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Objective:To evaluate the effect of sedation management based on visual analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) on postoperative delirium in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods:Eighty patients, aged ≥ 18 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ or Ⅳ, with New York Heart Association Ⅱ-Ⅳ, scheduled for elective cardiac valve replacement with CPB, were randomly divided into visual analysis of EEG-guided sedation management group (group A, n=40) and BIS-guided sedation management group (group B, n=40). The target plasma concentration of propofol was adjusted to maintain the depth of anaesthesia at grade C or grade D in group A and BIS value at 40-60 in group B. Propofol consumption during CPB and total consumption of propofol during surgery, requirement for vasoactive agents during surgery, and parameters of intraoperative arterial blood gas analysis were recorded.Postoperative delirium was evaluated using Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at 1-7 days after surgery.Extubation time, length of ICU stay, length of postoperative hospital stay and intraoperative awareness were also recorded. Results:Compared with group B, the length of postoperative hospital stay was significantly shortened, the incidence of postoperative delirium was decreased, and no significant change was found in the parameters of arterial blood gas analysis, propofol consumption, requirement for vasoactive agents, extubation time, or length of postoperative ICU stay in group A ( P<0.05). No intraoperative awareness occurred in both groups. Conclusion:Sedation management based on visual analysis of EEG is helpful in decreasing the development of postoperative delirium in the patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with CPB.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of anesthesia management based on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2)-bispectral index (BIS)-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring on acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac valve replacement.Methods A total of 238 patients of both sexes,aged 18-75 yr,weighing 45-95 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ or Ⅳ (New York Heart Association class Ⅱ or Ⅲ),undergoing elective cardiac valve replacement,were assigned into routine experience group (group C,n=122) and multi-mode monitoring group (group M,n=116) using a random number table method.After admission to the operating room,the invasive blood pressure of radial artery,central venous pressure,electrocardiogram,SpO2 and end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide were recorded in group C,and rSO2,BIS,stroke volume variation,cardiac index and stroke volume index were monitored based on the monitoring in group C.The patients were tracheally intubated when BIS value was about 50.BIS value was maintained between 45 and 55,rSO2was maintained not less than 20％ of the baseline value or the absolute value not less than 55％,and fluctuation in mean arterial pressure did not exceed 20％ of the baseline value,and stroke volume index was maintained ＞25 ml/m2and cardiac index＞2.5 L ·rmin-1 · m-2,maintaining not lower than the baseline value before induction in special conditions.The intraoperative volume of fluid infused,infusion of allogeneic blood,consumption of propofol,time of cardiopulmonary bypass,aortic cross-clamping time,anesthesia time,operation time,occurrence of AKI within 48 h after operation,renal replacement therapy,extubation time,duration of intensive care unit stay,postoperative length of hospital stay,development of other serious postoperative complications and fatality rate at day 30 after operation were recorded.Results Compared with group C,the incidence of AKI was significantly decreased,the volume of plasma infused and consumption of propofol were reduced,the extubation time,duration of intensive care unit stay and postoperative length of hospital stay were shortened (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the rate of renal replacement therapy,constituent ratio of AKI degree,incidence of other serious postoperative complications or mortality rate at day 30 after operation in group M (P＞0.05).Conclusion Anesthesia management based on rSO2-BIS-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring can decrease the occurrence of AKI after cardiac Valve replacement.
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Objective To explore the effect of sufentanil postconditioning on the focal cerebral is-chemia reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. Methods An intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes in rats. Meanwhile,the diabetes mellitus model was confirmed by the blood glu-cose level over 16. 7 mmol/L. The diabetes mellitus male SD rats,weighting 250-300 g,were randomly divid-ed into 3 groups:sufentanil postconditioning diabetic group (SP-DM),ischemia reperfusion diabetic group (IR-DM),sham operation diabetic group(sham-DM),with 12 in each group. The non-diabetic rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:sufentanil postconditioning non-diabetic group(SP-NDM), ischemia reperfu-sion non-diabetic group(IR-NDM),sham operation non-diabetic group(sham-NDM),with 12 in each group. All rats in the IR-NDM/DM group and SP-NDM/DM group were exposed to the right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 minutes followed by 24 hours reperfusion. The sufentanil 1 μg/kg were injected into the rats in SP-NDM/DM group via tail vein at 5 minutes before reperfusion. Normal saline was injected into the rats in sham-NDM/DM group and IR-NDM/DM group at 5 minutes before reperfusion. At 24 hours after reperfu- sion,the neurological deficit scores( NDS) were assessed,then all the rats were sacrificed. Infarct volume, which was determined by 2,3,5-triph-enyltetrazolium ( TTC) staining,and water content of right hemisphere for brain edema were also measured. Results All rats showed neurological deficit,brain infarction and brain edema after focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion. (1) At 24 hours after reperfusion,the neurological deficit score in IR-DM group(3. 4±0. 4) was significantly higher than that in the IR-NDM group(2. 8± 0. 5) ( t=2. 313,P<0. 05),there was no significant difference in neurological deficit score between the SP-DM group (3. 3±0. 4) and the IR-DM group(t=1. 546,P>0. 05). (2) At 24 hours after reperfusion,the infarct volume in IR-DM group((58. 3±2. 1)%) was significantly higher than that in the IR-NDM group((32. 1±2. 6)%) (t=2. 912, P<0. 05), there was no significant difference in infarct volume between the SP-DM group ((56. 9±2. 1)%) and the IR-DM group(( 58. 3 ± 2. 1)%) ( t=1. 633,P>0. 05). ( 3) At 24 hours after reperfusion,the water content of the right hemisphere in IR-DM group(( 89. 3± 3. 5)%) was significantly higher than that in the IR-NDM group((82. 6±3. 9)%)(t=2. 218,P<0. 05),there was no significant differ-ence in water content of the right hemisphere between the SP-DM group(( 87. 5±3. 4)%) and the IR-DM group(t=1. 730,P>0. 05). Conclusion Sufentanil postconditioning loses neuroprotection against focal cer-ebral ischemia reperfusion injury in diabetic rats.
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Objective@#To evaluate the effect of anesthesia management based on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2)-bispectral index (BIS)-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring on acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac valve replacement.@*Methods@#A total of 238 patients of both sexes, aged 18-75 yr, weighing 45-95 kg, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ or Ⅳ (New York Heart Association class Ⅱ or Ⅲ ), undergoing elective cardiac valve replacement, were assigned into routine experience group (group C, n=122) and multi-mode monitoring group (group M, n=116) using a random number table method.After admission to the operating room, the invasive blood pressure of radial artery, central venous pressure, electrocardiogram, SpO2 and end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide were recorded in group C, and rSO2, BIS, stroke volume variation, cardiac index and stroke volume index were monitored based on the monitoring in group C. The patients were tracheally intubated when BIS value was about 50.BIS value was maintained between 45 and 55, rSO2 was maintained not less than 20% of the baseline value or the absolute value not less than 55%, and fluctuation in mean arterial pressure did not exceed 20% of the baseline value, and stroke volume index was maintained >25 ml/m2 and cardiac index>2.5 L·min-1 ·m-2, maintaining not lower than the baseline value before induction in special conditions.The intraoperative volume of fluid infused, infusion of allogeneic blood, consumption of propofol, time of cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cross-clamping time, anesthesia time, operation time, occurrence of AKI within 48 h after operation, renal replacement therapy, extubation time, duration of intensive care unit stay, postoperative length of hospital stay, development of other serious postoperative complications and fatality rate at day 30 after operation were recorded.@*Results@#Compared with group C, the incidence of AKI was significantly decreased, the volume of plasma infused and consumption of propofol were reduced, the extubation time, duration of intensive care unit stay and postoperative length of hospital stay were shortened (P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the rate of renal replacement therapy, constituent ratio of AKI degree, incidence of other serious postoperative complications or mortality rate at day 30 after operation in group M (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#Anesthesia management based on rSO2-BIS-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring can decrease the occurrence of AKI after cardiac valve replacement.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative outcomes in pa-tients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting ( OPCABG) . Methods One hundred and twen-ty-two patients of both sexes, aged 40-75 yr, with body mass index of 18. 5-32. 0 kg∕m2 , of American So-ciety of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ or Ⅳ, with New York Heart Association Ⅱ or Ⅲ, with lelf ventricular ejection fraction>40％, scheduled for elective OPCABG, were divided into 2 groups ( n=61 each) using a random number table method: dexmedetomidine group ( group D) and control group ( group C) . Dexmedetomidine was intravenously infused in a loading dose of 0. 6μg∕kg at 15 min before anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of 0. 4 μg · kg-1 · h-1 until the end of surgical procedure in group D. The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group C. The emergence time, extubation time, length of intensive care unit stay and postoperative length of hospital stay were also recorded. Results Compared with group C, the extubation time, length of intensive care unit stay, and postoperative length of hospital stay were significantly shortened, and the emergence time was prolonged in group D ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can promote postoperative outcomes in the patients undergoing OPCABG.
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Objective To evaluate the changes in the status of macrophages during the non-ventilated lung injury in the patients undergoing long-time one-lung ventilation (OLV).Methods Thirty patients of both sexes,aged 35-64 yr,weighing 50-80 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective pulmonary lobectomy for lung cancer,were divided into 2 groups (n=15 each) according to the time of OLV:short-time OLV group (＜30 min,group S) and long-time OLV group (＞2 h,group L).Anesthesia was routinely induced and maintained.Normal lung tissues around the cancer tissues from the lobe of the lung excised were obtained for microscopic examination of pathologic changes which were scored.The activated macrophages (CD68 positive),polarized M1 macrophages (CD86 positive) and polarized M2 macrophages (CD206 positive) in lung tissues were detected using immunofluorescence.The ratio of CD86 positive cells to CD206 positive cells was calculated.Results Compared with group S,lung injury scores on the non-ventilated side were significantly increased,the number of CD68,CD86 and CD206 positive cells in lung tissues was increased,and the ratio of CD86 positive cells to CD206 positive cells was increased in group L (P＜0.05).Conclusion Long-time OLV (＞2 h) can result in increased number of activated macrophages,especially the polarized M1 macrophages,which may be one of the mechanisms underlying lung injury on the non-ventilated side.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between maintaining concentration and loss of consciousness (LOC) concentration of propofol target controlled infusion (TCI) in patients undergoing heart valve replacement.Methods Thirty patients undergoing elective heart valve replacement were enrolled to receive propofol by ladder plasma TCI for anesthesia induction,8 males and 22 females.The initial plasma concentration (Cp) of propofol was set to 1.0 μg/ml,0.3 μg/ml Cp was increased every 1 min until LOC when the prediction effect-cite concentration (Ce) reached 0.5 μg/ml,then sufentanil 0.8-1.0 μg/kg and rocuronium 0.6-0.9 mg/kg were given for intubation.When BIS reached 50,Cp was decreased to the level of Ce.All the surgeries were performed under hypothermia CPB.MAP,HR,CVP,CO,SV,SVR,BIS,propofol Cp and Ce values were recorded at baseline (T0),LOC (T1),BIS reached 50 (T2),and other time points during operation (T3-T9).The correlation analysis between propofol Ce at LOC and perioperative variables were completed.Results In correlation analysis,there was a significant positive correlation between propofol Ce at LOC and baseline CO,SV (P<0.01),there was a significant negative correlation between propofol Ce at LOC and age (P<0.05),there was a significant positive correlation between propofol Ce at LOC and propofol Ce at T2-T9(P<0.01).Conclusion In patients undergoing valvular replacement,the Ce of propofol at maintenance are related to the concentration of propofol at LOC,which is helpful for adjusting the Ce of propofol at maintenance according to the Ce of propofol at LOC.
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Objective To observe the effect of low tidal volume lung protective ventilation management strategy on postoperative outcome of elderly patients with poor pulmonary function after abdominal surgery.Methods Eighty patients of poor pulmonary function undergoing open gastrointestinal surgery,male 64 cases,female 16 cases,aged over 65 years old,ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,NYHA cardiac function Ⅱ or Ⅲ grade,expected operation time 2-4 h were screened.The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: protective ventilation management group (group P) and conventional mechanical ventilation group (group C),40 cases in each group.Multi-mode anesthetic management was performed in both groups.The respiratory parameters were adjusted according to the group after tracheal intubation,and the respiratory rate was adjusted to maintain PETCO2 35-45 mm Hg.The blood gas evaluated postoperative oxygen and postoperative spontaneous breathing recovery time,recovery time,extubation time,PACU time,gastrointestinal function recovery time,ambulation time,hospital stay and cost of hospitalization were recorded.The occurrence of major complications were observed at 30 days after surgery.Results PaO2 of group C was significantly decreased at 1 and 3 days after surgery than that before operation (P<0.05),PaCO2 of group C was significantly higher at 1 and 3 days after surgery than that of group P (P<0.05);PACU residence time of group P was (76.63±29.72) min,significantly shorter than that of group C [(93.80±42.90) min] (P<0.05);The difference spontaneous breathing recovery time,awake time,extubation time,exhaust time,ambulation time,postoperative hospitalization time and hospitalization expenses of two group was not statistically significant.Within 30 d after operation,2 cases (5%) of respiratory failure patients,3 cases (7.5%) of pneumonia in group P;5 cases (12.5%)of respiratory failure patients,3 cases (7.5%) of pneumonia,postoperative hemorrhage in 1 cases (2.5%) and 1 cases (2.5%) delirium in group C,there was no significant difference of the main complications in 30 d after operation between two groups.Conclusion Under the condition of this research,low tidal volume lung protective ventilation management strategy can improve elderly patients with poor pulmonary function after abdominal surgery postoperative oxygen and help to reduce the occurrence of postoperative adverse reactions.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of therapeutic hypercapnia on the balance between cer-ebral O2supply and demand in the patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery in the beach chair posi-tion(BCP). Methods Forty-eight patients of both sexes, aged 21-64 yr, weighing 45-80 kg, of Ameri-can Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅠorⅡ, scheduled for elective arthroscopic shoulder surgery in the beach chair position, were divided into 2 groups(n=24 each)using a random number table: control group(group C, end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide 35-40 mmHg)and therapeutic hypercapnia group (group H, end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide 45-50 mmHg). The regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2)was recorded after induction and before BCP, immediately after BCP, at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 min after BCP and at the end of surgery(T0-12). The occurrence of cerebral desaturation events, extubation time, duration of stay in postanesthesia care unit, development of nausea and vomiting and requirement for vasoactive drugs were recorded during surgery. Results Compared with the baseline at T0, the rSO2was significantly decreased at T1-12in group C and at T2-6in group H(P<005). The rSO2was significantly higher at T1-12, and the incidence of cerebral desaturation events was lower in group H than in group C(P<005). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the extubation time, dura-tion of stay in postanesthesia care unit, incidence of nausea and vomiting or requirement for vasoactive drugs (P>005). Conclusion Therapeutic hypercapnia can improve the balance between cerebral O2supply and demand in the patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery in the BCP.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of different sedation depths of propofol on postopera-tive delirium in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)and the relationship with regional cerebral oxygen saturation(rSO2). Methods Forty American Society of An-esthesiologists physical statusⅢorⅣpatients of both sexes, aged 26-64 yr, with body mass index of 17-25 kg∕m2, scheduled for elective aortic valve replacement with CPB, were divided into A and B groups (n=20 each)using a random number table. The infusion rate of propofol was adjusted to maintain the cor-responding anesthetic depth with 50≤BIS value<60 during CPB in group A and with 35≤BIS value<45 during CPB in group B. Bilateral rSO2was measured using the near infrared spectroscopy from admission to the operating room until the end of skin suturing. The minimum rSO2was recorded, and occurrence of low cerebral oxygen saturation(rSO2was less than 55% or the decrease in rSO2>20% of the baseline)was ob-served. Postoperative delirium was evaluated using Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)from 12 h after admission to ICU until discharge from ICU. Results The incidence of postoperative delirium, low cerebral oxygen saturation and minimum rSO2were significantly lower in group B than in group A(P<005). Conclusion Maintaining 35≤ BIS value< 45 during CPB can reduce the develop-ment of postoperative delirium and is related to improving intraoperative rSO2in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement.
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Objective To investigate the effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on sufentanil postconditioning-induced cardioprotection in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods Male SPF Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-300 g,aged 5-6 weeks,were used in the study.T2DM was induced by high-fat diet (4 weeks) and intraperitoneal 1％ streptozotocin 35 mg/kg,and confirmed by fasting blood glucose level≥ 16.7 mmol/L.Forty rats with T2DM were divided into 5 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (grou T2DM-S);ischemia-reperfusion group (group T2DM-I/R);sufentanil postconditioning group (group T2DM-SP);SAHA group (group T2DM-SA);SAHA plus sufentanil postconditioning group (group T2DM-SASP).In T2DM-SA and T2DM-SASP groups,SAHA 25 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 5 consecutive days before operation.Their hearts were excised and retrogradely perfused in a Langendorff apparatus.The hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion to establish the model of ischemia/reperfusion injury.At 30 min of equilibration and 30,60 and 120 min of reperfusion,the left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP),heart rate (HR),and the maximum rate of increase and decrease of ventricular pressure (±dp/dtmax) were recorded.At 120 min of reperfusion,the left ventricular mass (LVM) and infarct size (IS) were measured,and IS/LVM ratio was calculated.The expression of glycogen synthesis kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and phosphorylated GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) in the myocardium was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with group T2DM-S,the LVSP,HR and ±dp/dtmax were significantly decreased,the IS and IS/LVM ratio were significantly increased,and the expression of myocardial p-GSK-3β was significantly down-regulated in group T2DM-I/R (P＜0.05).Compared with group T2DM-I/R,the ±dp/dtmax was significantly increased,the IS and IS/LVM ratio were significantly decreased,and the expression of myocardial p-GSK-3β was significantly up-regulated in group T2DM-SASP (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in T2DM-SA and T2DM-SP groups (P＞0.05).Compared with group T2DM-SP,the ±dp/dt was significantly increased,the 1S and IS/LVM ratio were significantly decreased,and the expression of myocardial p-GSK-3β was significantly upregulated in group T2DM-SASP (P＜0.05).Conclusion SAHA can improve cardioprotection induced by sufentanil postconditioning to some extent in the rats with T2DM.
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Objective To observe the clinical effects of ultra-sound guided lumbar plexus and sciatic plexus nerve block combined with general anesthesia on elderly patients undergoing hip replace-ment surgery.Methods Eighty elderly patients scheduled for unilateral hip replacement surgery were randomly divided to lumbar plexus and sciatic plexus nerve block combined with general anesthesia group (group N)and general anesthesia group (group G).The airways of all the patients were con-trolled by laryngeal mask airway (LMA)in both groups.The bispectral index (BIS)of patients in both groups was maintained in the range of 45-55.The dosage of sulfentanyl,visual analogue scale (VAS)at 2,4,8 and 24 h after surgery,and the dosage of patient controlled analgesia (PCA)drugs were recorded.The period from end of surgery to extubation,off-bed activity and discharged from hospital,mortality in 30 days after surgery were recorded.Meanwhile,postoperative delirium (POD) and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD),and severe cardiovascular and pulmonary complica-tions were evaluated.Results No patient died in 30 days after surgery in both two groups.One patient suffered from severe pulmonary infection in group G.The dosage of sulfentanyl of group N was less than the value of group G (P <0.05),the periods from end of surgery to extubation,off-bed activity and discharged from hospital of group N were shorter than those in group G (P <0.05 ).The VAS scores and incidence of POD and POCD in group N were lower than those in group G (P < 0.01 ). Conclusion In elderly patients undergoing hip replacement surgery,ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus and sciatic plexus nerve block combined with general anesthesia could help reduce usage of opioids during operation,offer better analgesia effect,shorten the period of off-bed activity and discharged from hospital and reduce incidence of POD and POCD in elderly patients.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of multimodal warming regimen on the development of intraoperative hypothermia in the patients undergoing precise hepatectomy.Methods Sixty patients of both sexes,aged 28-64 yr,weighing 44-89 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ (Child-Pugh A),undergoing precise hepatectomy,were equally and randomly assigned into control group (group C) and muhi-model warming group (group M) using a random number table.A bed sheet was covered on the body exposed,and the abdominal cavity was washed using the room-temperature peritoneal layage fluid in group C.In group M,after admission to the operating room,the room temperature was raised to 25-26 ℃,the mattress was prewarmed using the medical heating blanket,the temperature was maintained at 40 ℃ during operation,the lower body was simultaneously covered using the forced-air warming system,and the temperature was maintained at 37-39 ℃;the solution used for infusion was warmed to 37 ℃ before anesthesia;the incisional area was washed with 0.9％ sodium chloride injection which was prewarmed to 37 ℃ during operation.The development of hypothermia,hypotension and respiratory depression was recorded during operation.Before induction of anesthesia,at 1 h after anesthesia,at the end of operation,and at 5 min before discharge from postanesthesia care unit (PACU),blood gas analysis was performed,and the pH value,base excess and lactate level were recorded.The intraoperative blood loss,emergence time,duration of PACU stay,and occurrence of shivering,agitation,nausea and vomiting were also recorded.Results Compared with group C,the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia,and shivering,agitation,nausea and vomiting in PACU were significantly decreased,the emergence time and duration of PACU stay were significantly shortened,the pH value was significantly increased at 5 min before discharge from PACU,and the base excess and lactate level were significantly decreased at the end of operation and 5 min before discharge from PACU in group M (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion Multimodal warming regimen can raise the quality of recovery from anesthesia and decrease the development of intraoperative hypothermia in the patients undergoing precise hepatectomy.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of sufentanil postconditioning on acetylated histon H3 (Ac-H3) expression during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-300 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),I/R group,and sufentanil postconditioning group (SP group).Myocardial I/R was induced by 30 min occlusion of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion in anesthetized rats.Sufentanil 1 μg/kg was injected through the femoral vein at 5 min before reperfusion in group SP,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in S and I/R groups.The rats were sacrificed at 120 min of reperfusion,and the myocardial specimens were obtained from the anterior wall of the left ventricle for determination of myocardial infarct size and cell apoptosis (by TUNEL),and myocardial specimens were obtained from the apex for detection of Ac-H3 expression (using Western blot).Apoptotic index was calculated.Results Compared with S group,the myocardial infarct size and apoptotic index were significantly increased,and Ac-H3 expression was down-regulated in I/R and SP groups (P＜0.05).Compared with I/R group,the myocardial infarct size and apoptotic index were significantly decreased,and Ac-H3 expression was up-regulated in SP group (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Sufentanil postconditioning attenuates myocardial I/R injury through up-regulating AcH3 expression and restoring histone acetylation in rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the postoperative cognitive function in the elderly patients with fragile brain.Methods One hundred and twenty elderly patients with fragile brain,aged 65-85 yr,weighing 50-80 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,with preoperative Mini-Mental State Examination score≥ 20,scheduled for elective gastroenteric surgical procedures,were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups (n =60 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) and dexmedetomidine group (group D).In group D,dexmedetomidine was intravenously infused in a loading dose of 0.4 μg/kg over 10 min before anesthesia induction,followed by an infusion of 0.4 μg · kg-1 · h 1until 30 min before the end of surgery.While the equal volume of 0.9％ nomal saline was given instead of dexmedetomidine in group C.Postoperative delirium was assessed within 3 days after operation using Confusion Assessment Method.Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was assessed at 7 days after operation using Mini-Mental State Examination.Results Compared with group C,the incidence of postoperative delirium was significantly decreased within 3 days after operation (P＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in postoperative cognitive dysfunction at 7 days after operation in group D (P＞0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can decrease the occurrence of postoperative delirium in the elderly patients with fragile brain.
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Objective To evaluate the relationship between histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) expression and the mechanism underlying mitigation of remifentanil postconditioning-induced protection of diabetic cardiomyocytes.Methods H9c2 cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 culture medium supplemented with 10％ fetal bovine serum.The cells were seeded in 6-well plates (2 ml/well) at a density of 105 cells/ml.After the cells were cultured for 12 h,the cells were attached to the wall and cultured for 48 h in the normoglycemic (5.5 mmol/L) or hyperglycemic (25 mmol/L) DMEM culture medium.The cells were then randomly divided into 6 groups (n =18 each) using a random number table:control group (group CON),hypoxia/reoxygenation group (group H/R),remifentanil postconditioning group (group RPC),hyperglycemia group (group HG),hyperglycemia plus hypoxia/reoxygenation group (group HG-H/R),and hyperglycemia plus remifentanil postconditioning group (group HG-RPC).In H/R,RPC,HG-H/R and HG-RPC groups,the cells were exposed to 95％ N2-5％ CO2 in an incubator for 5 h after changing the culture medium for Tyrode solution.In H/R and HG-H/R groups,the culture medium was changed to the DMEM/F12 culture medium supplemented with 10％ fetal bovine serum and glucose at the corresponding concentration,and the cells were then incubated for 1 h.In RPC and HG-RPC groups,the cells were incubated in the DMEM culture medium containing remifentanil at the final concentration of 1 μmol/L,and the cells were then incubated for 1 h.At 1 h of reoxygenation,the cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay,the cell apoptosis was detected by AnnexinV-FITC/PI flow cytometry,and the expression of HDAC3 and caspase-3 in cells was detected by Western blot.The apoptotic rate was calculated.Results Compared with group CON,the cell viability was significantly decreased,the cell apoptotic rate was significantly increased,and the expression of caspase-3 and HDAC3 was significantly up-regulated in group H/R (P＜ 0.05).Compared with group H/R,the cell viability was significantly increased,the apoptotic rate was significantly decreased,and the expression of caspase-3 and HDAC3 was significantly down-regulated in group RPC (P＜0.05).Compared with group HG,the cell viability was significantly decreased,the apoptotic rate was significantly increased,and the expression of cspase-3 and HDAC3 was significantly up-regulated in group HG-H/R (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the parameters mentioned above between group HG-RPC and group HG-H/R (P＞0.05).Conclusion The mechanism underlying mitigation of remifentanil postconditioning-induced protection of diabetic cardiomyocytes is associated with hyperglycemia-induced up-regulation of HDAC3 expression.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the intestinal mucosal injury in the patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Forty patients of both sexes with rheumatic heart disease,aged 32-64 yr,weighing 40-75 kg,of ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ (NYHA class Ⅱ or Ⅲ),scheduled for elective cardiac valve replacement with CPB,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =20 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) and dexmedetomidine group (group D).After induction of anesthesia,the patients were endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated.Anesthesia was maintained with 0.8％-2.0％ sevoflurane inhalation and intermittent iv boluses of sufentanil 0.5-1.0 μg/kg and vecuronium 0.04-0.06 mg/kg.Before routine induction of anesthesia,a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg was injected intravenously over 10 min,followed by continuous infusion at 0.3 μg · kg-1 · h-1 until the end of surgery in group D,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.Before CPB,at 30 min after aortic clamping,at the termination of CPB,at the end of surgery and at 6 and 24 h after surgery,central venous blood samples were taken for determination of concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha,interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 and intestinal fatty acid binding protein in plasma (by ELISA),and the plasma concentration of endotoxin (using turbidimetry).The time of postoperative mechanical ventilation and duration of ICU stay were recorded.Results Compared with group C,the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha,IL-6,IL-10 and endotoxin and intestinal fatty acid binding protein in plasma were significantly decreased,and the time of postoperative mechanical ventilation and duration of ICU stay were shortened in group D.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine infused continuously at 0.3 μg · kg-1 · h-1 (until the end of surgery) after a loading dose of 1 μg/kg before routine induction of anesthesia can reduce intestinal mucosal injury in the patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with CPB.
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Objective To evaluate the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum stress and diabetes mellitus (DM)-caused influence on cardioprotection induced by remifentanil postconditioning in rats.Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-300 g,were used in the study.A model for type 1 DM was established by intraperitoneal streptozotocin 50 mg/kg and confirmed by blood glucose ≥ 16.7 mmol/L.Thirty six rats with type 1 DM were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (DM-S group),myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group (DM-I/R group) and remifentanil postconditioning group (DM-R group).Another 36 normal rats were exposed to single intraperitoneal injection of sodium citrate-hydrochloric acid buffer solution and served as control group.Two weeks later 36 normal rats with nondiabetes mellitus were also randomly divided into 3 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (NDM-S group),myocardial I/ R group (NDM-I/R group) and remifentanil postconditioning group (NDM-R group).Myocardial I/R was produced by 30 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion.Remifentanil postconditioning was induced by 10 min infusion of remifentanil 10 μg · kg-1 · min 1 via the femoral vein starting from 5 min before reperfusion.Before ischemia and at 30 and 120 min of ischemia,MAP,SP and HR were recorded and rate-pressure product (RPP) was calculated.At 120 min of reperfusion,arterial blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration.The animals were then sacrificed and hearts were removed for determination of myocardial infarct size (IS).The left 6 rats from each group were sacrificed at 120 min of reperfusion,the specimens from their left ventricular apex were obtained to detect the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress marker glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78),C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12 by Western blot.Results MAP and RPP were significantly decreased,the plasma concentration of cTnI was increased,changes of cardiac infarction were found,and the expression of GRP78,CHOP and caspase-12 was up-regulated in diabetic and nondiabetic rats.Remifentanil postconditioning could inhibit the expression of GRP78,CHOP and caspase-12,increase MAP and RPP,decrease the plasma concentration of cTnI,and reduce myocardial infarct size in nondiabetic rats,but it had no such effects in the diabetic rats.The expression of GRP78,CHOP and caspase-12 was significantly higher after remifentanil postconditioning in diabetic rats than in nondiabetic rats.Conclusion Enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in DM-caused loss of cardioprotection induced by remifentanil postconditioning in rats.
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Objective To evaluate the relationship between glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and diabetes mellitus-induced influence on myocardial protection provided by remifentanil postconditioning in vitro.Methods H9c2 cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 culture medium supplemented with 10％ fetal bovine serum.The cells were seeded in 96-well (100 μl/well) or 6-well (2 ml/well) plates at the density of l05 cells/ml.The cells were then randomly divided into 6 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:normoglycemic control group (group NC),normoglycemic hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) group (group NHR),normoglycemic remifentanil postconditioning group (group NRP),hyperglycemic control group (group HC),hyperglycemic H/R group (group HHR),and hyperglycemic remifentanil postconditioning group (group HRP).In NC,NHR and NRP groups,the cells were cultured in normoglyccmic culture medium (5.5 mmol/L) for 48 h.In HC,HHR and HRP groups,the cells were incubated in hyperglycemic culture medium (25.0 mmol/L) for 48 h.In NHR,NRP,HHR and HRP groups,after changing the culture medium for Tyrode solution,the cells were exposed to 95％ N2-5％ CO2 in an incubator at 37 ℃ for 5 h.Subsequently,in NHR and HHR groups,the culture medium was changed to DMEM/F12 culture medium supplemented with 10％ fetal bovine serum and glucose at the corresponding concentration,and the cells were incubated for 1 h;in NRP and HRP groups,the cells were incubated for 1 h in the DMEM culture medium containing remifentanil at the final concentration of 1 μmol/L.At 1 h of reoxygenation,the cells of 9 wells in each group were selected to measure the cell viability by CCK8 assay,the cells of 12 wells in each group were selected to determine the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) released in the supernatant using colorimetric method,and the cells of 3 wells in each group were selected to detect the expression of GRP78 by Western blot.Results Compared with group NC,the cell viability was significantly decreased,the LDH activity was increased,and the expression of GRP78 was up-regulated in group NHR.Compared with group NHR,the cell viability was significantly increased,the LDH activity was decreased,and the expression of GRP78 was down-regulated in group NRP,and the cell viability was significantly decreased,the LDH activity was increased,and the expression of GRP78 was up-regulated in group HRP.Compared with group HC,the cell viability was significantly decreased,the LDH activity was increased,and the expression of GRP78 was up-regulated in group HHR.There was no significant change in the parameters mentioned above between group HRP and group HHR.Compared with group NRP,the cell viability was significantly decreased,the LDH activity was increased,and the expression of GRP78 was up-regulated in group HRP.Conclusion Up-regulation of GRP78 expression may be involved in the mechanism by which diabetes mellitus negates myocardial protection induced by remifentanil postconditioning in vitro.
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The teaching team of undergraduates of anesthesiology in Anhui Medical University applied the primary trauma care system of encourage, heuristic teaching and practical teaching to further deepen the educational reform and improve teaching quality for undergraduate education.They designed the diversified section such as drills, discussion, teaching, questions, feedback and so on, implemented the simulation training of anesthesia crisis management skills and completed the feedback evaluation of comprehensive ability before and after the teaching, and then achieved the effect of improving the actual operation ability and clinical thinking capacity of students.So it is a good method and worth extending.