RÉSUMÉ
Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in between the parietal and visceral pleura, which is called the pleural cavity. It can occur by itself or can be the result of surrounding parenchymal disease like infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions. Pleural effusion is one of the major causes of pulmonary mortality and morbidity. With the aim to review the physiotherapy management in pleural effusion till date A Systematic review was done according to PRISMA guidelines was conducted on 15 articles through different databases like PubMed, google scholar which were identified, sorted, and screened according to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria post which the studies were assessed for quality. In this review the result data from the selected studies were extracted under the headings of title/author, type of study design, intervention /device /technique elaborated in the study, and key highlights of the study and was tabulated systematically. Following the discussion of results about the methods, effects of the protocols along with the biases in research it was concluded that Physiotherapy management increases pulmonary function, chest expansion and oxygenation in patients with pleural effusion.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction: To examine predictors of current tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use among the adult population in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: We used data from the 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in Bangladesh consisting of 9,629 adults aged 15 years. Differences in and predictors of prevalence for both smoking and smokeless tobacco use were analyzed using selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics that included gender, age, place of residence, education, occupation, and an index of wealth. Results: The prevalence of smoking is high among males (44.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 42.5-47.0) as compared to females (1.5%, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1), whereas the prevalence of smokeless tobacco is almost similar among both males (26.4%, 95% CI: 24.2-28.6) and females (27.9%, 95% CI: 25.9-30.0). Correlates of current smoking are male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 41.46, CI = 23.8-73.4), and adults in older age (ORs range from 1.99 in 24-35 years age to 5.49 in 55-64 years age), less education (ORs range from 1.47 in less than secondary to 3.25 in no formal education), and lower socioeconomic status (ORs range from 1.56 in high wealth index to 2.48 in lowest wealth index. Predictors of smokeless tobacco use are older age (ORs range from 2.54in 24-35 years age to 12.31 in 55-64 years age), less education (ORs range from 1.44 in less than secondary to 2.70 in no formal education), and the low (OR = 1.34, CI = 1.0-1.7) or lowest (OR = 1.43, CI = 1.1-1.9) socioeconomic status. Conclusion: Implementation of tobacco control strategies needs to bring special attention on disadvantaged group and cover all types of tobacco product as outlined in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and WHO MPOWER to protect people's health and prevent premature death.
Sujet(s)
Adulte , Bangladesh/épidémiologie , Collecte de données , Démographie , Niveau d'instruction , Femelle , Humains , Mâle , Prévalence , Fumer/épidémiologie , Classe sociale , Facteurs socioéconomiques , Tabac sans fumée/statistiques et données numériques , Organisation mondiale de la santéRÉSUMÉ
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Continued alcohol use leads to tolerance, however, some dependent individuals lose tolerance despite continued alcohol consumption. The exact mechanism for this is not known. This study evaluated tolerance in alcohol dependent patients in a treatment centre using multiple measures. METHODS: Male patients with alcohol dependence (DSM III R criteria) were chosen and detoxified in an inpatient setting. On day 14 of detoxification, each subject was given ethanol (0.75 g/kg body wt) mixed in an equal amount of placebo (cola) drink once and an equivalent amount of placebo (cola) during the other occasion in a single blind, randomised, cross over manner. Assessment of each subject was made using multiple measures (clinical, neuro-psychological tests, scales for subjective effect and blood alcohol levels), 30 min after intake of each drink. RESULTS: The subjects (n = 26) did not very under the two conditions (alcohol/placebo) as regards subjective effects, tests on logical memory and Bender Gestalt test (BGT). Cognitive screening scores though different under the two conditions, were within the normative range. Of these 26 subjects, 50 per cent showed clinical signs of intoxication after consumption of alcohol. These two groups (impaired vs unimpaired) were comparable on all base-line clinical parameters, assessment of euphoria and sedation, and various neuropsychological tests except BGT under the two conditions (placebo/alcohol). The non-tolerant (impaired) group scored significantly (P < 0.05) worse on BGT after alcohol consumption. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that clinical tests were more sensitive in detecting intoxication. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of loss of tolerance.
Sujet(s)
Adolescent , Adulte , Alcoolisme/physiopathologie , Dépresseurs du système nerveux central/pharmacologie , Tolérance aux médicaments , Éthanol/pharmacologie , Humains , Mâle , Tests neuropsychologiques , Valeurs de référenceRÉSUMÉ
In an attempt to develop effective antidote against organophosphorus intoxication, some new imidazole-pyridinium mono-oximes, long chain pyridinium mono-oximes and cholineacetyltransferase inhibitors were synthesised. These compounds were evaluated for their in vivo therapeutic protection and neuromuscular function studies in rodents. The results indicate that SPK-series oximes may be useful against sarin poisoning without any beneficial effect against VX (O-Ethyl S-2-NN-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonofluoridate) intoxication. The cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) inhibitors may not be of any help against any of the OP compounds studied in this study.
Sujet(s)
Animaux , Antidotes/synthèse chimique , Choline O-acetyltransferase/antagonistes et inhibiteurs , Anticholinestérasiques/toxicité , Antienzymes/synthèse chimique , Dose létale 50 , Mâle , Souris , Jonction neuromusculaire/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Composés organiques du phosphore/antagonistes et inhibiteurs , Composés organothiophosphorés/toxicité , Oximes/synthèse chimique , Composés de pyridinium/synthèse chimique , Rats , Rat Wistar , Sarin/toxicitéRÉSUMÉ
The present study elucidates the behavioral and toxic signs in rats following dermal application of sulphur mustard (SM). Graded doses of SM (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 LD50) were topically applied to male Wister rats. The body weight as well as behavioral/toxic signs and symptoms were recorded at 1, 2, 3, and 4th day after application of SM. Sulphur mustard consistently decreased body weights of rats in a dose and time dependent manner with maximum decrease on 3rd day post treatment. Sedation and diarrhea were significant in response to doses of SM intoxication in rats. It is concluded that the body weight, sedation and diarrhea may be used as a reliable parameter in evaluating SM intoxication. It is also suggested that hydration and hypertonic saline must be used as a rescue agent within 1-3 days after exposure to SM.
Sujet(s)
Animaux , Poids/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Diarrhée/induit chimiquement , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Inflammation/induit chimiquement , Mâle , Gaz moutarde/toxicité , Horripilation/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Rats , Rat Wistar , Salivation/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Facteurs tempsRÉSUMÉ
Calcium modulatory activity of a marine toxin has been studied employing in vitro preparations. The toxin induced contracture in rat diaphragm was not modified by denervation, d-tubocurarine and tetrodotoxin (TTX). In contrast, varying concentrations of calcium, EGTA and ryanodine inhibited the contracture significantly. The toxin produced a series of repeating contractions in vas deferens. Experiments with TTX, adrenoceptor blockers and other agents exclude a release of neuromediators or direct stimulation of post synaptic receptors to account for the rhythmic effect in vas deferens. The dependence of rhythmicity on external Ca2+ concentration and inhibiting effect of Mn2+, ryanodine and nifedipine indicate a direct activation of voltage-sensitive calcium channel. The toxin also evoked a similar pattern of response in paced atria mediated through Ca2+ influx.
Sujet(s)
Animaux , Fonction auriculaire/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Calcium/métabolisme , Cycloparaffines/pharmacologie , Dinoflagellida/composition chimique , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Mâle , Toxines de la flore et de la faune marines/pharmacologie , Contraction musculaire/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Muscles lisses vasculaires/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Composés organiques du phosphore/pharmacologie , Rats , Rat Wistar , Conduit déférent/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiquesRÉSUMÉ
An organophosphate toxin of marine origin isolated from red tide dinoflagellate P. brevis produced a dose-dependent dual effect on rat atria, i.e. positive inotropic effect at low concentrations (2.8 x 10(-8) to 8.4 x 10(-7) M) and negative inotropic and chronotropic responses at an elevated dose (4.8 x 10(-6) to 7.2 x 10(-4) M). The negative chronotropic and inotropic responses of the toxin were potentiated with physostigmine and ouabain whereas antagonized by atropine and hemicholinium-3 pretreatments and those effects remained unaltered by isoproterenol, phenylephrine and ouabain pretreatments. The results indicate that the toxin induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects are mediated through release of acetylcholine from the nerve endings and consequent activation of muscarinic receptor. In atria exposed to guanethidine, bretylium, propranolol and tyramine tachyphylaxis, the positive inotropic response of the toxin was not modified. However, the response was antagonized by EGTA, nifedipine, ryanodine, calcium-free ringer and potentiated with caffeine and amiloride pretreatments. The results suggest that the positive inotropic effect of the toxin is mediated through Ca2+ influx and impairment of Na+/Ca2+ exchange process.
Sujet(s)
Animaux , Dinoflagellida/composition chimique , Atrium du coeur/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Mâle , Toxines de la flore et de la faune marines/toxicité , Composés organiques du phosphore/toxicité , Rats , Rat WistarSujet(s)
Adulte , Animaux , Antipaludiques/administration et posologie , Parasitoses oculaires/diagnostic , Femelle , Humains , Perfusions veineuses , Paludisme/complications , Plasmodium falciparum/isolement et purification , Plasmodium vivax/isolement et purification , Quinine/administration et posologieRÉSUMÉ
Twelve out of 72 (16.7%) multi-transfused patients with thalassemia major (age range: 7-22 years) were found to be positive for antibody to hepatitis-C virus (anti-HCV). Nine (75%) of these 12 cases were positive for hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and/or hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs). Out of the remaining 60 patients (83.3%), 27 patients (45%) were positive for anti-HBc and/or anti-HBs, while six (10%) were HBsAg positive Anti-HCV positive patients had significant higher levels of liver enzymes than those who were negative (p < 0.01). S. Ferritin was also significantly higher in those with seropositivity for anti-HCV than those who were negative (p < 0.01). It is concluded that HCV (besides HBV) is a major problem in multi-transfused thalassemia major patients and routine pre-transfusion screening of blood for anti-HCV must be introduced in the blood banks.
Sujet(s)
Adolescent , Adulte , Anticorps antiviraux/isolement et purification , Transfusion sanguine/effets indésirables , Enfant , Femelle , Hepacivirus/immunologie , Antigènes de surface du virus de l'hépatite B/isolement et purification , Virus de l'hépatite B/immunologie , Humains , Inde , Foie/enzymologie , Mâle , bêta-Thalassémie/thérapieRÉSUMÉ
Seventy-two transfusion-dependent iron loaded thalassemia patients were investigated for thyroid dysfunction by estimating circulating thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) and basal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). They were also evaluated for their liver function (biochemically) and iron overload by estimating serum ferritin. Thyroid failure (hypothyroidism) was documented in 14 patients (19.4%). In all, 3 groups were seen, i.e. Group 1: Normal T4, T3, TSH (58 patients: 80.6%); Group 2: Compensated hypothyroidism characterized by normal T4, T3 and raised TSH (9 patients: 12.5%); Group 3: Decompensated hypothyroidism characterized by decreased T4 and increased TSH (5 patients: 6.9%). Interestingly, impaired thyroid function could not be correlated with age, amount of blood transfused, liver dysfunction or degree of iron overload. It is postulated that an inter-play between chronic hypoxia, liver dysfunction and iron overload may be responsible for the thyroid damage.
Sujet(s)
Taille , Traitement chélateur , Enfant , Enfant d'âge préscolaire , Femelle , Humains , Hypothyroïdie/diagnostic , Nourrisson , Injections sous-cutanées , Fer/effets indésirables , Maladies du foie/étiologie , Mâle , Tests de la fonction thyroïdienne , Hormones thyroïdiennes , bêta-Thalassémie/physiopathologieRÉSUMÉ
Oral amiodarone was administered to 38 patients (25 males, 13 females) with mean age of 43.6 years. Ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias were present in 30 and 8 patients respectively. Amiodarone was given as 400-1200 mg/day for 1-2 weeks as loading dose and then it was maintained as 100-600 mg/day. The mean duration of therapy was 12.4 months. Adverse effects were noted in 21 (55.3%) cases. The commonest adverse effects observed were asymptomatic corneal microdeposits followed by gastrointestinal, cardiac, neurological and cutaneous disturbances. The drug was withdrawn in 2 (5.3%) patients because of nausea and vomiting. One patient died of pulmonary infiltrations. It is concluded that adverse effects are common with amiodarone but are tolerated well, making this drug an excellent choice for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
Sujet(s)
Administration par voie orale , Adulte , Sujet âgé , Amiodarone/administration et posologie , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Femelle , Humains , Mâle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Tachycardie supraventriculaire/traitement médicamenteux , Tachycardie ventriculaire/traitement médicamenteuxSujet(s)
Animaux , Encéphale/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Complexe IV de la chaîne respiratoire/métabolisme , Femelle , Glycolyse/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Foie/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Nitriles/pharmacologie , Consommation d'oxygène/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Complexe du pyruvate déshydrogénase/métabolisme , Rats , 2-Chlorobenzylidène-malononitrile/pharmacologieSujet(s)
Avortement spontané/épidémiologie , Femelle , Humains , Inde , Grossesse , Probabilité , Population ruraleSujet(s)
Adolescent , Adulte , Sujet âgé , Enfant , Enfant d'âge préscolaire , Femelle , Humains , Inde , Nourrisson , Mâle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Mycobactéries non tuberculeuses/classification , Mycobacterium/isolement et purification , Infections à Mycobacterium/microbiologie , Infections à mycobactéries non tuberculeuses/microbiologie , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolement et purification , Tuberculose pulmonaire/microbiologieSujet(s)
Acétylcholine/antagonistes et inhibiteurs , Animaux , Hypoxie/métabolisme , Atropine/pharmacologie , Anticholinestérasiques/pharmacologie , Femelle , Glycogène/analyse , Coeur/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Mâle , Myocarde/analyse , Consommation d'oxygène/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , RatsRÉSUMÉ
The immediate or 24 hr delayed effects of 1-day (1-DS) or (7-DS) foot-electroshock stress in albino rats were studied on cardiac acetylcholine (ACh), blood and cardiac cholinesterase (ChE) activities, cardiac, hepatic and muscle glycogen contents and blood sugar concentrations. The effects of physostigmine (PHY), atropine, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD), vagotomy and adrenalectomy on 1-DS induced changes were also studied. 1-DS produced an increase in cardiac ACh content which lasted for 24 hr but repeated stress showed phenomenon of adaptation. There seems to be activation of autonomic cholinergic system in stress. 1-DS and 7-DS produced a short-lived inhibition of blood ChE activity and 7-DS also of cardiac ChE activity. Inhibition of ChE activity was probably related to release of adrenaline from adrenal medulla. 1-DS produced hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis with slight hypoglycaemia but without any effect on cardiac glycogen. Following repeated stress there was a phenomenon of adaptation. The hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis produced by stress is due to the release of adrenaline from adrenal medulla. Normally functioning cardiac cholinergic system seems to have a protective effect on heart against stress, in the absence of which cardiac glycogenolysis is induced by stress.