Distribution characteristics and results of allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis in Ningxia area / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the distribution of allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis （AR） in Ningxia, and provide theoretical data for the prevention and treatment of AR in this region. Methods:A total of 1664 patients diagnosed with AR in the Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department of Yinchuan First People's Hospital Outpatient Clinic from January 2018 to December 2021 were retrospectively collected. Use the allergen sIgE antibody detection kit （immunoblotting method） to detect inhalation and ingestion allergens in patients.Results: ①Among all AR patients, 1 158 cases were detected positive, resulting in the detection rate was 69.59%; ②The detection rate of inhalation allergen was 65.87%, and the detection rate of ingestion allergen was 19.83%; ③Mugwort was the most sensitive allergen, and 76.32% of the patients having a positive grade ≥3; ④Out of the patients, 294 cases （25.39%） were allergic to only one allergen, 244 cases （21.07%） were allergic to two allergens, and 620 cases （53.54%） were allergic to three or more allergens; ⑤During different seasons, the highest number of positive allergens detected was in the summer, with 968 cases （83.59%）. Mugwort was the main allergen during this season （69.01%）. After the COVID-19 epidemic, the total positive rate of sIgE tests in AR patients decreased compared to before, and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.001）; ⑥Mugwort, dog epithelium, mold combination, egg, peanut, soybean, Marine fish combination and fruit combination all showed statistically significant differences between different gender groups （P<0.05）; ⑦Common ragweed, mugwort, dust mite combination, cockroach, egg, milk, Marine fish combination, shrimp, fruit combination and nut combination all showed statistically significant differences among different age groups （P<0.05）; ⑧There were statistically significant differences in hay dust among different ethnic groups （P<0.05）. Conclusion:Artemisia argyi is the main allergen in Ningxia, and the distribution characteristics of different allergens are influenced by treatment season, the COVID-19 epidemic, gender, age, ethnicity, and other factors, showing certain distribution patterns and rules.

Multi locus sequence typing and antibiotic susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae in rural residents in villages with pig-breeding farms in Shandong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the antimicrobial resistance and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs)-producing Escherichia coli in rural residents in villages with pig breeding farms in a county of Shandong province.@*Methods@#Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with agar dilution method by using 360 ESBLs-producing E. coli strains from fresh stool samples of rural residents in villages with pig breeding farms in a county of Shandong. PCR was conducted to amplify the CTX-M, TEM, SHV genes and capillary electrophoresis was used to screen positive strains in July, 2016. MLST was performed for molecular typing analysis, and eBURST v3.0 software was used for cluster analysis.@*Results@#Among 360 strains of ESBLs-producing E. coli, the resistance rates to cefotaxime, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and florfenicol were 100.0% (360/360), 82.2% (296/360), 81.1% (292/360) and 80.3% (289/360), respectively. The positive rate of CTX-M gene was 99.2% (357/360), in which the positive rate of CTX-M-9 was 35.6% (128/360) and the positive rate of CTX-M-1 was 24.4% (88/360). The positive rate of TEM gene was 26.9% (97/360). A total of 132 STs were identified through MLST. The predominant ST was ST10, accounting for 12.5% (45/360). Cluster analysis showed that CC10 was the most important clone group, including 39 ST clones, involving 148 strains (41.1%).@*Conclusions@#The drug resistances of ESBLs-producing E. coli to cefotaxime, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and flurfenicol are serious in this rural area. There is a small-scale clustering of CC10 and transmission mode from animals to humans might exist.

Diagnostic Value of Astograph Airway Responsiveness Measurement in Chest Suffocation Variant Asthma / 中国综合临床

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of Astograph methacholine provocation test in patients with chest tightness variant asthma ( CTVA)??Methods From January 2011 to February 2017,156 patients with CTVA in outpatient or inpatient department of respiratory medicine of Kailuan General Hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology were selected as case group ( chest tightness variant asthma group )??The control group were 361 non?asthmatic patients including interstitial lung disease ( 23 cases), coronary disease ( 157 cases), hypertensive cardiopathy ( 22 cases), myocardiosis (16 cases),congenital heart disease ( 3 cases),rheumatic valvular heart disease (6 cases), central airway disease (3 cases),thyromegaly (10 cases),mediastinal tumor (5 cases),thoracic or spinal deformity (8 cases),phrenoparalysis (2 cases) and vegetative nerve functional disturbance (106 cases)??All participants received pulmonay ventilation test, average daily and nightly variation rate of PEF ( Peak expiratory flow) or PEF weekly variability, Astograph methacholine provocation test ( forced expirataory volume in one second≥70% expectation),and other relevant examinations??The diagnostic value of Astograph methacholine provocation test on CTVA was assessed by analyzing the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and Yunden index of Astograph methacholine airway??Results Compared with the control group (( 1??18 ± 0??44)%), theforced expiratory flow from 75% of Forced vital capcacity ( FEF75 ) index of CTVA group (( 1??29 ± 0??50 )%) had significant difference (, t＝ 2??96, P＝0??006)??The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,Yunden index,and diagnostic accuracy of Astograph methacholine provocation test on CTVA were 0??814,0??695,0??536,0??305, 0??509 and 0??731, respectively??Conclusion The sensitivity, negative predictive value, Yunden index and diagnostic accuracy of Astograph methacholine provocation test on CTVA were higher,whereas the specificity and positive predictive value were relatively lower,suggesting that Astograph methacholine provocation test had a reliable diagnostic value on CTVA,with lower false negative and higher false positive??

Characteristics and drug resistance of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in animal feces, from Shandong Province / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To understand the infection status, characteristics and drug resistance of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in animal feces in Shandong Province.@*Methods@#From 2015 to 2016, convient sampling method was used to collect 1 022 fresh feces of animals in Weishan county and Laizhou city, and 24 non-O157 STEC were isolated. The serotypes of non-O157 STEC strains were confirmed through serum agglutination test. The susceptibility was explored through the antimicrobial sensitivity experiments. ESBLs activity was confirmed by double-disc diffusion. PCR method was used to detect the resistance genes. PFGE typing was operated to assess the relatedness and variability of the strains. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was adopted to get the allelic profile and ST sequence of strains. Analysis was made on the evolutionary relationship between different ST groups was made through CLC Sequence Viewer and Counting Express.@*Results@#A total of 24 non-O157 STEC were isolated from animal feces. 23 strains were from pig feces, and 1 strain was from cow feces, and the serotypes were more dispersed. All of the 24 strains carried stx2 genes. The highest resistance rate was sulfamethoxazole(22 strains), the mount of cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid was 18 strains, chloramphenicol was 13 strains, tetracycline was 19, and there was a phenomenon of multiple drug resistance. The drug resistance spectrum was sulfamethoxazole tetracycline-compound novammin-naphthidine-chloramphenicol. All strains were sensitive to cefepime and imipenem. The ESBLs confirmatory test showed that 4 strains of non O157 STEC produced beta lactamase. PCR detected 7 resistance genes, and 4 tetracycline resistance genes (Tet A, Tet B, tetC and tetD) were detected. The beta lactamase resistance genes (blaSHV-1, bla CTX-M, bla TEM) were all negative. 24 strains were divided into 15 PFGE types, and their clustering results were more dispersed and no dominant PFGE type. There were 11 kinds of MLST types, most of them are ST540 and ST5133 types, each of which was 4 strains, and clustered into 1 MLST genomes.@*Conclusion@#The serotypes of non-O157 STEC in animal feces O157 STEC were dispersed, and the resistant rate to common antibiotic was high. MLST typing results presents obvious polymorphism. Surveillance and manage ment of these strains should be strengthened.

Serotype identification and antibiotic susceptibility of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in the Weishan area in Shandong Province, China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To determine the serotypes and drug resistance profiles of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in animal stools from the Weishan area in Shandong Province, China. To provide the basis for further study.@*Methods@#Five hundred animal stool samples (from pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs and birds) were collected from the Weishan area and STEC strains were isolated from these samples. Strains were serotyped by a serum agglutination test, and their drug resistance profiles were determined through antimicrobial sensitivity experiments. In this study, PCR was used to detect tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD) and beta-lactam resistance genes (blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M, blaTEM).@*Results@#Sixteen strains of STEC were isolated from animal stool samples. Thirteen strains were isolated from pig stool samples, two from bovine stool samples and one from a sheep stool sample. Two of the strains were identified as E. coli O157:H7, and other 14 strains were non-O157 STEC of different serotypes. Antimicrobial sensitivity experiments showed that 15 of the strains were multidrug resistant. The rates of resistance were as follows: nalidixic acid (12/16 strains), sulfisoxazole (11/16), trimethoprim and sulphame-thoxazole (11/16), doxycycline (9/16), azithromycin (9/16), tetracycline (9/16), chloramphenicol (8/16) and streptomycin (8/16). Therefore, nalidixic acid showed the highest rate of resistance among the strains, followed by trimethoprim and sulphame-thoxazole, and sulfisoxazole. Resistance to cefepime or imipenem was not detected. In total, three types of drug resistance genes (tetA, tetB and tetC) were detected among the 16 strains.@*Conclusion@#The results showed that STEC strains isolated from animals in the Weishan area were of a range of serotypes. The 16 strains of STEC isolated from animal stools in this area were resistant to a number of antibiotics, with many strains displaying multidrug resistance.

Meta-analysis on epidemiology of iatrogenic-borne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the molecular-biologic characteristics and epidemiological status of iatrogenic related Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (CA-MRSA) in China through Meta-analysis.Methods Data through systematic searching for peer-reviewed articles published before December 3rd,2015 from 4 main electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),Wanfang Data,PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection was collected,for this Meta-analysis.PRISMA guidelines were followed and the proportion of MRSA,CA-MRSA,hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) and panton-valentine leucocidin (PVL) gene in certain populations were quantitatively analyzed by Stata 13.0 software.Results Average proportion of CA-MRSA from S.aureus was 12％ (95％CI:8％-16％).CA-MRSA in MRSA was 18％ (95％CI:12％-24％).42.1％ (95％CI:20.4％-63.7％) of the CA-MRSA carried a PVL gene,and the number was higher than general MRSA (t =-2.99,P=0.011).Conclusion CA-MRSA was in lower proportion than HA-MRSA,both seen in general MRSA and in S.aureu.s,but under higher proportion of carrying the PVL gene.Transmission of CA-MRSA could be prevented within the general population through conducting effective surveillances and preventive programs.

Meta-analysis on epidemiology of iatrogenic-borne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the molecular-biologic characteristics and epidemiological status of iatrogenic related Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (CA-MRSA) in China through Meta-analysis.Methods Data through systematic searching for peer-reviewed articles published before December 3rd,2015 from 4 main electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),Wanfang Data,PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection was collected,for this Meta-analysis.PRISMA guidelines were followed and the proportion of MRSA,CA-MRSA,hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) and panton-valentine leucocidin (PVL) gene in certain populations were quantitatively analyzed by Stata 13.0 software.Results Average proportion of CA-MRSA from S.aureus was 12％ (95％CI:8％-16％).CA-MRSA in MRSA was 18％ (95％CI:12％-24％).42.1％ (95％CI:20.4％-63.7％) of the CA-MRSA carried a PVL gene,and the number was higher than general MRSA (t =-2.99,P=0.011).Conclusion CA-MRSA was in lower proportion than HA-MRSA,both seen in general MRSA and in S.aureu.s,but under higher proportion of carrying the PVL gene.Transmission of CA-MRSA could be prevented within the general population through conducting effective surveillances and preventive programs.

Molecular types of group A Streptococcus isolated from scarlet fever patients and asymptomatic carriers in Shandong province, 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the molecular characteristics of group A Streptococcus (GAS) isolated from patients and asymptomatic carriers of scarlet fever in Shandong province, 2013, and to explore the relationships between emm types and other molecular types.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>72 strains of GAS were isolated from throat swabs of children with scarlet fever or asymptomatic carriers of GAS. All the strains were typed by emm typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), super-antigen (SAg) genes detections and pulsed-field gel electrophoreses (PFGE).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 72 strains, emm1 (41.67%) and emm12 (56.94%) were the most common emm types. Two ST types were found, including ST28 (43.06%) and ST36 (56.94%). Additionally, emm1 was also found correlated to ST28, while emm12 was associated with ST36. Eight super-antigen genes were detected, including smeZ (100.00%), ssa (100.00%), speG (97.22%), speC (95.83%), speL (54.17%), speJ (41.67%), speA (38.89%) and speH (38.89%), while speK, speM, speL were not found (0%). Both speA and speJ genes were detected primarily in emm1 strains (all P < 0.05), while speH and speI genes were not detected in emm 1 strains (all P < 0.05). And emm12 strains were inclined to harbor speH and speL (all P < 0.05) but not speA or speJ (all P < 0.05). Twenty different genotypes were identified by PFGE.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All the emm types of GAS isolated from scarlet fever patients and asymptomatic carriers in Shandong province 2013 were mainly emm1 and emm12 and carrying speC, speG and smeZ, ssa. ST types mainly exsited in ST28 and ST36. In addition, there were correlations between emm types and super-antigen genes, ST types, PFGE types.</p>

Clinical experience in successful intervention of 103 patients with single chronic coronary artery total occlusion by the radial artery / 中国综合临床

Objective To summarize the clinical experience of successful intervention in single chronic coronary actery total ocdusion (CTO) lesions by the transradial.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 103 patients with single CTO lesions who got intervention treatment by the radial artery.Results ( 1 ) Of the 103 cases,57 cases had unstable angina,12 cases had stable angina,and 34 cases chronic myocardial infarction.Lesions' block time was ≤ 6 months in 83 cases,and ＞ 6 months in 20 cases.(2)The path vessels of the 103 patients have no severe tortuosity and anatomical structure variation.Fifty-one cases occurred left anterior descending occlusion,25 cases occurred left circumflex branches occlusion,and 27 cases occurred right coronary artery occlusion.Furthermore,24 cases had chronic complete occlusion,and 79 cases had chronic functional block.The side branches did not block in 91 cases,no lesions(bridge) collateral formation occurred in 87 cases,lesions length was less than 15 mm in 67 cases,and tapered lesions was observed in 81 cases.( 3 ) Final intervention rate via Judkins,XB,EBU guide catheter was 37.86％,30.10％ and 29.13％ respectively.(4)the PILOT successfully through the lesions for the series wire guided was 64.08％.(5) 1.25 mm diameter series with a balloon through the first lesions and successful expanding was observed in 57 cases (55.34％),and 1.5 mm diameter series with a balloon occurred in 38 cases(36.89％ ).Conclusion Intervention treatment by the radial of single CTO lesions is feasible for experienced performers.The successful intervention depends on path vessels unimpeded,target vessels with characteristic pathological features and reasonable choice of instruments.