Factors Associated with Mortality in Elderly Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit due to Acute Drug Intoxication from Suicide Attempts / 중환자간호학회지

Purpose@#: This study aimed to determine the mortality rate among elderly patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for acute drug intoxication resulting from suicide attempts. It also compared the characteristics of survivors and decedents to identify factors associated with mortality. @*Methods@#: This retrospective descriptive study included 150 patients aged 65 years or older who were admitted to the ICU of a tertiary university hospital in Gwangju due to acute drug intoxication, with the period spanning January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, Chi-squared tests, Fisher's exact test, and multiple logistic regression analysis. @*Results@#: The mortality rate among elderly individuals admitted to the ICU for acute drug intoxication was 19.3%. The likelihood of death was significantly higher in patients with an acute physiology and chronic health examination (APACHE) Ⅲ score of 70 or above (OR=23.75, 95% CI=3.78-149.46, p＜.001) and those with metabolic acidosis on initial acid-base results (OR=3.73, 95% CI=1.12- 12.43, p =.032). @*Conclusion@#: These findings underscore the need for developing and implementing systematic education and targeted nursing interventions for ICU nurses caring for acutely drug-intoxicated elderly adults, particularly considering the APACHE Ⅲ score and the presence of metabolic acidosis.

Evaluation of Head and Cervical Spine Posture after Therapy with Maxillary Protraction Appliances / Evaluación de la Postura de la Cabeza y la Columna Cervical Después de la Terapia con Aparatos de Protracción Maxilar

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes of head and cervical spine posture of skeletal class malocclusion in adolescent with maxillary protraction. Thirty cases of skeletal class malocclusion were randomly selected from the Stomatological Hospital of Shanxi Medical University. High-quality lateral cephalograms were collected including pre- and posttreatment to compare the changes of head and cervical spine posture. Data were processed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software. The paired-t test was used to compare pre- and posttreatment mean angular measurements.A significant difference in the SNA(p<0.001), SNB(p<0.01), and ANB(p<0.001) between T1 and T2 showed an improvement in the sagittal relationships. A significant change was observed in middle cervical spine posture, while upper cervical spine posture variables showed no significant difference after treatment. Skeletal class with maxillary protraction appliance not only led to the improvement of sagittal relationship, but also changed the middle cervical spine posture.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en la postura de la cabeza y la columna cervical debido a la maloclusión clase esquelética en adolescentes con protracción maxilar. Treinta casos de maloclusión de clase esquelética fueron seleccionados al azar del Hospital Estomatológico de la Universidad Médica de Shanxi. Se recogieron cefalogramas laterales de alta calidad, incluidos el tratamiento previo y posterior, para comparar los cambios en la postura de la cabeza y la columna cervical. Los datos se procesaron con el software estadístico SPSS 26.0. Se utilizó la prueba t pareada para comparar las medidas angulares medias antes y después del tratamiento. Una diferencia significativa en SNA (p <0,001), SNB (p <0,01) y ANB (p <0,001) entre T1 y T2 mostró una mejora en las relaciones sagitales. Se observó un cambio significativo en la postura de la columna cervical media, mientras que las variables de postura de la columna cervical superior no mostraron diferencias significativas después del tratamiento. La clase esquelética con aparato de protracción maxilar no solo condujo a la mejora de la relación sagital, sino que también cambió la postura de la columna cervical media.

Comprehensive Lipid Profiling Recapitulates Enhanced Lipolysis and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Intimal Foamy Macrophages From Murine Atherosclerotic Aorta

Lipid accumulation in macrophages is a prominent phenomenon observed in atherosclerosis.Previously, intimal foamy macrophages (FM) showed decreased inflammatory gene expression compared to intimal non-foamy macrophages (NFM). Since reprogramming of lipid metabolism in macrophages affects immunological functions, lipid profiling of intimal macrophages appears to be important for understanding the phenotypic changes of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. While lipidomic analysis has been performed in atherosclerotic aortic tissues and cultured macrophages, direct lipid profiling has not been performed in primary aortic macrophages from atherosclerotic aortas. We utilized nanoflow ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to provide comprehensive lipid profiles of intimal non-foamy and foamy macrophages and adventitial macrophages from Ldlr−/− mouse aortas. We also analyzed the gene expression of each macrophage type related to lipid metabolism. FM showed increased levels of fatty acids, cholesterol esters, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and sphingomyelin. However, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and ceramide levels were decreased in FM compared to those in NFM. Interestingly, FM showed decreased triacylglycerol (TG) levels. Expressions of lipolysis-related genes including Pnpla2 and Lpl< were markedly increased but expressions of Lpin2 and Dgat1 related to TG synthesis were decreased in FM. Analysis of transcriptome and lipidome data revealed differences in the regulation of each lipid metabolic pathway in aortic macrophages. These comprehensive lipidomic data could clarify the phenotypes of macrophages in the atherosclerotic aorta.

Development of Korean Adult Patients Delirium Screening Tool / 임상간호연구

Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean Adult Patients Delirium Screening Tool (K-APDS) for those admitted to general wards, and to verify its reliability and validity. @*Methods@#For the development of the tool, 12 items were derived through the results of literature review and focus group interviews with general ward nurses, and the content validity was confirmed by experts. To verify the reliability and validity of the developed tool, 317 adult patients who were admitted to general wards of three tertiary general hospitals from October to November 2022 were evaluated by the attending nurse and data were collected. @*Results@#After factor analysis for construct validity verification, two factors were extracted, which explained 60.1% of the total variance. After the validation of the control group, the difference in the delirium incidence scores calculated using the K-APDS between the delirium group and non-delirium group was very significant (Z=-10.82, p<.001).To verify the criterion validity, K-APDS, Delirium Observation Screening, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were checked and found to be .94 (p<.001). The predictive validity test reported that the sensitivity was 91.1%, specificity was 82.4%, positive predictive value was 52.6%, and negative predictive value was 97.8%. The reliability of K-APDS was found to be high with Cronbach’s ⍺=.91. @*Conclusion@#K-APDS can screen for delirium with 2 or more points, excellent validity and reliability have been verified. Therefore, this tool could be applied immediately in the clinical field, and will contribute to the early detection of delirium, enabling rapid interventions.

LAMMER Kinase Modulates Cell Cycle by Phosphorylating the MBF Repressor, Yox1, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Lkh1, a LAMMER kinase homolog in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, acts as a negative regulator of filamentous growth and flocculation. It is also involved in the response to oxidative stress. The lkh1-deletion mutant displays slower cell growth, shorter cell size, and abnormal DNA content compared to the wild type. These phenotypes suggest that Lkh1 controls cell size and cell cycle progression. When we performed microarray analysis using the lkh1-deletion mutant, we found that only four of the up-regulated genes in the lkh1-deletion were associated with the cell cycle. Interestingly, all of these genes are regu lated by the Mlu1 cell cycle box binding factor (MBF), which is a transcription complex responsible for regulating the expression of cell cycle genes during the G1/S phase. Transcription analyses of the MBF-dependent cell-cycle genes, including negative feedback regulators, confirmed the up-regulation of these genes by the deletion of lkh1. Pull-down assay confirmed the interaction between Lkh1 and Yox1, which is a negative feedback regu lator of MBF. This result supports the involvement of LAMMER kinase in cell cycle regulation by modulating MBF activity. In vitro kinase assay and NetPhosK 2.0 analysis with the Yox1 T40,41A mutant allele revealed that T40 and T41 residues are the phosphorylation sites mediated by Lkh1. These sites affect the G1/S cell cycle progression of fission yeast by mod ulating the activity of the MBF complex.

Correlation between the anatomical morphology of palatal rugae and sex / Correlación entre la morfología anatómica de las rugas palatinas y el sexo

SUMMARY: To investigate the correlation between the anatomical morphology of palatal rugae and sex. The study sample consisted of 120 students studying from Shanxi Medical University, of which 60 were females and 60 were males. The digital model of the palatal rugae was obtained by the 3 Shape TRIOS intraoral scanner. And the shapes of palatal rugae were recorded. Association between palatal rugae shape and sex were tested using Chi-square analysis. And logistic regression analysis (LRA) was carried out to calculate the accuracy of gender prediction using rugae shapes. There was a statistically significant difference between males and females in terms of the distribution of wavy and circular palate rugae. The use of logistic regression analysis obtained a sex predictive value of 65 % when all the rugae shapes were analyzed. Digital images of the palatal rugae morphology contribute to more accurate and convenient for data collection and transformation. It was found that rugae patterns can moderately identify the sex of the specific population when multivariate statistics such as LRA is applied. The palatal rugae morphology can be utilized as an assistant measure for sex identification.

RESUMEN: Investigar la correlación entre la morfología anatómica de las rugas palatinas y el sexo. En la muestra de este estudio se incluyeron 120 estudiantes de la Universidad Médica de Shanxi, (60 mujeres y 60 hombres). El modelo digital de las rugas palatinas se obtuvo mediante escáner intraoral 3 Shape TRIOS, y se registraron las formas de las rugas palatinas. La asociación entre la forma de las rugas palatinas y el sexo se evaluó mediante un análisis de Chi-cuadrado; para calcular la precisión de la predicción de sexo se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística (ARL) Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre hombres y mujeres en términos de la distribución de las rugas palatinas onduladas y circulares. El uso de análisis de regresión logística obtuvo un valor predictivo de sexo del 65 % cuando se analizaron todas las formas de las rugas. Las imágenes digitales de la morfología de las rugas palatinas contribuyen a una recopilación de datos más precisa. En este análisis se determinó que los patrones de rugas pueden identificar relativamente el sexo de una población específica, cuando se aplican estadísticas multivariadas como ARL. La morfología de las rugas palatinas se puede utilizar como medida de ayuda para la identificación de sexo.

Assessment of pharyngeal airway in Korean adolescents according to skeletal pattern, sex, and cervical vertebral maturation: A cross-sectional CBCT study / 대한치과교정학회지

Objective@#To investigate airway volumes using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) by skeletal patterns, sex, and cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages in Korean adolescents. @*Methods@#The sample consisted of pretreatment CBCT and cephalograms of 95 adolescents (aged 12–19) obtained out of 1,611 patients examined for orthodontic treatment from 2018 to 2020 in Kyungpook National University Dental Hospital. The samples were classified into two sex groups; three skeletal pattern groups, four chronological age groups and four CVM stages. Nasopharyngeal volumes (NPV), oropharyngeal volumes (OPV), total pharyngeal airway volume (TAV) and minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) measurements were taken from the CBCT. Multiple linear regression analyses to find out which one of the independent variables are good predictors for airway variables. Significant factors were analyzed by two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) then multiple comparisons were analyzed using a t-test, and Fisher least significant difference. @*Results@#Age, sex, CVM, and Sella-Nasion-B point have significant influence on airway variable. Males and females showed similar patterns of change in chronological age groups 1–3; however, males had larger NPV, OPV, and MCA at CVM in group 4. According to CVM stages, males had larger OPV, TAV, and MCA at CVM stage 6 (p-value: 0.019, 0.021, 0.015, respectively) and no sex differences at CVM stages 3, 4, and 5. @*Conclusions@#Skeletal patterns have an effect on airway volume. Sex differences were found in CVM 6.

Radiologic Findings of Polyacrylamide Gel Mammoplasty and Its Complications:A Report of Four Case Series and Review of Literature

Polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) has been used for augmentation mammoplasty in certain countries, such as China or Eastern European countries. However, owing to various complications, its use is currently banned in most countries. Nevertheless, because of the migratory stream of female from these countries, we also encounter patients with PAAG mammoplasty in Korea. Owing to the various imaging features of PAAG mammoplasty, it may interfere with the identification of malignancy or other pathologic conditions. Therefore, it is important to identify the imaging findings related to PAAG mammoplasty. However, there is limited literature on the radiologic findings of complications related to PAAG mammoplasty in Korea. Herein we report four cases of PAAG mammoplasty, the complications faced, and depict various radiologic features through multimodality imaging.

Factors Influencing Organizational Commitment of Nurses at an Infectious Disease Hospital of COVID-19 / 중환자간호학회지

Purpose@#: This study investigated coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) related stress, resilience, and organizational commitment, and determined the factors influencing nurses’ organizational commitment at an infectious disease hospital of COVID-19. @*Methods@#: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted with 138 nurses. Data analysis, including descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlations, and multiple regression analysis, were performed using SPSS 26.0 program. @*Results@#: Factors influencing organizational commitment included resilience (β=0.31, p<.001), position (β=0.31, p<.001), COVID-19 related stress (β=-0.26, p<.001), and COVID-19 nursing period (β=-0.19, p=.012). These variables explained 29.6% of the organizational commitment. @*Conclusion@#: In order to enhance the organizational commitment of nurses in infectious disease hospitals of COVID-19, active program development and intervention are required at the organizational level to improve nurses’ resilience and relieve stress related to nursing infectious disease patients.

Incidence of Unplanned Extubation and Related Factors of Reintubation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Purpose@#This descriptive study aimed to identify the incidence and related factors of reintubation after unplanned extubation in the neonatal intensive care unit. @*Methods@#A secondary data analysis was conducted using electronic medical records. All events of unplanned extubation were audited from January 2020 to August 2021. The data were analyzed by chi-square test using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 24.0 program. @*Results@#Fifty-eight unplanned extubation events were identified for 20 months. The incidence was 2.6 per 100 ventilation days during the study period. After unplanned extubation, 35 neonates (60.3%) were immediately reintubated. There was a statistically significant difference between the gestational age (p=0.018) and postconceptional age at unplanned extubation (p=0.044) and the total intubation period (p=0.003) between the reintubation and nonreintubation groups. @*Conclusion@#These findings indicate that the incidence of unplanned extubation was significantly higher than that of an adult in South Korea. According to this study, targeting interventions are required to prevent unplanned extubation and ensure patient safety.

Compare Value Congruence of Nurse-Patient Assignment with Work Performance in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit / 간호행정학회지

Purpose@#This study aimed to compare the value congruence of nurse-patient assignment (NPA) with work performance in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). @*Methods@#Data were collected with 30-items on factors that affect NPA and 17-items on work performance. Two questionnaire surveys each were conducted with 79 nurses from the NICU. The difference between expectations and actual experience on NPA were analyzed, and the effects of NPA on work performance and overtimes were investigated. The collected data were analyzed with a paired t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients using the SPSS software version 20.0. @*Results@#The NPA criteria were surveyed with 30 items, with 13 patient-related, and 17 nurse-related. The validity of the tool was S-CVI .95 and the reliability (Cronbach’s ⍺) was .942. There were significant differences based on age (F=3.69, p=.029) and caring for patients on an artificial ventilator (t=2.55, p=.013). The higher the patient-related actual assignment score, the higher the nurse-related actual assignment score (r=.68, p<.001) and work performance (r=.48, p<.001). As the nurse-related actual assignment score increased, work performance also increased significantly (r=.36, p=.001). @*Conclusion@#It was confirmed that the value congruence of NPA is positively correlated with work performance.

A Study on the Status of Application of Health Insurance Fees for Nursing Activities of Nurses in Rehabilitation Unit / 재활간호학회지

Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to analyze the nursing activities of registered nurses working in rehabilitation units, and to investigate the application of the health insurance fee for each nursing practice. @*Methods@#Using the Delphi survey method, nursing activities were analyzed as job-task-task elements. Then, the status of the application of health insurance fees was investigated for the task elements according to National Health Insurance Benefit. @*Results@#15 jobs, 61 tasks, and 290 task elements were derived as nursing activities in rehabilitation units.According to the opinion by the expert panel, Among the 290 task elements, 166 (57.2%) out of 290 take elements should be accepted as insurance fees (fee agreement CVR≥0.56). However, the health insurance was applied to only 40 items (24.1%) for nursing management fees, 25 items for nursing care (15.1%), and 26 items for other rehabilitation related medical fees (15.7%). 82 items (49.4%) were not covered by insurance, and most educational interventions were not covered. @*Conclusion@#To provide high-quality nursing services in rehabilitation units, it is essential to apply an appropriate level of health insurance coverage. Further research to expand the application of medical fees related to rehabilitation and institutional arrangements to obtain recognition of the fees for nursing services are necessary.

Facilitators and Barriers of the Triage Process based on Emergency Nurses’ Experience with the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale: A Qualitative Content Analysis

Purpose@#Since 2016, the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS) algorithm has been applied to the triage process in the emergency departments (EDs) of Korea. This study aimed to investigate the facilitators of and barriers to a well-run triage function based on how Korean emergency nurses perceived the triage process and their experiences with it. @*Methods@#Data were collected using focus group interviews from June 2018 to January 2019. Twenty emergency nurses were divided into two junior and four senior groups based on their level of clinical experience. All interviews were recorded as they were spoken and transcribed. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. @*Results@#The participants recognized the need for the KTAS algorithm to efficiently classify emergency patients and were working on it properly. According to the data, we extracted 4 themes and 20 subthemes. Four themes were as follows: (1) awareness about the necessity of triage, (2) facilitators to triage process, (3) barriers to triage process, and (4) suggestions for the establishment and development of triage. @*Conclusion@#From the findings of this study, various vulnerabilities of the triage process were identified, and solutions were suggested from the emergency nurses’ perspective. Educational, staffing, financial support, and periodic updates of the KTAS are needed to promote the triage process in the future.

Differences in perceived parental stress between parents with very low birth weight infants and nurses in neonatal intensive care units, South Korea

Purpose@#This descriptive study compared the perceived parental stress levels between parents with very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) and nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). @*Methods@#In total, 83 parents of VLBWIs and 78 NICU nurses were enrolled. Data were collected with the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) and analyzed using the t-test and analysis of variance in SAS version 9.4. @*Results@#The average PSS score was 3.31 among parents and 3.45 among nurses. The stress score was significantly higher among nurses with children (t=2.46, p=.016) and senior nurses (t=2.12, p=.037). There was a significant difference in the stress score according to parents' education (t=3.29, p=.002) and occupation (F=3.14, p=.049) in the sights and sounds subscale. Mothers had significantly higher stress scores than fathers in the parental role alterations subscale (t=2.32, p=.023). Parental stress scores were higher than those perceived by nurses in the infant's appearance and behaviors subscale for breathing patterns (t=2.95, p=.004), followed by jerky/ restless behavior (t=2.70, p=.008). @*Conclusion@#Nurses should provide explanations to parents of VLBWIs in order to reduce parental stress about the appearances and behavior of VLBWIs. This is more important than aspect of the NICU environment and education about parental roles.

Stability of immediately loaded 3 mm long miniscrew implants: a feasibility study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Shorter miniscrew implants (MSIs) are needed to make orthodontics more effective and efficient. Objective: To evaluate the stability, insertion torque, removal torque and pain associated with 3 mm long MSIs placed in humans by a novice clinician. Methods: 82 MSIs were placed in the buccal maxillae of 26 adults. Pairs of adjacent implants were immediately loaded with 100g. Subjects were recalled after 1, 3, 5, and 8 weeks to verify stability and complete questionnaires pertaining to MSI-related pain and discomfort. Results: The overall failure rate was 32.9%. The anterior and posterior MSIs failed 35.7% and 30.0% of the time, respectively. Excluding the 10 MSIs (12.2%) that were traumatically dislodged, the failure rates in the anterior and posterior sites were 30.1% and 15.2%, respectively; the overall primary failure rate was 23.6%. Failures were significantly (p= 0.010) greater (46.3% vs 19.5%) among the first 41 MSIs than the last 41 MSIs that were placed. Excluding the traumatically lost MSIs, the failures occurred on or before day 42. Subjects experienced very low pain (2.2% of maximum) and discomfort (5.5% of maximum) during the first week only. Conclusions: Shorter 3 mm MSIs placed by a novice operator are highly likely to fail. However, failure rates can be substantially decreased over time with the placement of more MSIs. Pain and discomfort experienced after placing 3 mm MSIs is minimal and temporary.

RESUMO Introdução: Mini-implantes (MIs) mais curtos são necessários para uma Ortodontia mais eficiente e efetiva. Objetivo: Avaliar a estabilidade, torque de inserção e de remoção e dor associada a MIs de 3mm instalados em humanos por um ortodontista principiante. Métodos: 82 MIs foram instalados na região vestibular da arcada superior de 26 adultos. Pares de mini-implantes adjacente receberam carga imediata de 100g. Após 1, 3, 5 e 8 semanas, os pacientes foram reavaliados para verificar a estabilidade e preencher um questionário sobre a dor e o desconforto relacionados aos MIs. Resultados: A taxa geral de falhas foi de 32,9%, sendo de 35,7% para os MIs anteriores e 30% para os MIs posteriores. Excluindo os 10 MIs que foram perdidos por trauma (12,2%), a taxa de falha nas regiões anterior e posterior foram de 30,1% e 15,2%, respectivamente e ocorreram no 420 dia ou antes. A taxa geral de falha primária foi de 23,6%. A taxa de falha foi significativamente maior (p=0,010) nos primeiros 41 MIs do que nos 41 últimos (46,3% vs. 19,5%). As experiências relacionadas à dor foram baixas (2,2% máximo), assim como ao desconforto (5,5% máximo) durante a primeira semana. Conclusão: MIs de 3mm instalados por um novato são mais propensos a falhas. Porém, as taxas de falha podem diminuir substancialmente com a instalação de mais MIs com o decorrer do tempo. A dor e o desconforto após a instalação desses dispositivos são mínimos e temporários.

Morphological changes of frankel functional regulator III in mixed dentition with class III malocclusion / Cambios morfológicos del regulador funcional frankel III en dentición mixta con maloclusión clase III

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hard and soft tissue profile changes following treatment of functional and mild skeletal class III malocclusion in mixed dentition by means of the Frankel functional regulator (FR-3) appliance, and to reveal the mechanism and effectiveness of treatment with FR-3 appliance. Twenty-six patients (chronological mean age, 8.7±1.4 years; mean treatment duration, 10.3±1.3 months) with functional and mild skeletal class III malocclusion were selected and treated with FR-3 appliances. Lateral cephalogram was taken pre- and post-treatment, and the data was analyzed by paired-samples t test with SPSS22.0 software package. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. The results demonstrated that the FR-3 appliance produced a statistically significant decrease in L1-NB, L1-MP, U1-L1 (P<0.01) and an increase greatly in ANB, MP-FH, Y axis, ANSMe, ANS-Me/N-Me and overjet (P<0.01). SNA, SNB were increased significantly (P<0.05). Meanwhile, N'-Sn-Pog', ULSn-SN, LLSiSN increased, S-N'-Si, LL-EP decreased with significant difference (P<0.01). S-N'-Sn, Cm-Sn-UL, UL-EP, Sn-Mes and Ns-Mes increased with significant difference (P<0.05). Therefore it was concluded that after FR-3 treatment, the position of mandible may rotate clockwise backwards and downwards, with the labioversion of upper incisors and linguoversion of lower incisors. Although point A moved mesially, the length and position of the maxilla did not change significantly. With the protrusion of upper lip and the retrusion of lower lip, the relationship among nose, upper lip, lower lip and chin become harmonious, the profile of soft tissue is more coordinated and attractive.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en el perfil de los tejidos duros y blandos después del tratamiento de la maloclusión funcional y leve de la clase III esquelética en la dentición mixta mediante el aparato regulador funcional Frankel (FR-3), y revelar el mecanismo y efectividad del tratamiento con el aparato FR-3. Veintiseis pacientes (edad media 8,7 ± 1,4 años; duración media del tratamiento, 10,3 ± 1,3 meses) con maloclusión funcional y leve de clase esquelética III fueron seleccionados y tratados con aparatos FR-3. El cefalograma lateral se tomó antes y después del tratamiento, y los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba t de muestras con el software SPSS22.0. Las diferencias se consideraron estadísticamente significativas a P <0,05. Los resultados demostraron que el dispositivo FR-3 produjo una disminución estadísticamente significativa en L1-NB, L1MP, U1-L1 (P <0,01) y un gran aumento en ANB, MP-FH, eje Y, ANS-Me, ANS -Me / N-Me y overjet (P <0,01). SNA, SNB se incrementaron significativamente (P <0,05). Mientras tanto, N'Sn-Pog', ULSn-SN, LLSi-SN aumentaron, S-N'-Si, LL-EP disminuyeron con una diferencia significativa (P <0,01). S-N'-Sn, Cm-Sn-UL, UL-EP, Sn-Mes y Ns-Mes aumentaron con una diferencia significativa (P <0,05). Por lo tanto, se concluyó que después del tratamiento con FR-3, la posición de la mandíbula puede girar en sentido reloj hacia atrás y hacia abajo, con labioversión de los incisivos superiores y linguoversión de los incisivos inferiores. Aunque el punto A se movió mesialmente, la longitud y la posición del maxilar no cambiaron significativamente. Con la protuberancia del labio superior y la retrusión del labio inferior, la relación entre la nariz, el labio superior, el labio inferior y el mentón se armoniza, el perfil del tejido blando es más coordinado y atractivo.

Toluene Inhalation Causes Early Anxiety and Delayed Depression with Regulation of Dopamine Turnover, 5-HT1A Receptor, and Adult Neurogenesis in Mice

Inhaled solvents such as toluene are of particular concern due to their abuse potential that is easily exposed to the environment. The inhalation of toluene causes various behavioral problems, but, the effect of short-term exposure of toluene on changes in emotional behaviors over time after exposure and the accompanying pathological characteristics have not been fully identified. Here, we evaluated the behavioral and neurochemical changes observed over time in mice that inhaled toluene. The mice were exposed to toluene for 30 min at a concentration of either 500 or 2,000 ppm. Toluene did not cause social or motor dysfunction in mice. However, increased anxiety-like behavior was detected in the short-term after exposure, and depression-like behavior appeared as delayed effects. The amount of striatal dopamine metabolites was significantly decreased by toluene, which continued to be seen for up to almost two weeks after inhalation. Additionally, an upregulation of serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor in the hippocampus and the substantia nigra, as well as reduced immunoreactivity of neurogenesis markers in the dentate gyrus, was observed in the mice after two weeks. These results suggest that toluene inhalation, even single exposure, mimics early anxietyand delayed depression-like emotional disturbances, underpinned by pathological changes in the brain.

Comparison of inclination and vertical changes between single-wire and double-wire retraction techniques in lingual orthodontics / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE@#The Heat Induction Typodont System (HITS), used in some recent studies, has a distinct advantage over previous tooth movement simulation methods. This study aimed to compare inclination and vertical changes between the single-wire and double-wire techniques during en masse retraction with different lengths of lever arms in lingual orthodontics using an upgraded version of the HITS.@*METHODS@#Duet lingual brackets, which have two main slots, were used in this study. Forty samples were divided into four groups according to the length of the lever arm (3-mm or 6-mm hook) and the retraction wire (single-wire or double-wire). Four millimeters of en masse retraction was performed using lingual appliances. Thereafter, 3-dimensional-scanned images of the typodont were analyzed to measure inclination and vertical changes of the anterior teeth.@*RESULTS@#Incisor inclination presented more changes in the single-wire groups than in the double-wire groups. However, canine inclination did not differ between these groups. Regarding vertical changes, only the lateral incisors in the single-wire groups presented significantly larger values than did those in the double-wire groups. Combining the effect of hook lengths, among the four groups, the single-wire group with the 3-mm hook had the highest value, while the double-wire group with the 6-mm hook showed the least decrease in crown inclination and extrusion.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The double-wire technique with an extended lever arm provided advantages over the single-wire technique with the same lever arm length in preventing torque loss and extrusion of the anterior teeth during en masse retraction in lingual orthodontics.

Estimation of the prevalence of malocclusion on the basis of nationwide oral health examinations of pre-adolescent and adolescent students during 2012–2017 / 대한치과교정학회지

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of malocclusion with respect to grade, sex, and year among Korean pre-adolescent and adolescent students during 2012–2017. @*Methods@#A total of 165,996 students (first grade [E1, 6–7 years of age], fourth grade [E4, 9–10 years], seventh grade [M1, 12–13 years], and tenth grade [H1, 15–16 years]) were selected by stratified sampling method and underwent the nationwide oral health examination performed by the Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea. The malocclusion assessments based on dentists’ judgments were “no malocclusion,” “needs orthodontic treatment (N-OTx),” and “under orthodontic treatment (U-OTx).” The sum of N-OTx and U-OTx cases was determined as the number of students with malocclusion. After analyzing the prevalence of malocclusion according to grade, sex, and year-by-year differences, Pearson correlation analyses and two-way analyses of variance were performed. @*Results@#The prevalence of malocclusion was 18.7%, which increased with the grades (E1 [8.3%] 0.05) without significant correlation (E1, ρ = 0.129; E4, ρ = –0.495; M1, ρ = 0.406; H1, ρ = –0.383; all p > 0.05). The prevalence of malocclusion within each grade group over the six-year period was more prominent in the female (p < 0.0001). @*Conclusions@#Further studies are necessary to modify the malocclusion assessment method to account for specific types of malocclusion in pre-adolescent and adolescent students.

Efficacy of the extract of Brachypodium sylvaticum as a preventive and an improving agent of periodontal disease / 대한치과재료학회지

We evaluated the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and inhibitory effect of osteoclast differentiation of Brachypodium sylvaticum (BS) to find out the possibility of preventing periodontal disease. The inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) growth by BS and the sustainability of the antibacterial activity was assessed. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cell viability were measured. Osteoclast differentiation was evaluated by Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and TRAP activity. BS showed significant antibacterial activity and sustainable antibacterial activity in P. gingivalis. We also found out that the BS significantly decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and NO production without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, BS inhibited the differentiation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) obtained from mouse bone marrow cells into osteoclasts without cytotoxicity. Taken together, BS can be a promising candidate for a preventive and improving agent of periodontal disease having antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and inhibitory effects of osteoclast differentiation.