Suicidal behavior among substance users: data from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drug Survey (II BNADS)

Objective: To investigate the prevalence rates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA) and their association with substance use in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians. Methods: The Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drug Survey (II BNADS) is a household cross-sectional survey that investigated the consumption of psychotropic drugs and associated risk factors. This national probability sample survey used a multistage cluster design to select 4,607 participants aged 14 or older and had a total response rate of 77%. Illegal drug use, SI and SA were obtained by confidential self-report assessment. Results: SI and SA were reported by 9.9 and 5.4% of the sample, respectively. This prevalence was 20.8 and 12.4% among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD), 31.5 and 16.5% among cannabis users and 40.0 and 20.8% among cocaine users. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, tobacco use, family history of suicide and depression, both SI and SA were positively associated with AUD, cannabis and cocaine use. Conclusion: AUD, cannabis and cocaine use were significantly associated with SI and SA, even after the adjustments. Public health initiatives targeting suicide prevention should consider including assessment and management of substance misuse, and therapeutic approaches to substance misuse should include assessment of suicidality.

Alcohol misuse among women in Brazil: recent trends and associations with unprotected sex, early pregnancy, and abortion

Objective: This study compared the rates of binge drinking (BD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) reported for 2006 with those reported for 2012, exploring their associations with unprotected sex, early pregnancy, and abortion in a representative sample of women in Brazilian households. Methods: This was a descriptive analysis of data from a cross-sectional study involving randomized multistage cluster sampling of the population ≥ 14 years of age. Weighted prevalence rates and odds ratios were estimated, and serial mediation analysis was performed. Results: A total of 4,256 women were analyzed. The BD prevalence was 35.1% and 47.1% in 2006 and 2012, respectively, a significant increase, especially among women 40-59 years of age. There was no significant difference in AUD prevalence. BD (without AUD) was found to increase the odds of unprotected sex and abortion. The path analysis showed that early pregnancy was a mediator of the relationship between alcohol consumption and abortion. Conclusion: Among women in Brazil, the harmful use of alcohol is increasing, which has an impact on female reproductive health and exposure to risks. There is a need for specific prevention initiatives focusing on alcohol-related behaviors in women.

Prevalence of and pathways to benzodiazepine use in Brazil: the role of depression, sleep, and sedentary lifestyle

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of benzodiazepine (BZD) use in Brazil and to investigate the direct and indirect effects of alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle (SL), depressive symptoms (DS), and sleep dissatisfaction (SD) on BZD use. Methods: The Second Brazilian Alcohol and Drugs Survey (II BNADS) used stratified cluster probabilistic sampling to select 4,607 individuals aged 14 years and older from the Brazilian household population. Results: The lifetime and 12-month prevalence of BZD use was 9.8 and 6.1%, respectively. Older participants (age 40 and older) and women had higher rates. Alcohol use disorder, DS, and SD were significantly more prevalent in BZD users. The parallel multiple mediator model showed a positive direct effect of alcohol consumption on BZD use, with significant positive indirect effects of SL, SD, and DS as simultaneous mediators leading to higher BZD intake. Other statistically significant indirect pathways were DS alone, SD alone, and all of the above except SL. Conclusion: The prevalence of BZD use in Brazil is high compared to that of other countries. Knowledge of the main risk factors and pathways to consumption can guide prevention initiatives and underlie the development of better tailored and effective treatment strategies.

Violência na infância, exposição a violência parental e abuso e/ou dependência de álcool na idade adulta* / Childhood violence, exposure to parental violence and alcohol dependence/abuse in adulthood / La violencia infantil, exposición a la violencia de los padres y el abuso y/o dependencia del alcohol en la edad adulta

Este artigo examina a associação entre o histórico de violência na infância e a dependência e uso nocivo de álcool na idade adulta. Uma amostra probabilística multiestagio foi usada para selecionar 3.007 indivíduos de 14 anos de idade ou mais, dos lares brasileiros, entre novembro de 2005 e abril de 2006. As análises mostraram a existência de associação entre o histórico de abuso físico e exposição à violência parental (p<0,001). O modelo de regressão multinomial mostrou uma associação entre o histórico de violência na infância e a dependência de álcool na idade adulta. As variáveis de maior impacto na chance para dependência do álcool foram sexo masculino, exposição à violência parental e histórico de abuso físico. Desta forma, observou-se que quanto maior o grau de exposição, maior a porcentagem de violência severa sofrida na infância. Os resultados corroboram com prévios achados que sugerem que um histórico positivo de violência na infância é um componente importante na etiologia dos transtornos decorrentes do consumo de álcool.

This article analyses the association between the history of violence in childhood and alcohol abuse and dependence in adulthood. A multistage probabilistic sample was used to select 3,007 individuals aged 14 years or older, living in Brazil, between November 2005 and April 2006. Analyses showed an association between history of physical abuse and exposure to parental violence (p<0.001). A multinomial regression model showed a significant association between history of physical abuse in childhood and alcohol dependence in adulthood. The following variables have greater impact on the probability of alcohol dependence: male sex, exposure to parental violence and history of physical abuse. Thus, the higher the level of exposure, the greater the percentage of severe violence suffered in childhood. Results corroborate previous findings, which suggest the importance of a childhood history of violence in the etiology of disorders resulting from alcohol consumption.

En este artículo se estudia la relación entre la historia de la violencia en la infancia y la dependencia y el uso nocivo de alcohol en la edad adulta. Una muestra de probabilidad de varias etapas fue utilizada para seleccionar 3.007 individuos de 14 años de edad o más de los hogares brasileños entre noviembre de 2005 y abril de 2006. El análisis mostró que hay una asociación entre la historia de abuso físico y la exposición a la violencia de los padres (p<0,001). El modelo de regresión multinomial mostró una asociación entre la historia de violencia en la infancia y la dependencia del alcohol en la edad adulta. Las variables con mayor impacto en la probabilidad de dependencia del alcohol fueran el sexo masculino, la exposición a la violencia de los padres y la historia de abuso físico. Cuanto mayor sea el grado de exposición, mayor es el porcentaje de violencia grave sufrido en la infancia. Los resultados corroboran hallazgos previos que sugieren que una historia positiva de violencia en la infancia es un componente importante en la etiología de los trastornos derivados del consumo de alcohol.

Estupros no Brasil e relações com o consumo de álcool: estimativas baseadas em autorrelato sigiloso / Violaciones en Brasil y su vínculo con el consumo de alcohol: estimaciones basadas en autoinformes anónimos / Rape in Brazil and relationships with alcohol consumption: estimates based on confidential self-reports

Com base na análise dos dados de corte transversal provenientes do Segundo Levantamento Nacional de Álcool e Drogas realizado em 2012, utilizando-se uma amostra probabilística estratificada por conglomerado representativa da população brasileira, este estudo apresenta as prevalências de estupro e analisa a relação deste evento com o consumo de álcool. Foram considerados 1.918 homens e 2.365 mulheres, totalizando uma amostra de 4.283 indivíduos. Nossos resultados estimam a prevalência de estupro na vida em 2,6% da população geral, sendo 1,7% entre os homens e 3,5% entre as mulheres. Para ambos os sexos, as maiores prevalências se concentraram entre indivíduos com idades entre 26 e 59 anos (3,3%), com baixa escolaridade (3,8%), solteiros, divorciados ou viúvos (3,1%). Entre os indivíduos com diagnóstico para transtorno por uso de álcool de acordo com o DSM-5 (Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais), 6% relataram ser vítimas de estupro, bem como, 3,3% daqueles que disseram beber pesado episódico (binge). Análises de regressão logística e multifatorial indicaram que tanto para mulheres quanto para homens a idade (aqueles entre 26 e 59 anos), o estado civil (solteiro), o diagnóstico de transtorno por uso de álcool e o beber pesado episódico são fatores associados ao aumento da probabilidade de vitimização por estupro, enquanto maior nível de educação (mais do que 9 anos de estudos) revelou-se um fator capaz de diminuir as chances de ocorrência. A identificação da amplitude desse problema de saúde pública, bem como a avaliação da urgência na implantação de medidas preventivas e assistenciais, partem do conhecimento das prevalências e do perfil sociodemográfico das vítimas.

En base a un análisis de datos de corte transversal, procedente del Segundo Estudio Nacional sobre Alcohol y Drogas, realizado en 2012, utilizando un muestreo probabilístico estratificado por conglomerados -representativo de la población brasileña-, este estudio presenta las prevalencias de violación y analiza su relación con el consumo de alcohol. Se consideraron a 1.918 hombres y 2.365 mujeres, totalizando una muestra de 4.283 individuos. Nuestros resultados estiman la prevalencia de violación durante la vida en un 2,6% de la población general, siendo 1,7% en el caso de los hombres y 3,5% en las mujeres. Para ambos sexos, las mayores prevalencias se concentraron entre individuos con edades entre 26 y 59 años (3,3%), con baja escolaridad (3,8%), solteros, divorciados o viudos (3,1%). Entre los individuos diagnosticados con trastorno, debido al consumo de alcohol, de acuerdo con el DSM- 5 (Manual Diagnśotico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales), un 6% informaron ser víctimas de violación, asimismo, un 3,3% de ellos dijeron beber en grandes cantidades episódicamente (binge). Los análisis de regresión logística y multifactorial indicaron que tanto para mujeres, como para hombres, la edad (quienes tenían entre 26 y 59 años), estado civil (soltero), diagnóstico de trastorno por consumo de alcohol, y beber en grandes cantidades episódicamente, son factores asociados al aumento de la probabilidad de victimización por violación, sin embargo, cuanto mayor era el nivel de educación (más de 9 años de estudios), mayor era la capacidad de disminuir las oportunidades de ocurrencia. La identificación de la dimensión de este problema de salud pública, así como la evaluación de la urgencia en la implantación de medidas preventivas y asistenciales, parten del conocimiento de las prevalencias y del perfil sociodemográfico de las víctimas.

This study presents the rape prevalence and its relationship with alcohol consumption based on the analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2012 Second National Alcohol and Drugs Survey, which used a cluster-stratified probabilistic sample of the Brazilian population. We included 1,918 men and 2,365 women, for a total sample of 4,283 individuals. Our results estimate the over-lifetime rape prevalence at 2.6% for the entire population, 1.7% for men and 3.5% for women. For both sexes, the highest prevalences were concentrated among those aged between 26 and 59 years (3.3%), those with low educational levels (3.8%), and those who were single, divorced or widowed (3.1%). Among individuals who were diagnosed with alcohol use disorder, according to the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), 6% reported having been raped, as did 3.3% of those who reported binge drinking. Logistical and multivariate regression analyses showed that, for both women and men, age (those between 26 and 59 years), marital status (single), alcohol use disorder and binge drinking are factors associated with an increased probability of being raped, whereas a higher educational level (more than 9 years of schooling) was shown to be capable of reducing the odds of being raped. Awareness of prevalences and of victims' sociodemographic profiles is necessary in order to identify the scope of this public health problem as well as to evaluate the urgency of implementing preventative and supportive measures.

Brazilian cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the List of Threatening Events Questionnaire (LTE-Q)

Objective: To perform a construct validation of the List of Threatening Events Questionnaire (LTE-Q), as well as convergence validation by identifying its association with drug use in a sample of the Brazilian population. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey (II BNADS), which used a cross-cultural adaptation of the LTE-Q in a probabilistic sample of 4,607 participants aged 14 years and older. Latent class analysis was used to validate the latent trait adversity (which considered the number of events from the list of 12 item in the LTE experienced by the respondent in the previous year) and logistic regression was performed to find its association with binge drinking and cocaine use. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis returned a chi-square of 108.341, weighted root mean square residual (WRMR) of 1.240, confirmatory fit indices (CFI) of 0.970, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) of 0.962, and root mean square error approximation (RMSEA) score of 1.000. LTE-Q convergence validation showed that the adversity latent trait increased the chances of binge drinking by 1.31 time and doubled the chances of previous year cocaine use (adjusted by sociodemographic variables). Conclusion: The use of the LTE-Q in Brazil should be encouraged in different research fields, including large epidemiological surveys, as it is also appropriate when time and budget are limited. The LTE-Q can be a useful tool in the development of targeted and more efficient prevention strategies.

Amphetamine-type stimulant use and conditional paths of consumption: data from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate nationally representative prevalence rates of amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use and to identify consumption-associated factors, proposing a conditional model of direct and indirect consumption paths. Method: Using data from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey, this cross-sectional study analyzed a subsample of 3,828 participants between 15 and 64 years old, gathering information on the use of psychoactive substances in a probabilistic sample of the Brazilian household population. Results: Rates of lifetime and last-year ATS use were, respectively, 4.1 and 1.6%. Economically privileged individuals and users of other substances were more at risk for using ATS. The results suggest that higher education decreases the chances of ATS consumption. The conditional model showed that higher income increased ATS use, higher education lowered the odds of such an increase, and cocaine use cancelled that associative effect. Conclusion: Brazil presents high rates of ATS use. Prevention and treatment strategies should focus on the protective effect of higher education levels and should target polydrug use. Knowledge of ATS-associated factors and user profiles is the starting point for developing effective treatments and tailored prevention strategies.

Intimate partner violence trends in Brazil: data from two waves of the Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey

Objective: To compare intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence rates in 2006 and 2012 in a nationally representative household sample in Brazil. The associations between IPV and substance use were also investigated. Methods: IPV was assessed using the Conflict Tactic Scale-R in two waves (2006/2012) of the Brazilian Alcohol and Drugs Survey. Weighted prevalence rates and adjusted logistic regression models were calculated. Results: Prevalence rates of IPV victimization decreased significantly, especially among women (8.8 to 6.3%). The rates of IPV perpetration also decreased significantly (10.6 to 8.4% for the overall sample and 9.2 to 6.1% in men), as well as the rates of bidirectional violence (by individuals who were simultaneously victims and perpetrators of violence) (3.2 to 2.4% for the overall sample). Alcohol increased the likelihood of being a victim (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6) and perpetrator (OR = 2.4) of IPV. Use of illicit drugs increased up to 4.5 times the likelihood of being a perpetrator. Conclusions: In spite of the significant reduction in most types of IPV between 2006 and 2012, violence perpetrated by women was not significantly reduced, and the current national rates are still high. Further, this study suggests that use of alcohol and other psychoactive drugs plays a major role in IPV. Prevention initiatives must take drug misuse into consideration.

Higher prevalence of major depressive symptoms in Brazilians aged 14 and older

Objective: Depression is a highly prevalent condition and is considered a major public health issue. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the Brazilian population and establish their sociodemographic correlates. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2005 and April 2006. Data were collected in face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire. The sample consisted of 3,007 interviews with individuals aged 14 years and older and followed a probabilistic design covering the Brazilian national territory. Depressive symptoms were assessed according to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results: The observed prevalence of depressive symptoms was 28.3% (13% mild/moderate; 15.3% major/severe; p < 0.01). Increased depressive symptom rates were associated with being a female, being 45 years of age and older, having lower educational attainment, being single, having family income of up to 2.5 times minimum wage, and living in the northern region of Brazil (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of depressive symptoms in Brazil is high, with major depressive symptoms being the most frequent form of this symptomatology. Considering the biopsychosocial model of mental disorders, this survey points to the involvement of psychosocial factors in the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Brazil. .

Differences in drinking patterns between men and women in Brazil / Diferenças nos padrões de consumo de álcool entre homens e mulheres no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in alcohol consumption according to age groups, and to assess gender and age effects on several aspects of alcohol consumption patterns. METHOD: Based on a Brazilian nationwide representative sample (n = 3,007), we analysed the differences in drinking patterns between genders. We also assessed the effects of gender, age, and gender by age interaction for alcohol consumption dimensions (frequent drinking, usual intake, binge drinking, and frequent binge drinking), using logistic and negative binomial regression models. RESULTS: Gender, age, and gender by age interaction had significant effects on the predictive models for all studied drinking patterns, except for the 'usual' dosage. The effect of gender on drinking patterns varies with age. While gender has a greater effect in older age groups, the difference between men and women decreased in the younger age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Gender convergence regarding alcohol use is a trend that might be influenced by environmental factors and should be addressed in prevention and treatment programs, as well as in public health policies.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as diferenças nos padrões de consumo de álcool entre os gêneros de acordo com as faixas etárias e avaliar os efeitos do gênero e da idade em diversos aspectos do padrão de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. MÉTODO: Com base em amostra representativa da população brasileira (n = 3.007), nós avaliamos as diferenças nos padrões de consumo de álcool entre os gêneros. Nós também avaliamos os efeitos do gênero, da idade e da interação entre gênero e idade nas dimensões do consumo de álcool (consumo frequente, dose usual, consumo em binge e consumo frequente em binge), com uso de modelos de regressão logística e regressão binomial negativa. RESULTADOS: O gênero, a idade e a interação entre gênero e idade tiveram efeitos significantes nos modelos preditivos para todos os padrões de consumo estudados, com exceção da dose usual. O efeito do gênero ao longo das faixas etárias varia com a idade. Enquanto o gênero teve um efeito maior nas faixas etárias mais velhas, a diferença entre homens e mulheres diminuiu nas faixas etárias mais novas. CONCLUSÕES: A convergência entre os gêneros no que se refere ao uso de álcool é uma tendência que pode ser influenciada por fatores ambientais e deveria ser focada nos programas de prevenção e tratamento assim como nas políticas públicas.

Patterns of alcohol use among Brazilian adolescents / Padrões de uso de álcool entre adolescentes brasileiros

OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of alcohol consumption by adolescents in Brazil. METHOD: From November 2005 to April 2006, a sample composed of 661 subjects aged between 14 to 17 years was rigorously selected in Brazil using a multistage probabilistic method to represent the profile of the adolescent Brazilian population. RESULTS: 34 percent of Brazilian adolescents drink alcoholic beverages. The mean age of drinking initiation was 14 years of age. Older adolescents, as well as those living in the southern part of Brazil, those who are not attending school and those who are working, and black individuals and those with personal income reported a higher frequency of drinking. Socio-demographic factors such as gender, income bracket, family income and student status do increase the amount of alcohol consumed. Males report a higher frequency of binge drinking than females. Moreover, more than half of the males that had drunk in the previous year reported having engaged in binge drinking on at least one occasion. Beer represents approximately half of all the drinks consumed by adolescents. There was no significant difference between genders in the kind of alcohol consumed. DISCUSSION: Among adolescents who drink, the consumption of several drinks is frequent. Alcohol consumption varies from region to region, social economic status (including self-generated income) and age. These findings are discussed in light of their importance for the development of alcohol prevention policies in Brazil.

OBJETIVO: Apresentar um panorama nacional sobre o padrão de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas entre adolescentes no Brasil. MÉTODO: Amostra rigorosamente selecionada em procedimento probabilístico em múltiplos estágios em todo o território brasileiro, de novembro de 2005 a abril de 2006, representando um perfil da população adolescente brasileira, composta por 661 sujeitos entre 14-17 anos. RESULTADOS: 34 por cento dos adolescentes brasileiros bebem. A idade média de início da experimentação de bebidas alcoólicas foi de 14 anos. Adolescentes mais velhos, habitando a região Sul, que não estudam, que trabalham, de cor negra e que têm rendimento próprio apresentaram maior frequência de consumo. A quantidade usual consumida varia de acordo com sexo, classe social, renda familiar e o fato de estudar ou não. Os jovens do sexo masculino se destacam por apresentarem um percentual bem maior do beber em binge quando comparados com as jovens e mais da metade dos adolescentes do sexo masculino que bebem o fizeram em binge em pelo menos em uma ocasião. Aproximadamente metade das doses consumidas por adolescentes é de cerveja ou chope. Com relação aos gêneros, não foi detectada diferença significativa entre tipos de bebida. DISCUSSÃO: O consumo de altas doses é frequente entre os adolescentes. Os padrões de consumo dos adolescentes apresentam variações em relação a região, estrato social, rendimentos próprios e idade. Os achados têm importância para o estabelecimento de políticas nacionais.

Alcohol use patterns among Brazilian adults / Padrão de uso de álcool em brasileiros adultos

OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of alcohol consumption in the adult Brazilian population. METHOD: Multicluster random sample of 2,346 subjects 18 years of age or older, selected nationwide. Interviews were conducted in respondents' homes between November 2005 and April 2006. RESULTS: About 48 percent of the sample had not drunk alcoholic beverages in the past year, with variations by gender, age, marital status, education, income and region of the country. Among drinkers, 29 percent reported drinking 5 or more drinks per occasion (men, 38 percent). Sociodemographic variables are associated with the frequency and amount of drinking, alcohol problems, and alcohol abuse and dependence. Among the whole sample (including drinkers and non drinkers), 28 percent reported binge drinking, 25 percent reported at least one kind of alcohol related problem, 3 percent were alcohol abusers and another 9 percent were alcohol dependent. DISCUSSION: Abstinence is high in the Brazilian population. However, elevated proportions of those who drink consume alcohol in a high risk pattern (binge-drinking), report a high level of alcohol problems, alcohol abuse and dependence. National public policies must consider these factors, as well as the regional Brazilian differences.

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os padrões de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas entre a população adulta brasileira. MÉTODO: Amostra de 2.346 indivíduos, cuidadosamente selecionada da população brasileira com 18 anos ou mais. Amostra selecionada em todo o território brasileiro, por meio de procedimento probabilístico em múltiplos estágios. As entrevistas, realizadas nas residências, ocorreram entre novembro de 2005 e abril de 2006. RESULTADOS: 48 por cento da amostra relataram não haver bebido no último ano e esse índice variou de acordo com sexo, idade, estado civil, nível educacional e de renda e região do país. Entre aqueles que bebiam, 29 por cento consumiam usualmente cinco ou mais doses por ocasião (38 por cento entre os homens). Fatores sociodemográficos foram relevantes em relação a todas as variáveis de consumo estudadas: frequência, quantidade, problemas, abuso e dependência. Na amostra total, incluindo os não-bebedores, 28 por cento beberam em binge, 25 por cento relataram ao menos um tipo de problema relacionado ao consumo, 3 por cento preencheram critério para abuso e 9 por cento para dependência. DISCUSSÃO: O grau de abstinência da população brasileira é alto. No entanto, os bebedores apresentam elevado nível de consumo de risco. A prevalência de problemas relacionados ao consumo, abuso e dependência de álcool também é significativa. Políticas públicas nacionais devem levar em conta esses fatores assim como as diferenças regionais.

Violência entre parceiros íntimos e consumo de álcool / Intimate partner violence and alcohol consumption

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de violência por parceiros íntimos e o consumo de álcool durante os eventos dessa violência. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de múltiplos estágios, representativa da população brasileira, composta por amostra de 1.445 homens e mulheres casados ou vivendo em união estável, entrevistados entre novembro de 2005 e abril de 2006. As entrevistas foram realizadas na casa dos entrevistados, usando um questionário fechado padronizado. As taxas de prevalência de violência por parceiros foram estimadas e testes qui-quadrado foram empregados para avaliar as diferenças de gênero nessa prevalência. RESULTADOS: Homens apresentaram uma prevalência geral de 10,7 por cento de episódios de violência por parceiros e as mulheres 14,6 por cento. Homens consumiram álcool em 38,1 por cento dos casos de e as mulheres em 9,2 por cento. Com relação à percepção de consumo de álcool pela companheira, homens informaram que sua parceira consumia em 30,8 por cento dos episódios de violência e mulheres que o seu parceiro fazia ingestão de álcool em 44,6 por cento dos episódios. CONCLUSÕES: As mulheres se envolveram em mais episódios de (perpetração, vitimização ou ambos) leves e graves do que os homens. A freqüência quatro vezes maior de relatos de homens alcoolizados durante os eventos permitem supor que a prevenção à violência por parceiros possa se beneficiar de políticas públicas de redução do consumo de álcool.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence and alcohol consumption during episodes of violence. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a multi-stage probability sample, representative of the Brazilian population. Sample was comprised of 1,445 men and women, married or cohabitating, interviewed between November 2005 and April 2006. Interviews were conducted in the interviewees' homes, using a standardized closed questionnaire. Rates of prevalence of intimate partner violence were estimated and chi-square tests were used to assess gender differences in this prevalence. RESULTS: General prevalence of intimate partner violence was 10.7 percent in men and 14.6 percent in women. Men consumed alcohol in 38.1 percent of cases and women in 9.2 percent. As regards perception of alcohol consumption by intimate partner, men reported their female partners consumed alcohol in 30.8 percent of episodes of violence, while women reported that their male partners consumed it in 44.6 percent of episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Women were more frequently involved in mild and serious episodes of violence (perpetration, victimization or both) than men. The fact that episodes of violence reported were four times more frequent in intoxicated men enables the assumption that prevention of intimate partner violence may be promoted by public policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption.

Prevalência de abuso físico na infância e exposição à violência parental em uma amostra brasileira / Prevalence of physical abuse in childhood and exposure to parental violence in a Brazilian sample

O estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência de abuso físico e exposição à violência parental na infância, segundo características sócio-demográficas. Um procedimento de amostragem de múltiplos estágios foi usado para selecionar 3.007 indivíduos de 14 anos de idade ou mais, entre 2005/2006, incluindo sujeitos de todas as regiões do país, assim, os resultados são nacionalmente representativos. Foram acessadas experiências de abuso físico (bater, bater com alguma coisa, queimar/escaldar, ameaçar/usar faca ou arma) e exposição à violência parental (testemunhou ameaça e/ou agressão física parental) na infância. Realizaram-se as análises através do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. A prevalência de história de abuso físico na infância foi de 44,1 por cento, sendo que 33,8 por cento relataram história de abuso físico moderado e 10,3 por cento abuso físico severo. A prevalência de exposição à violência parental foi de 26,1 por cento, sendo que 7,5 por cento testemunharam violência parental moderada e 18,6 por cento testemunharam violência parental severa na infância. Análises combinadas entre estes dois tipos de violência demonstraram significativas associações entre elas. Estes resultados podem ajudar na implementação de estratégias de intervenção alertando profissionais de saúde para alta prevalência deste tipo de violência na população.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of physical abuse and exposure to parental violence during childhood, in relation to socio-demographic characteristics. Multi-stage sampling was used to select 3,007 individuals 14 years or older in 2005-2006, from all regions of the country. The study detected cases of physical abuse (beating, striking with objects, burning or scalding, threatening and/or using knives or firearms) and exposure to parental violence (witnessing parental threats and/or actual physical aggression) during childhood. Analyses were performed with the Pearson chi-square test. Prevalence of history of physical abuse in childhood was 44.1 percent (33.8 percent moderate, 10.3 percent severe). Prevalence of exposure to parental violence was 26.1 percent (7.5 percent witnessed moderate parental violence and 18.6 percent severe). Combined analyses of these two types of violence showed significant associations between them. The findings may help implement intervention strategies to call the attention of health professionals to the high prevalence of this type of violence.

Highly reported prevalence of drinking and driving in Brazil: data from the first representative household study / Alta prevalência relatada de beber e dirigir no Brasil: dados do primeiro estudo representativo realizado em domicílios

OBJECTIVE: Brazil lacks information about driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) originated from representative samples obtained from the general population. METHOD: 333 subjects with a valid driver's license and drinking in the last 12 months were drawn from a multistaged sample of 2,346 adults from the first Brazilian Household Survey of Patterns of Alcohol Use. A multivariate analysis was conducted to understand the associations between risk factors and driving after drinking three or more drinks. RESULTS: the overall DUI prevalence reported in the sample was 34.7 percent - 42.5 percent among males and 9.2 percent among females. Being male (OR = 6.0, 95 percent CI 2.9-12.6), having a previous DUI accident (OR = 7.9, 95 percent CI 2.5-24.9), binging in the last year (OR = 2.2, 95 percent CI 1.03-4.5) and having an unfavorable opinion towards policies (OR = 2.9, 95 percent CI 1.4-6.2) remained associated with heavy drinking and driving after model adjustments. DISCUSSION: This was the first study evaluating driving under the influence of alcohol in a representative sample of the Brazilian population. The prevalence of DUI found is alarming, and possibly underestimated in the sample. Results demonstrate the need for more studies on this association and show directions towards preventive strategies for the specific high-risk group of male drivers with previous problems with alcohol and unfavorable opinions about prevention policies.

OBJETIVO: O Brasil carece de informação sobre beber e dirigir a partir de amostras representativas da população. MÉTODO: Uma amostra de 2.346 adultos do I Levantamento Nacional Domiciliar sobre Padrões de Consumo de Álcool forneceu 333 indivíduos com carteira de motorista e que haviam bebido álcool nos últimos 12 meses. Utilizou-se análise multivariada para compreender associações entre fatores de risco e dirigir após três ou mais drinques. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de beber e dirigir na amostra foi 34,7 por cento - 42,5 por cento nos homens e 9,2 por cento nas mulheres. Ser homem (OR = 6,0; IC95 por cento 2,9-12,6), ter tido acidente prévio com beber e dirigir (OR = 7,9; IC95 por cento 2,5-24,9), ter tido "consumo excessivo episódico" no ultimo ano (OR = 2,2; IC95 por cento 1,03-4,5) e ter uma opinião desfavorável sobre políticas públicas (OR = 2,9; IC95 por cento 1,4-6,2) mantiveram-se associados com consumo pesado e dirigir após ajustes no modelo. DISCUSSÃO: Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia beber e dirigir em uma amostra representativa da população brasileira. A prevalência de beber e dirigir encontrada é alarmante e possivelmente subestimada nesta amostra. Os achados demonstram a necessidade de outros estudos sobre esta associação, e dão indicações sobre possíveis estratégias preventivas para este grupo específico de motoristas masculinos com problemas prévios com álcool e opiniões desfavoráveis sobre políticas de prevenção.

Evidence-based alcohol policy in the Americas: strengths, weaknesses, and future challenges / Políticas contra el alcoholismo en las Américas basadas en datos probatorios: aspectos positivos, debilidades y retos futuros

El presente artículo tiene como objetivos describir los datos probatorios en que se deben basar las políticas contra el alcoholismo en las Américas, evaluar en qué medida las políticas nacionales pueden tener un impacto en la salud pública e identificar las áreas en que estas políticas pueden mejorar. En el artículo se presenta una breve revisión de las encuestas epidemiológicas realizadas para evaluar la prevalencia de los problemas relacionados con el consumo de alcohol en la Región y se analizan 32 estrategias e intervenciones de prevención a la luz de pruebas de su eficacia, el volumen de investigaciones que las respaldan, el costo de su implementación y otros aspectos prácticos. En general, las estrategias e intervenciones con mayor respaldo empírico son los bajos valores de alcoholemia mientras se conduce, los controles sobre el acceso al alcohol, los límites de edad para comprar bebidas alcohólicas y el elevado precio relativo de ellas. Se discuten las implicaciones de los datos en relación con las iniciativas para combatir el alcoholismo en las Américas, según un análisis de la medida en que las políticas e intervenciones empleadas actualmente en 25 países de las Américas pueden tener un impacto sanitario positivo en los problemas relacionados con el consumo de alcohol. Los países que han adoptado las políticas con el mayor impacto esperado son Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela y El Salvador. No obstante, el análisis indica que casi todos los países de las Américas podrían mejorar sus posibilidades de evitar problemas relacionados con el alcoholismo. En los países en desarrollo de América Latina, las políticas deben concentrarse en fortalecer las medidas que prohíben conducir en estado de embriaguez, las que modifican el contexto en que se consumen bebidas alcohólicas, y los límites de disponibilidad física. Para los países desarrollados y con altos ingresos de América del Norte, el objetivo debe ser evitar el deterioro de los patrones actuales de consumo y reducir el volumen general de ese consumo. Tomando en cuenta el bajo o moderado costo de muchas de las políticas analizadas en este artículo, es factible que las comunidades y naciones reduzcan notablemente la carga de enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en las Américas.

The objectives of this article are to describe the evidence base for alcohol policy in the Americas, to evaluate the extent to which national policies are likely to have an impact on public health, and to identify areas where alcohol policies could be improved. The paper begins with a brief review of epidemiological surveys of the prevalence of alcohol problems in the Americas. This is followed by an analysis of 32 prevention strategies and interventions in terms of the evidence for their effectiveness, amount of research support, cost to implement, and other feasibility issues. Overall, the strategies and interventions with the greatest amount of empirical support are low blood alcohol concentration levels for driving while intoxicated, controls on alcohol availability, age limits on alcohol purchases, and relatively high alcohol prices. The implications of the evidence are next discussed in relation to alcohol policy initiatives in the Americas, based on an analysis of the extent to which strategies and interventions currently used in 25 countries of the Americas are likely to have a public health impact on alcoholrelated problems. The countries that have adopted the policies with the highest expected impact overall are Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and El Salvador. Nevertheless, the analysis indicates that almost all the countries of the Americas could improve the likelihood of preventing alcohol-related problems. Policy efforts in the developing countries of Latin America should focus on improving countermeasures against driving while intoxicated, measures that alter the drinking context, and limits on physical availability. For the developed, high-income countries of North America the goal should be to prevent deterioration of current drinking patterns and to reduce the overall volume of drinking. Given the low to moderate cost of many of the policies reviewed in this article, it now seems possible for communities and nations to substantially reduce the alcohol-related burden of illness in the Americas

Epidemiologia do uso de álcool no Brasil / Epidemiology of alcohol use in Brazil

Os autores descrevem os trabalhos epidemiológicos sobre o álcool, mais recentes e significativos, conduzidos no Brasil nos últimos anos. Buscou-se tracar o panorama do consumo de álcool no país por meio da análise dos levantamentos populacionais (pesquisas domiciliares, uso de drogas entre estudantes, meninos de rua) e indicadores estatísticos (internacões hospitalares por dependências, dados do Instituto Médico Legal, acidentes de trânsito relacionados e informacões de vendas de bebidas alcoólicas). A análise dos dados apresentados neste artigo sugere dois pontos fundamentais: há a necessidade de se dar mais ênfase aos estudos epidemiológicos no Brasil, não só com a ampliacão como também a renovacão sistemática dessas pesquisas. O álcool, certamente, contribui fortemente na etiologia e manutencão de vários problemas sociais, econômicos e de saúde enfrentados em nosso país.

Problemas relacionados con el consumo de alcohol en América Latina: revision bibliografica / Manifestations of alcohol-related problems in Latin América: a review

Las publicaciónes disponibles acerca de las caracteristicas del consumo de alcohol y los problemas relacionados con este en América Latina son fragmentarias. En el trabajo que aqui se presenta se hace una revision de esas publicaciónes y se sugieren las medidas necesarias para lograr una vision razonablemente clara de la situación