres, la edad media de los trabajadores fue 44 ±8.9 años. A través de la prueba estadística t-student para muestras relacionadas se registraron cambios estadísticamente significativos en los conocimientos pre y post intervención reflejado en las evaluaciones de los trabajadores pasando de una media de 43.2 a 72.4, respectivamente. Los resultados pre-test y post-test no presentaron asociación estadística con la categoría profesional, edad, nivel académico, antigüedad y sexo. Conclusión: Después de la intervención se evidenció un aumento significativo p≤001 de conocimientos en los trabajadores sobre prevención de accidentes con productos químicos, resaltando la utilidad de la capacitación continua a los trabajadores. Existe la necesidad de mejorar en cuanto a infraestructura y adquisición de insumos de protección personal con el propósito de anticipar y responder de forma adecuada frente a incidentes de naturaleza accidental...(AU)

Manual de procedimientos para emisión de dictamen para el manejo y almacenamiento de sustancias químicas peligrosas / Manual of procedures for the issuance of an opinion for handling and storage of chemicals dangerous

En este documento se establecen los procedimientos y requisitos para la emisión de dictamen técnico para el manejo y almacenamientos de sustancias químicas peligrosas, por primera vez, trámites subsecuentes y trámite en línea con formatos electrónicos, a través de la página web del MINSAL. De igual forma se da a conocer el listado de sustancias químicas que requerirán de dicho dictamen; así como los modelos de solicitud para el trámite

This document establishes the procedures and requirements for the issuance of technical opinion for the handling and storage of dangerous chemical substances, for the first time, subsequent procedures and online procedures with electronic formats, through the MINSAL website. Similarly, the list of chemical substances that will require said opinion; as well as the models request for processing

Riesgo biológico del blanqueamiento dental interno / Biological risk posed by internal tooth whitening

Introducción: El blanqueamiento dental interno forma parte de la práctica odontológica desde hace varias décadas, pero se han descrito riesgos biológicos de los cuales no existe mucha evidencia. Objetivo: Describir los riesgos biológicos provocados por el blanqueamiento dental interno en dientes no vitales. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria en la base de datos bibliográfica PubMed empleando operadores booleanos y palabras clave que aparecen recogidas en los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud. Las variables estudiadas fueron: autor principal, título, año de publicación, tipo de artículo, revista donde se publicaron los artículos y riesgo biológico del blanqueamiento interno descrito. Se filtraron y procesaron los resultados en una base de datos y se analizaron los textos completos para evaluar su calidad y que estos cumplieran los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Fueron incluidos en el estudio 14 artículos, todos por investigaciones originales o revisiones sistemáticas. El 64,3 por ciento de los artículos proyectaba los hallazgos hacia la presencia de reabsorciones cervicales externas posterior al blanqueamiento dental interno. El resto no aportó evidencia alguna de riesgos biológicos luego del tratamiento descrito. Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los artículos incluidos en el estudio concluyeron que la reabsorción cervical externa es el principal riesgo biológico que trae consigo el tratamiento blanqueador interno de dientes no vitales, apoyados por un factor desencadenante de historial de traumatismos dentarios que propician la aparición de estas afectaciones(AU)

Introduction: Internal tooth whitening has been a component of dental practice for several decades, but biological risks have been described about which not much evidence is available. Objective: Describe the biological risks posed by internal tooth whitening in nonvital teeth. Methods: An exploratory systematic review was conducted in the bibliographic database PubMed using Boolean operators and key words obtained from Health Sciences Descriptors. The variables analyzed were main author, title, year of publication, article type, journal where the articles were published and biological risk of the internal tooth whitening procedure described. Results were filtered and processed in a database and full texts were analyzed for quality and compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A total 14 articles were included in the study, all of which were either original studies or systematic reviews. In 64.3 percent of the articles, findings had to do with the presence of external cervical resorption after internal tooth whitening. The remaining articles did not contribute any evidence of biological risks after the treatment described. Conclusions: More than half of the articles included in the study concluded that external cervical resorption is the main biological risk posed by internal whitening of nonvital teeth, supported by the triggering factor of a history of dental trauma leading to the occurrence of these disorders(AU)

Una mirada a la concepción de riesgo desde la enfermería / A Nursing Approach to the Concept of Risk

Introducción: El término riesgo, aunque se enuncia con frecuencia en el contexto de salud, aun necesita de análisis actualizado y documentado. El profesional de enfermería está expuesto al riesgo de forma continua, por lo que este concepto debe abordarse en los fundamentos de la disciplina y profesión. Los riesgos biológicos se han abordado de manera implícita por teorías de enfermería, lo que demuestra la necesidad de análisis en su contexto. Objetivo: Sistematizar el término de riesgo en el contexto de la enfermería. Métodos: Revisión sistemática realizada durante mayo-agosto del 2020. Para un análisis crítico reflexivo de contenidos de documentos publicados en español desde 2001 a 2020 con una clara metodología y referencial teórico seleccionado. Se utilizaron las palabras clave identificadas en DeCS: "riesgo", "peligro", "vulnerabilidad", "enfermería" y "cuidados de enfermería" y los operadores booleanos AND y OR. La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos SciELO, Dialnet, Google Scholar, Index. Se utilizó el diagrama de flujo (PRISMA) para la formulación de la estrategia de búsqueda. Se realizó evaluación crítica de los 13 estudios incluidos de los 69 encontrados, se les realizó análisis de contenido. Conclusiones: La sistematización y análisis del término riesgo en el contexto de la enfermería implica cuán relevante resulta la distinción entre riesgo y peligro dentro del contexto de la salud y el cuidado. Durante la sistematización se establecieron nexos conceptuales entre el riesgo y el devenir histórico de la enfermería, lo que condujo a la definición del riesgo para el profesional de enfermería(AU)

Introduction: The term risk, although frequently mentioned in the health context, still needs an updated and documented analysis. The nursing professional is continuously exposed to risk, a reason why this concept must be addressed among the fundamentals of the discipline and the profession. Biological risks have been implicitly addressed by nursing theories, demonstrating the need for analysis in its context. Objective: To systematize the term risk in the nursing context. Methods: Systematic review carried out during May-August 2020, in view of a critical-reflective analysis of the contents of documents published in Spanish from 2001 to 2020, with a clear methodology and selected theoretical framework. The following keywords identified in DeCS were used: riesgo [risk], peligro [danger], vulnerabilidad [vulnerability], enfermería[nursing] and cuidados de enfermería [nursing cares], as well as the Boolean operators AND and OR. The search was carried out in the databases SciELO, Dialnet, Google Scholar and Index. The flow chart (PRISMA) was used to formulate the search strategy. Critical evaluation of the thirteen studies included, from the 69 studies found, was carried out, together with content analysis. Conclusions: The systematization and analysis of the term risk in the nursing context implies how relevant the distinction between risk and danger is within the context of health and care. During the systematization, conceptual links were established between risk and the historical evolution of nursing, which led to the definition of risk for the nursing professional(AU)

Manejo de medidas de bioseguridad en el personal de enfermería que labora en el área de emergencia del hospital general norte de Guayaquil IESS los ceibos / Management of biosecurity measures for nursing personnel working in the emergency area of the Hospital General Norte de Guayaquil IESS Los Ceibos

Las medidas de Bioseguridad son un conjunto de normas preventivas que debe aplicar el personal de salud y de enfermería para evitar el contagio por la exposición de agentes infecciosos, sean físicos, químicos o biológicos. Objetivo: Determinar el manejo de las medidas de bioseguridad del personal de enfermería del servicio de emergencia del Hospital General Norte de Guayaquil IESS Los Ceibos. Fundamentándose en la gran problemática del manejo de los riesgos biológicos en el personal sanitario, que con frecuencia omite aplicar normas de seguridad, lo que aumenta el riesgo de contraer una enfermedad infectocontagiosa de tipo laboral. Materiales y métodos: La metodología empleada fue diseño descriptivo, con corte transversal, Cuali-cuantitativo. La recolección de datos se la realizó mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios pre estructurado, los cuales ayudaron a establecer el nivel de conocimientos y manejo de las medidas de bioseguridad por parte del personal. La muestra la conformaron 90 enfermeras y enfermeros que laboran en el área de emergencia. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron que el nivel de conocimiento del personal de enfermería es alto o adecuado con un porcentaje promedio de 77,67%, por ende, el 22,33% del personal desconoce estas medidas preventivas o tiene conocimiento deficiente. Con respecto a la aplicación de las medidas de bioseguridad se obtuvo un porcentaje general de 47%, es decir se considera la aplicación de estas normas por parte del personal deficiente e insuficiente. Conclusión: Se menciona que hay riesgos en el área de emergencia, prevaleciendo entre ellos el biológico de acuerdo a la opinión del personal encuestado, por otra parte, se determinó un conocimiento eficiente de las medidas de bioseguridad, pero su aplicación en relación al conocimiento es deficiente, situación que incrementa el riesgo laboral(AU)

Biosafety measures are a set of preventive rules to be applied by health and nursing personnel to avoid contagion by exposure to infectious agents, whether physical, chemical or biological. Objective: To determine the management biosecurity measures of the nursing staff of the emergency service of the Hospital General Norte de Guayaquil IESS Los Ceibos. Based on the great problem of the management of biological risks in health personnel, who often fail to apply safety standards, which increases the risk of contracting an occupational infectious-contagious disease. Materials and methods: The methodology used was a descriptive, cross-sectional, qualitative-quantitative design. Data collection was carried out through the application of pre-structured questionnaires, which helped to establish the level of knowledge and management biosafety measures by the personnel. The sample consisted of 90 nurses working in the emergency area. The results: The results revealed that the level of knowledge of the nursing personnel is high or adequate with an average percentage of 77.67%; therefore, 22.33% of the personnel are unaware of these preventive measures or have deficient knowledge. With respect to the application biosecurity measures, an overall percentage of 47% was obtained, i.e. the application of these norms by of personnel is considered deficient and insufficient. Conclusion: It is mentioned that there are risks in the emergency area, prevailing among them the biological risk, according to the opinion of the personnel surveyed. On the other hand, an efficient knowledge of the biosecurity measures was determined, but their application in relation to the knowledge is deficient, a situation that increases the occupational risk(AU)

Knowledge and use of personal protective equipment by nursing professionals during the Covid-19 pandemic / Conocimiento y uso de equipo de protección individual por profesionales de enfermería durante la Pandemia de COVID-19 / Conhecimento e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual por profissionais de enfermagem durante pandemia da Covid-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the knowledge and use of personal protective equipment by nursing professionals of Primary Health Care during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: This is an exploratory study of a non-probabilistic sample developed in Basic Health Units in the city of Picos, Piauí, Brazil. Data were collected between June and August 2020, by phone call, following a semi-structured script, with responses recording and transcription. For material analysis, the software IRaMuTeQ was used for statistical textual analyses: Descending Hierarchical Classification, similarity analysis, and word cloud. Results: From the corpus of 6,873 words and 832 lexical units, three categories were created: (1) motivations and barriers for use (20.9%); (2) handling of personal protective equipment (classes 5 and 4) with 25% and 21.6%, respectively, and (3) measures to protect users and health professionals (classes 3 and 5) with 17.6% and 14.9%. Conclusion: The nursing professionals interviewed demonstrated that they did not have sufficient knowledge for the proper use of the equipment, which could compromise their integrity and that of the patient as a subject who receives unsafe care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Explotar el conocimiento y el uso de equipos de protección individual por profesionales de enfermería de la Atención Básica durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Método: Estudio exploratorio de muestreo no probabilístico desarrollado en Unidades Básicas de Salud del municipio de Picos, Piauí, Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados entre junio y agosto de 2020, por llamadas telefónicas, siguió texto semiestructurado, con grabación y transcripción de las respuestas. Para el análisis del material, se utilizó el software IRaMuTeQ para los análisis textuales estadísticos: Clasificación Descendente Jerárquica, análisis de similitud y nube de palabras. Resultados: Del corpus de 6.873 palabras y 832 unidades lexicales fueron constituidas tres clases: (1) motivaciones y barreras para el uso (20,9%); (2) manipulación de los equipos de protección individual (clases 5 y 4) con 25% y 21,6%, respectivamente, y (3) medidas para protección de usuarios y profesionales de salud (clases 3 y 5) con 17,6% y 14,9%. Conclusión: Los profesionales de enfermería entrevistados demostraron no poseer conocimiento suficiente para el uso adecuado de los equipos, lo que puede comprometer su integridad y la del paciente como sujeto que recibe el cuidado no seguro.

RESUMO Objetivo: Explorar o conhecimento e o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual por profissionais de enfermagem da Atenção Básica durante pandemia da Covid-19. Método: Estudo exploratório de amostra não probabilística desenvolvido em Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Picos, Piauí, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados entre junho e agosto de 2020, por ligação telefônica, seguindo roteiro semiestruturado, com gravação e transcrição das respostas. Para análise do material, utilizou-se o software IRaMuTeQ para as análises textuais estatísticas: Classificação Hierárquica Descendente, análise de similitude e nuvem de palavras. Resultados: Do corpus de 6.873 palavras e 832 unidades lexicais foram constituídas três categorias: (1) motivações e barreiras para o uso (20,9%); (2) manipulação dos equipamentos de proteção individual (classes 5 e 4) com 25% e 21,6%, respectivamente, e (3) medidas para proteção de usuários e profissionais de saúde (classes 3 e 5) com 17,6% e 14,9%. Conclusão: Os profissionais de enfermagem entrevistados demonstraram não possuir conhecimento suficiente para o uso adequado dos equipamentos, o que pode comprometer sua integridade e a do paciente como sujeito que recebe o cuidado não seguro.

Laboratory chemical waste: hazard classification by GHS and transport risk / Resíduos químicos laboratoriais: classificação de perigo pelo GHS e risco no transporte

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To identify and evaluate, based on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and the legislation of the Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT - National Agency for Terrestrial Transport), the hazards arising from chemical waste generated in research laboratories in the health area. METHODS: Chemical residues generated in two medical research laboratories of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo were inventoried, from November 2017 to April 2019, and classified according to the GHS (hazard statements) and the ANTT transport legislation (risk classes), to determine the dangers coming from the respective substances and mixtures. RESULTS: In total, we identified 40 substances or mixtures with classification by the GHS indicating 36 hazard statements, 27 of which related to human health. According to the legislation established by ANTT, we found 16 cases of hazard associated with flammability, 15 cases related to toxicity and 12 cases related to corrosivity. CONCLUSIONS: Chemical residues generated in the laboratories studied are diversified in terms of their hazard characteristics, implying the possibility of exposure to severe risks to workers, students and the environment. The correct identification of these residues is a primary factor for reducing exposure to risks.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Identificar e avaliar, com base no Sistema Globalmente Harmonizado de Classificação e Rotulagem de Produtos Químicos (GHS) e na legislação da Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT), os perigos provenientes dos resíduos químicos gerados em laboratórios de pesquisa na área de saúde. MÉTODOS: Resíduos químicos gerados em dois Laboratórios de Investigação Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foram inventariados, no período de novembro de 2017 a abril de 2019, e classificados conforme o GHS (frases de perigo) e a legislação de transportes da ANTT (classes de risco), para determinação dos perigos provenientes das respectivas substâncias e misturas. RESULTADOS: No total, foram identificadas 40 substâncias ou misturas, cuja classificação pelo GHS indicou 36 frases de perigo, sendo 27 relacionadas à saúde humana. De acordo com a legislação estabelecida pela ANTT, foram encontrados 16 casos de periculosidade associada à inflamabilidade, 15 casos relacionados à toxicidade e 12 casos relativos à corrosividade. CONCLUSÕES: Resíduos químicos gerados nos laboratórios estudados são diversificados quanto a suas características de periculosidade, implicando a possibilidade de exposição a riscos severos aos trabalhadores, aos estudantes e ao ambiente. A correta identificação desses resíduos é fator primordial para diminuição da exposição aos riscos.

Asociación entre los rasgos de personalidad y la ocurrencia de accidentes de trabajo de riesgo biológico del personal de enfermería en el Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS): Estudio de casos y controles / Association between personality traits and the occurrence of work accidents involving biological hazards among nursing staff at Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS): Case-control study / Associação entre traços de personalidade e ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho com risco biológico em profissionais de enfermagem do Hospital Universitário de Santander (HUS): Estudo caso-controle

Introducción. Los accidentes de trabajo por exposición al riesgo biológico (ATBIO) son causas potenciales de enfermedades infecciosas relacionadas con alta morbilidad y mortalidad. La identificación de las causas que generan dicha accidentalidad permitirá establecer estrategias que controlen y disminuyan la siniestralidad laboral. El objetivo del presente manuscrito fue establecer la asociación entre los rasgos de personalidad, principalmente el rasgo de personalidad de despreocupación y la ocurrencia de ATBIO en el personal de enfermería del Hospital Universitario de Santander entre el periodo 2008 y 2009. Metodología. Estudio de casos y controles. Resultados. Se incluyeron 68 (18%) casos con historia de ATBIO y 290 controles, para una razón caso: control de 1:4. En el análisis multivariado se encontraron las siguientes variables asociadas a la accidentalidad laboral de riesgo biológico: percibir el riesgo de presentar un ATBIO en el servicio como alta OR: 0.42 (IC 95% 0.23 ­ 0.75), trabajar 24 o más horas adicionales a la semana OR: 2.66 (IC 95% 1.34 ­ 5.28), laborar en el servicio de urgencias OR: 2.72 (IC 95% 1.38 ­ 5.35) , no disponer de guantes cuando se requieren durante su labor OR: 2.05 (IC 95% 1.10 ­ 3.79), y percibir el riesgo como alto disminuye el riesgo en el 60%. Conclusión. Se identificaron variables significativas relacionadas con la ocurrencia de accidentes de trabajo, las cuales facilitarán la planeación, ejecución e implementación de programas de salud ocupacional dirigidos al control de la accidentalidad laboral de riesgo biológico. No se evidenció relación entre rasgos de personalidad y la ocurrencia de ATBIO.

Introduction. Work accidents involving exposure to biological hazards (ATBIO for its Spanish original) are potential causes of infectious diseases related to high morbidity and mortality rates. The identification of the causes that produce such accident rate will enable the implementation of strategies to control and reduce work-related accidents. The objective was establishing the association between personality traits, particularly the personality trait of unconcern, and the occurrence of ATBIO among the nursing staff of Hospital Universitario de Santander in the period from 2008 to 2009. Methodology. Case-control study. Results. The study included 68 (18%) cases with ATBIO history and 290 controls, for a case-to-control ratio of 1:4. The multivariate analysis found the following variables associated with work-accident rate involving biological hazards: perceiving the risk of an ATBIO at work as high, OR: 0.42 (CI 95% 0.23 ­ 0.75); working 24 or more additional hours per week, OR: 2.66 (CI 95% 1.34 ­ 5.28); working in the emergency room, OR: 2.72 (CI 95% 1.38 ­ 5.35); not wearing gloves when they are required for the task, OR: 2.05 (CI 95% 1.10 ­ 3.79), and perceiving the risk as high reduces the risk by 60%. Conclusion. Significant variables were identified related to the occurrence of work accidents, which will facilitate planning, execution and implementation of occupational health programs aimed at controlling work-accident rate involving biological hazards. No evidence was found of a relationship between personality traits and the occurrence of ATBIO.

Introdução. Acidentes de trabalho por exposição a risco biológico (ATBIO) são potenciais causas de doenças infecciosas relacionadas à alta morbimortalidade. A identificação das causas que geram essa acidentalidade permitirá estabelecer estratégias que controlem e reduzam a taxa de acidentes de trabalho. Objetivo era estabelecer stabelecer a associação entre os traços de personalidade, principalmente o traço de personalidade despreocupada e a ocorrência de ATBIO nos profissionais de enfermagem do Hospital Universitário de Santander entre o período de 2008 e 2009. Metodologia. Estudo caso-controle. Resultados. Foram incluídos 68 (18%) casos com um histórico de ATBIO e 290 controles, para uma relação caso: controle de 1:4. Na análise multivariada, foram encontradas as seguintes variáveis associadas à taxa de acidente de trabalho de risco biológico: perceber o risco de apresentar ATBIO no serviço como elevado OR: 0.42 (IC 95% 0.23 - 0.75); trabalhar 24 ou mais horas adicionais por semana OR: 2.66 (IC 95% 1.34 - 5.28); trabalhar na área de emergências OR: 2.72 (IC 95% 1.38 - 5.35); não usar luvas quando são necessárias durante o trabalho OR: 2.05 (IC 95% 1.10 - 3.79); e perceber o risco como alto reduz o risco em 60%. Conclusão. Foram identificadas variáveis significativas relacionadas à ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho, o que facilitará o planejamento, execução e implantação de programas de saúde ocupacional voltados ao controle de acidentes de trabalho de risco biológico. Não houve evidência de uma relação entre traços de personalidade e a ocorrência de ATBIO.

Availability and storage of hazardous products in households in the metropolitan region of manaus: a population-based survey, 2015 / Disponibilidade e armazenamento de produtos perigosos em domicílios da região metropolitana de manaus: estudo de base populacional, 2015

ABSTRACT Objective: The availability of hazardous products in households increases the risks of poisoning. The present study aimed to assess the frequency and associated factors of the availability and storage of hazardous products in residences in the metropolitan region of Manaus. Methods: Population-based and cross-sectional study conducted in 2015 with adults selected with three-stage probabilistic sampling. Participants were interviewed face-to-face. Prevalence ratio (PR) of the presence of hazardous products (presence of chumbinho [illegal anti-cholinesterase rodenticide], artisanal cleaning products, and unsafe storage of these products and medications) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated with Poisson regression with robust variance, weighted by the complex sampling method adopted. Results: A total of 4,001 participants was included, of which 53.0% (95%CI 51.5-54.6) reported presence of hazardous products in their households, 36.3% (95%CI 34.8-37.8) had unsafe storage, 16.2% (95%CI 15.1-17.4) had artisanal cleaning products, and 8.2% (95%CI 7.4-9.1) had chumbinho. Households with children ≤5 years old had safer storage (PR=0.78; 95%CI 0.71-0.86) and more artisanal products (PR=1.30; 95%CI 1.11-1.51). Presence of artisanal products was higher in lower educational levels (PR=2.20; 95%CI 1.36-3.57) and lower economic classifications (PR=1.63; 95%CI 1.25-2.13). Conclusions: Over half of the households in the metropolitan region of Manaus kept hazardous products; one-third stored them unsafely. Artisanal cleaning products and chumbinho were frequently present. Households with children had safer storage of products, and socioeconomic factors affected the availability of such hazardous products.

RESUMO Objetivo: A disponibilidade de produtos perigosos em domicílios aumenta os riscos de intoxicações. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a frequência e os fatores associados à disponibilidade e armazenamento de produtos perigosos em residências da Região Metropolitana de Manaus. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em 2015 com adultos selecionados por amostragem probabilística em três estágios. Os participantes foram entrevistados pessoalmente. A razão de prevalência (RP) da presença de produtos perigosos (presença de chumbinho [rodenticida anticolinesterase ilegal], produtos de limpeza artesanais e armazenamento inseguro desses produtos e de medicamentos) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, ponderada pela amostragem complexa adotada. Resultados: 4.001 participantes foram incluídos, dos quais 53,0% (IC95% 51,5-54,6) reportaram a presença de produtos perigosos em seus domicílios, 36,3% (IC95% 34,8-37,8) apresentaram armazenamento inseguro, 16,2% (IC95% 15,1-17,4) possuíam produtos de limpeza artesanais e 8,2% (IC95% 7,4-9,1) possuíam chumbinho. Os domicílios com crianças menores de 5 anos apresentaram armazenamento mais seguro (RP=0,78; IC95% 0,71-0,86) e mais produtos artesanais (RP=1,30; IC95% 1,11-1,51). Presença de produtos artesanais foi maior em menores níveis de escolaridade (RP=2,20; IC95% 1,36-3,57) e menores classificações econômicas (RP=1,63; IC95% 1,25-2,13). Conclusões: Mais da metade dos domicílios da Região Metropolitana de Manaus possuía produtos perigosos; um terço os armazenava sem segurança. Produtos de limpeza artesanais e chumbinho estavam frequentemente presentes. Os domicílios com crianças apresentaram armazenamento mais seguro de produtos e fatores socioeconômicos afetaram a disponibilidade de tais produtos perigosos.

Planned organizational change to transform care to workers exposed to biological material / Cambio organizativo planificado para transformar la atención del trabajador accidentado con material biológico / A mudança organizacional planejada para transformação do atendimento ao trabalhador acidentado com material biológico

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the evaluation of the service offered in cases of occupational accidents involving exposure to biological material, from the perspective of the exposed workers, before and after an intervention to obtain planned organizational change. Methods: descriptive study with a qualitative approach, carried out with workers exposed to biological material who received care at a reference service that was submitted to an intervention based on planned organizational change. Data were collected by using the critical incident technique and analyzed from the perspective of content analysis. Results: twenty exposed workers participated in the study and were split into two groups in the pre- and post-intervention phase. Categories regarding improvement in the guidance they received, reduction in the time they waited once they got to the facility, organization of the process, documentation qualification, and professionalism in carrying out the assistance emerged from the workers' accounts. Conclusions: the present study allowed the exposed workers to visualize the changes that happened in the care management in case of accidents involving biological material. Additionally, there was the recognition of the adopted methodological path, which allowed the active participation of the people involved.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir la evaluación de la atención de casos de accidentes laborales con material biológico desde la perspectiva del accidentado, antes y después de una intervención de cambio organizativo planificado. Métodos: investigación descriptiva, de abordaje cualitativo, realizada con trabajadores accidentados con material biológico atendidos en servicio de referencia donde ocurrió una intervención de cambio organizativo planificado. Datos recolectados mediante técnica del incidente crítico, analizados según análisis de contenido. Resultados: participaron del estudio veinte trabajadores accidentados, divididos en dos grupos en fases preintervención y postintervención. De sus testimonios emergieron categorías referentes a mejora de sugerencias, reducción del tiempo, organización del proceso, calificación de la documentación y profesionalismo en la atención. Conclusiones: el estudio permitió que los accidentados observaran los cambios realizados en la gestión de la atención en casos de accidentes con material biológico. Además, recibió reconocimiento la trayectoria metodológica adoptada, que permitió la participación activa de los involucrados.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever a avaliação do atendimento aos casos de acidentes ocupacionais com material biológico, na perspectiva do trabalhador acidentado, antes e após uma intervenção para mudança organizacional planejada. Métodos: pesquisa descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada com trabalhadores acidentados com material biológico atendidos em um serviço de referência que passou por uma intervenção baseada na mudança organizacional planejada. Dados coletados por meio da técnica do incidente crítico e analisados à luz da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: participaram do estudo vinte trabalhadores acidentados divididos em dois grupos, nas fases pré e pós-intervenção. Das falas, emergiram categorias referentes a melhoria das orientações, redução do tempo, organização do processo, qualificação da documentação e profissionalismo na realização do atendimento. Conclusões: a investigação permitiu aos acidentados visualização das mudanças ocorridas na gestão do atendimento em caso de acidente com material biológico, além disso, houve o reconhecimento acerca do percurso metodológico adotado que permitiu a participação ativa dos envolvidos.

Evaluación del nivel de seguridad en la comunidad de Pogolotti-Finlay-Belén debido a la manipulación de productos químicos peligrosos / Evaluation of the level of security in the community of Pogolotti-Finlay-Belén due to the handling of dangerous chemicals

Introducción: El manejo de los productos químicos peligrosos en la comunidad no se realiza de manera segura y responsable. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de seguridad de la comunidad en el manejo de los productos químicos peligros. Métodos: Investigación exploratoria-descriptiva realizada en el consejo popular Pogolotti-Finlay-Belén perteneciente al municipio Marianao, comprendida entre los años 2013-2015. Se contó con una población de 1142 practicantes sistemáticos en el manejo de los productos químicos peligrosos. La muestra fue de 177 personas, se obtuvo de forma no probabilista y seleccionada de forma intencional. Se confeccionó una lista de verificación para aplicar el método de evaluación del nivel de seguridad con objetivos específicos y contenidos de cada escalón de defensa, para la comunidad seleccionada: Escalón 0: diseño de la defensa en profundidad; Escalón 1: Prevención de Sucesos Anormales; Escalón 2: Liquidación de sucesos anormales y Escalón 3: Mitigación de accidentes. Resultados: Los conjuntos definidos como aspectos de seguridad dominantes se calificaron de inaceptable-crítico o inaceptable-extremo en esta localidad; lo que implica la toma de medidas urgentes por los bajos valores del nivel de seguridad existente. Discusión: En el grupo de estudio se identificaron dificultades en la evaluación del riesgo en el contexto comunitario que muestran, luego del análisis de sensibilidad exhaustivo, que las acciones a emprender para revertir la situación inicial no requieren en su mayoría de recursos materiales, con un costo significativo para llegar al estado deseado; sin embargo, este estado puede alcanzarse con la aplicación de un grupo de medidas de orden organizativo y de gestión(AU)

Introduction: the management of hazardous chemicals in the community is not carry on a safe and responsible ways. Objective: to assess the safety level of the selected community in the management of chemicals hazards. Methods: exploratory-descriptive research conducted in the popular council Pogolotti-Finlay-Belen in the municipality of Marianao, between the years 2013-2015. There was a population of 1142 systematic practitioners in the handling of hazardous chemicals. The sample was 177 people; was obtained non-probabilistically and was intentionally selected. An exhaustive checklist was prepared for applying the safety level assessment method (ENS), with specific objectives and contents of each defense echelon: Echelon 0: Design of the Defense in Depth; Echelon 1: Prevention of Abnormal Events; Echelon 2: Control of Abnormal Events and Echelon 3: Accidents mitigation. Results: The sets defined as safety dominant aspects are classified as Unacceptable-Critical (I-C) or Unacceptable-Extreme (I-E) in this neighborhood; what implies the taking of urgent measures by the low values of the existing safety level. Conclusions: In the group of study, difficulties were identified in the evaluation of the risk in the community context that show, after the analysis of exhaustive sensitivity, that the actions to be taken to revert the initial situation, do not require of material resources with a significant cost to reach the desired state; however, this state can be achieved through the application of a group of organizational and management measures(AU)

Evaluation of Hazardous Chemicals with Material Safety Data Sheet and By-products of a Photoresist Used in the Semiconductor-Manufacturing Industry

BACKGROUND: The photolithography process in the semiconductor industry uses various chemicals with little information on their constitution. This study aimed to identify the chemical constituents of photoresist (PR) products and their by-products and to compare these constituents with material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and analytical results. METHODS: A total of 51 PRs with 48 MSDSs were collected. Analysis consisted of two parts: First, the constituents of the chemical products were identified and analyzed using MSDS data; second, for verification of the by-products of PR, volatile organic compounds were analyzed. The chemical constituents were categorized according to hazards. RESULTS: Forty-five of 48 products contained trade secrets in amounts ranging from 1 to 65%. A total of 238 ingredients with multiple counting (35 ingredients without multiple counting) were identified in the MSDS data, and 48.7% of ingredients were labeled as trade secrets under the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Act. The concordance rate between the MSDS data and the analytical result was 41.7%. The by-product analysis identified 129 chemicals classified according to Chemical Abstracts Service No., with 17 chemicals that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic substances. Formaldehyde was found to be released from 12 of 21 products that use novolak resin. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that several PRs contain carcinogens, and some were not specified in the toxicological information in the MSDS. Hazardous chemicals, including benzene and formaldehyde, are released from PRs products as by-products. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a systematic management system for chemical compounds and the working environment.

Worker Safety in the Rare Earth Elements Recycling Process From the Review of Toxicity and Issues

Although the rare earth elements (REEs) recycling industry is expected to increase worldwide in high-tech industry, regulations for worker safety have yet to be established. This study was conducted to understand the potential hazard/risk of REE recycling and to support the establishment of regulations or standards. We review the extensive literature on the toxicology, occupational safety, and health issues, and epidemiological surveys related to the REEs, and propose suitable management measures. REE recycling has four key steps such as collection, dismantling, separation, and processing. In these processes, hazardous substances, such as REEs-containing dust, metals, and chemicals, were used or occurred, including the risk of ignition and explosion, and the workers can be easily exposed to them. In addition, skin irritation and toxicities for respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular systems with the liver toxicity were reported; however, more supplementary data are needed, owing to incompleteness. Therefore, monitoring systems concerning health, environmental impacts, and safety need to be established, based on additional research studies. It is also necessary to develop innovative and environment-friendly recycling technologies, analytical methods, and biomarkers with government support. Through these efforts, the occupational safety and health status will be improved, along with the establishment of advanced REE recycling industry.

Prevenção de acidentes ocupacionais e condutas pós-exposição a material biológico entre trabalhadores da saúde de um serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência / Prevention of occupational accidents and conducts after exposure to biological material among health workers of a mobile emergency care service

Introdução: O Atendimento Pré Hospitalar (APH) tem por finalidade prestar atendimento em situações de urgência e emergência clinica ou traumática, no local do evento e durante o transporte até uma instituição de destino, com o suporte especifico para o tipo de urgência ou emergência. Os trabalhadores da equipe do APH móvel vivenciam situações emergenciais que envolvem constante exposição a materiais biológicos. Considerando a ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico potencialmente contaminado como um dos principais riscos para os trabalhadores da saúde. A escassez de estudos que contemplem o APH, propõe-se o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Objetivo: Elaborar protocolos de prevenção de acidentes de trabalho e de condutas pós-exposição ocupacional a material biológico para trabalhadores de saúde de um serviço de atendimento préhospitalar (APH). Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, na qual o levantamento de dados foi realizado de duas maneiras: pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi feita por meio de buscas em bases de dados. A pesquisa foi conduzida em sete fases: determinação dos objetivos; elaboração do plano de trabalho; identificação das fontes; localização das fontes e obtenção do material; tratamento dos dados; confecção das fichas e redação do trabalho; construção lógica e redação do trabalho. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) gerenciado pelo Consórcio Intermunicipal de Saúde da Região Ampliada Oeste do Estado de Minas Gerais (CIS-URG OESTE). O corpus da análise foi representado por periódicos, artigos e dispositivos legais nacionais, estaduais e institucional que regulamentam a Rede de Urgência e Emergência no âmbito nacional. Foram selecionados 104 documentos. A coleta de dados foi realizada no mês de outubro de 2018 e o tratamento dos dados foi de forma sistematizada, organizada, descritiva e analítica. Não houve necessidade de apreciação da Comissão Nacional de Ética e Pesquisa - CONEP para o desenvolvimento deste estudo por não envolver seres humanos. Resultado: Os documentos foram agrupados em duas categorias, permitindo conhecer, delinear e estabelecer os protocolos e fluxos de atendimento aos trabalhadores do SAMU. A primeira categoria de organização do material foi referente a pesquisa bibliográfica. A segunda categoria representou a pesquisa documental; a qual foi subdividida em quatro etapas para análise de toda a legislação nacional, estadual e regional acerca da regulamentação da Rede de Urgência e Emergência no âmbito nacional e o conjunto de documentos sobre a atuação do CIS-URG OESTE. Os dispositivos legais e manuais ministeriais acerca das condutas da promoção da saúde do trabalhador exposto a material biológico no Brasil serviram de embasamento teórico para elaboração de protocolos de prevenção de acidentes e de condutas pósexposição ocupacional a material biológico aos trabalhadores de saúde que atuam no APH do CIS-URG OESTE. Após analises dos referidos documentos, foram elaborados fluxogramas de atendimento aos trabalhadores e os protocolos de ações de prevenção e tratamento imediato em casos de acidentes de trabalho com material biológico neste estudo. Assim este material representa uma produção técnica que será utilizada no CIS-URG OESTE para a promoção da saúde no trabalho. Considerações finais: O trabalho em saúde no APH não é apenas um processo técnico e mecânico, desprovido do caráter humanizante. Representa um conjunto de relações dos diversos atores, um processo complexo cujas condições de trabalho potencialmente, são geradoras de adoecimento. Deste modo, a produção técnica elaborada neste estudo, representa ações técnicas, educativas e de padronização de ações que visam promover a saúde e a qualidade de vida do trabalhador de saúde do APH na Região Ampliada Oeste de Minas Gerais

Introduction: Pre-hospital Care (PHC) is intended to provide emergency and clinical or trauma emergency services, at the event site and during transportation to a destination institution, with specific support for the type of emergency or emergency. The workers of the mobile PHC team experience emergency situations that involve constant exposure to biological materials. Considering the occurrence of occupational accidents with exposure to potentially contaminated biological material as one of the main risks for health workers. The shortage of studies that contemplate the PHC, the development of this study is proposed. Objective: To elaborate protocols for the prevention of occupational accidents and post-occupational exposure to biological material for health workers of a pre-hospital care service (PHC). Method: it is a documentary research, in which the data collection was carried out in two ways: bibliographic research and documentary research. The bibliographic research was done through searches in databases. The research was conducted in seven phases: determination of objectives; preparation of the work plan; identification of sources; location of sources and procurement of material; processing of data; preparation of the fiches and writing of the work; logical construction and writing of the work. The study was developed in the Mobile Emergency Care Service (MECS) managed by the Intermunicipal Health Consortium of the Western Region of the State of Minas Gerais (CIS-URG WEST). The corpus of the analysis was represented by national, state and institutional periodicals, articles and legal provisions that regulate the Emergency and Emergency Network at the national level. We selected 104 documents. Data collection was performed in October 2018 and the data treatment was systematized, organized, descriptive and analytical. There was no need for appreciation of the National Commission for Ethics and Research (CONEP) for the development of this study because it did not involve human beings. Results: The documents were grouped in two categories, allowing to know, to delineate and to establish the protocols and flows of service to the workers of MECS, to wit: first category of organization of the material was referring to bibliographical research; which constituted the synoptic record of the selected primary sources, the second category: documentary research; and this subdivided into four stages or moments referring to the thematic axes; which includes all national legislation that implements and establishes the urgency and emergency network at the national level, the state legislation that implements the emergency and emergency network at the state and regional level, and the set of documents and legislation that constitute the CIS- URG WEST for the management of the emergency and emergency services of the said region and the legal provisions and ministerial manuals that dictates the conduct of prevention, promotion and recovery of workers exposed to biological material, which served as a basis for the elaboration of prevention protocols of accidents and of conducts after occupational exposition to biological material to the health workers that work in the PHC of the CIS-URG WEST. Finals considerations: The work in health in the PHC is not only a technical and mechanical process, devoid of the humanizing character. It represents a set of relations of the various actors, a complex process whose working conditions potentially generate illness. Thus, the technical production elaborated in this study represents technical, educational and standardization actions that aim to promote the health and quality of life of the PHC health worker in the Extended Western Region of Minas Gerais