Résumé
Abstract This study evaluated the effect of fluoride varnishes containing micrometric or nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on dentin erosive wear in vitro. Bovine root dentin blocks were selected by surface hardness and randomly divided into five experimental groups/varnishes (n = 20/group): placebo, 5% sodium fluoride (NaF); 5% NaF+5% micrometric TMP; 5% NaF+2.5% nanosized TMP; and 5% NaF+5% nanosized TMP. Half of the surface of all blocks received a single application of the assigned varnish, with subsequent immersion in artificial saliva for 6 h. Varnishes were then removed and the blocks were immersed in citric acid (90 s, 4×/day, 5 days). After each erosive cycle, ten blocks of each group were immersed in a placebo dentifrice for 15 s (ERO), while the other ten blocks were subjected to abrasion by brushing (ERO+ABR). Dentin erosive wear was assessed by profilometry. Data were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and to the Holm-Sidak test (p<0.05). Dentin erosive wear was significantly higher for ERO+ABR than for ERO for all varnishes. TMP-containing varnishes promoted superior effects against dentin erosive wear compared with 5% NaF alone; and 5% nanosized TMP led to the lowest wear among all varnishes. In conclusion, the addition of TMP to conventional fluoride varnish (i.e., varnish containing only NaF) enhanced its protective effects against bovine root dentin erosion and erosion+abrasion. Additionally, the use of 5% nanosized TMP led to superior effects in comparison to 5% micrometric TMP, both for erosion and erosion+abrasion in vitro.
Résumé
Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the mechanical, physicochemical, and antimicrobial properties of four different formulations containing micro- or nanoparticles of sodium trimetaphosphate (mTMP and nTMP, respectively). Methodology: Four experimental groups were used in this investigation: two mTMP groups and two nTMP groups, each containing zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and solution containing either chitosan or titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs). Setting time, compression resistance, and radiopacity were estimated. The agar diffusion test was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of the formulations against five different microbial strains: Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces israelii, Candida albicans, and Enterococcus faecalis. Parametric and nonparametric tests were performed after evaluating homoscedasticity data (p<0.05). Results: From the properties evaluated, nTMP cements required less setting time and showed greater resistance to compression. Cements containing TiO2 showed greater radiopacity for both nTMP and mTMP. All four cement formulations showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and L. casei Conclusion: Formulations containing nTMP have shorter setting times and higher compressive strength, and those with TiO2 nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activities. Clinical relevance: The cement containing nTMP, ZrO2, and TiO2 could be an alternative material for protecting the pulp complex.
Résumé
O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do hexametafosfato de sódio (HMP), associado ou não ao fluoreto (F), sobre a composição orgânica, inorgânica e no pH do biofilme mistos de S. mutans e C. albicans formados in vitro. Para todos os estudos, os biofilmes foram formados em poços de placas de microtitulação, colocando uma suspensão (1x107 células/mL C. albicans + 1x108 células/mL S. mutans) em saliva artificial suplementada com sacarose (0,4%), a qual tinha metade de seu conteúdo renovada a cada 24 horas. Os biofilmes foram tratados três vezes (72, 78 e 96 horas de formação), por um minuto, com soluções contendo HMP (0.25, 0.5 ou 1%) com ou sem 500 ppm F, além de soluções contendo 500 e 1100 ppm F. A saliva artificial foi utilizada como controle negativo. Para o estudo microbiológico, após o terceiro tratamento foram realizados os testes de quantificação de células cultiváveis (CFU), biomassa total (teste colorimétrico de cristal violeta CV), atividade metabólica (redução de XTT) e quantificação dos componentes da matriz extracelular (proteína, carboidrato e ácidos nucleicos). Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata, em três ocasiões diferentes. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância a um critério, seguida pelo teste Fisher LSD (p<0.05). O HMP apresentou efeito redutor principalmente na biomassa, metabolismo e nos componentes da matriz extracelular do biofilme. Biofilmes formados por 96 h formam expostos a três diferentes concentrações de sacarose (10, 20 ou 30%) durante 1, 3 ou 5 min. O pH foi medido antes da exposição à sacarose, imediatamente após sua remoção e após 1, 3, 5 e 10 min após a retirada da sacarose. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância a três critérios, seguida pelo teste Fisher LSD (p<0.05). O biofilme exposto a solução de sacarose a 20% por 3 min exibiu padrão de alteração de pH semelhante ao observado in vivo. Para o estudo da concentração de F, Ca, e Pi, após o período de tratamento, estes foram analisados no biofilme total e no fluido do biofilme após a mensuração do pH do biofilme. Em outro conjunto de experimentos, após o terceiro tratamento (96 h de formação de biofilme) o biofilme foi exposto, por 3 minutos, à solução de sacarose a 20%. Esta foi removida e, após 1 minuto, analisou-se o pH do meio e as concentrações de F, Ca, e Pi tanto na biomassa como no fluido do biofilme. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância a dois critérios, seguida pelo teste de Fisher LSD (p<0.05). O tratamento com HMP aumentou a concentração de F e Pi no fluido do biofilme antes da exposição à sacarose, além de manter o pH do meio mais próximo do neutro, mesmo após a exposição do biofilme à sacarose. Assim, é possível concluir que o HMP interfere na biomassa, metabolismo, composição orgânica e inorgânica, bem como no pH do biofilme testado(AU)
The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), associated or not to fluoride (F), on the inorganic, organic composition and pH of the mixed biofilm of S. mutans and C. albicans, formed in vitro. For all studies, the biofilms were formed in wells of microtiter plates by placing a suspension (1 x 107 cells/mL C. albicans + 1x108 cells/mL S. mutans) in artificial saliva supplemented with sucrose (0,4%), which had half of its content renewed every 24 hours. Biofilms were treated three times (72, 78 and 96 hours of formation), for one minute, with solutions containing HMP (0.25, 0.5 or 1%) with or without 500 ppm F, as well as solutions containing 500 and 1100 ppm F. Artificial saliva was used as a negative control. For the microbiological study, the following tests were performed: quantification of cultivable cells (UFC), total biomass (colorimetric crystal violet test - CV), metabolic activity (XTT reduction) and quantification of matrix components (protein, carbohydrate and nucleic acid). All assays were performed in triplicate on three different occasions. The results were submitted to one-way analysis of variance, followed by the Fisher LSD's test (p<0.05). HMP showed a reducing effect mainly on the biomass, metabolism and components of the extracellular matrix of the biofilm. Biofilms formed for 96 h were exposed to three different concentrations of sucrose (10, 20 or 30%) for 1, 3 or 5 min. The pH was measured before exposure to sucrose, immediately after its removal and after 1, 3, 5 and 10 min after removal of the sucrose. The results were submitted to 3- way analysis of variance, followed by the Fisher LSD test (p<0.05). The biofilm exposed to 20% sucrose solution for 3 min exhibited a pattern of pH change similar to that observed in vivo. For the study of the concentrations of F, Ca, and Pi, these ions were analyzed in the total biofilm and in the biofilm fluid after treatment with the test solutions and after the pH measurement of the biofilm. In another set of experiments, after the third treatment (96 h of biofilm formation), the biofilms were exposed for 3 minutes to a 20% sucrose solution. This was removed and after 1 minute the biofilms were collected, and the pH of the medium and F, Ca, and Pi concentrations were determined both in the biomass and in the biofilm fluid. The data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance, followed by Fisher LSD's test (p<0.05). Treatment with HMP increased F and Pi concentration of the biofilm fluid prior sucrose exposition, and maintained the pH of the medium close to neutral values even after exposure of the biofilm to sucrose. Thus, it is possible to conclude that HMP interferes in the biomass, metabolism, organic and inorganic composition and the pH of the biofilm tested(AU)
Sujets)
Phosphates , Streptococcus mutans , Candida albicans , Fluor , Polyphosphates , Biofilms , Fluorures , Concentration en ions d'hydrogèneRésumé
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as propriedades antimicrobianas, físico-mecânicas e de liberação de fluoreto do cimento de ionômero de vidro (CIV) associado ao hexametafosfato de sódio (HMP) microparticulado e nanoparticulado. Inicialmente, foram obtidas soluções de HMP nas concentrações 1, 3, 6, 9 e 12 % e a atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada contra Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus e Actinomyces israelli por meio do teste de difusão em ágar. A mesma metodologia foi empregada para determinar a atividade antimicrobiana do CIV associado ao HMP nas concentrações de 6, 9 e 12 % microparticulado ou nanoparticulado. Foi determinada a liberação de fluoreto (F) e HMP em soluções de desmineralização e remineralização. Além disso, as resistências à tração diametral e compressão, dureza de superfície e grau de conversão de monômeros foram analisados. Testes paramétricos e não paramétricos foram realizados, após a verificação da homocedasticidade dos dados (p < 0,05). As soluções de 6, 9 e 12 % de HMP apresentaram melhor atividade antimicrobiana contra as bactérias testadas, sendo essas concentrações incorporadas ao CIV. Todas as concentrações de HMP associado ao CIV tiveram atividade antimicrobiana para todas as bactérias. Observou-se uma relação dose-resposta entre concentração de HMP no CIV e a atividade antimicrobiana. Com relação à liberação de F e HMP, os maiores valores ocorreram no primeiro dia em todos os grupos e as maiores médias de liberação ocorreram nos grupos contendo 9 e 12 % de HMP nanoparticulado. Entretanto, a incorporação do HMP ao CIV reduziu as propriedades físico-mecânicas quando comparado ao CIV mostrando uma relação dose-resposta. Concluiu-se que a incorporação de HMP no CIV melhora a atividade antimicrobiana e aumenta a liberação de F, porém reduz suas propriedades físico-mecânicas. A redução das partículas de HMP levou a melhores resultados antimicrobianos e de liberação de fluoreto...
The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial, physico-mechanical and fluoride release properties of the glass ionomer cement (GIC) associated with HMP microparticle and nanoparticle. Initially, solutions of HMP were obtained at concentrations of 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 %, and the antibacterial activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Actinomyces israelli by agar diffusion test. The same methodology was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of GIC associated with HMP at concentrations of 6, 9 and 12 % microparticle or nanoparticle. The release of F and HMP were determined in demineralization and remineralization solutions. Furthermore, the resistance to diametral tensile and compression, surface hardness and the degree of conversion of monomers were measured. Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed, after checking homocedasticity data (p < 0.05). The solutions of 6, 9 and 12 % of HMP showed better antimicrobial activity against all bacteria tested, and these concentrations incorporated into the CIV. All concentrations of HMP incorporated into the GIC had antimicrobial activity for all bacteria. There was a dose-response relationship between concentration of HMP in the GIC and antimicrobial activity. Regarding the release of F and HMP, higher values occurred on the first day in all groups and the highest levels of release occurred in groups containing 9 and 12 % of HMP nanoparticle. However the incorporation of HMP in the GIC reduced values of physical and mechanical tests when compared to the GIC, showing a dose-response relationship. It was concluded that the incorporation of HMP in GIC improves antimicrobial activity and increase the release of fluoride, but reduces its physical and mechanical properties. The reduction of particulate HMP led to better antimicrobial and fluoride release results...