Present situation and enlightenment of continuing education of dental hygienists in America / 中国实用护理杂志

Introducing the continuing education of the dental hygienist in eight states of the U.S.,to understand the the category of practice,professional ability,curriculum, teaching methods and teaching evaluation standard. To analyze the continuing education in eight states to provide a reference for constructing a curriculum system that is suitable for China.

Expression of high mobility group box 1 in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) were stimulated with 1 microg x mL(-1) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h or 48 h. Expression and release of HMGB1 were checked by immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. PBMC were stimulated with 100 ng x mL(-1) HMGB1 or 50 ng x mL(-1) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), the expressions of TNF-alpha and HMGB1 in the supernatant were studied by ELISA. Gingival tissues and gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) were collected from patients and healthy people. Expression of HMGB1 in gingival tissues and GCF was studied using immunofluorescence and ELISA, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HMGB1 was translocated from nucleus to cytosol in PBMC after LPS stimulation for 24 h. The content of HMGB1 in the supernatant from stimulated cells was significantly higher than that from unstimulated cells after 48 h (P < 0.01). HMGB1 was released by PBMC in response to TNF-alpha stimulation, it also stimulated PBMC to release TNF-alpha (P < 0.01). Translocation of HMGB1 from nucleus to cytosol was also found in infiltrated cells in gingival tissues from patients, and HMGB1 in GCF from patients was significantly higher than that from healthy people P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results suggest that HMGB1 may play an important role in the pathological progress of chronic periodontitis.</p>

Mechanism of carbon monoxide affecting the expression of cellular adhesion molecule under stimulation of inflammatory cytokines to human gingival fibroblasts / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the mechanism by which carbon monoxide inhibits the expression of adhesion molecules on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) stimulated with inflammatory cytokines.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HGF were cultured in vitro, and stimulated with 50 ng x mL tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and 10 ng x mL(-1) interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) concurrently in the presence or absence of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) at 500 micromol x L-1. Expression of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (NK) and phosphorylated p38 in mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) pathway was studied by Western blot at 10 min and 20 min, respectively. Nuclear expression of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was checked by Western blot after 4 h stimulation. In some experiments, cells were prestimulated by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) for 8 h before cytokine stimulation and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was checked by Western blot after 24 h.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>CORM-3 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPK p38 after 10 min stimulation with cytokines, but had no signifi-cant effect on the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. CORM-3 significantly inhibited the nuclear expression of NF-KB-p65 on HGF after 4 h stimulation by inflammatory cytokines. The inhibitory effect of CORM-3 on the expression of ICAM-1 was not influenced by guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The inhibitory effect of carbon monoxide on the expression of adhesion molecules might be exerted by its inhibitory effect on the NF-kappaB activity and MAPK p38 phosphorylation.</p>

Influence of carbon monoxide on the expression of adhesion molecules stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta on human gingival fibroblasts / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of carbon monoxide on the expression of adhesion molecules stimulated by inflammatory cytokines on human gingival fibroblasts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with 50 ng x mL(-1) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and 10 ng x mL(-1) interleukin (IL)-1beta concurrently in the presence or absence of 500 micromol x L(-1) carbon monoxide releasing molecule (CORM). Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 at protein and mRNA level was examined by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Activity of transcription factor NF-kappaB was evaluated by reporter gene assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on human gingival fibroblasts increased dramatically after concurrent stimulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, while CORM inhibited the upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. CORM decreased the activity of NF-KB stimulated by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Carbon monoxide could be a promising way in treating of periodontitis.</p>