Therapeutic Efficacy of Spironolactone for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Purpose@#To evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of oral spironolactone (SPRL) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). @*Materials and Methods@#The medical records and imaging data of patients diagnosed with CSC and treated with SPRL were retrospectively reviewed. Central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal fluid (SRF) height, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at baseline, at 1, 3, and 6 months, and at the last visit after the treatment were analyzed. @*Results@#In total, 103 patients with 107 eyes were included. The mean age of the patients was 51.5±9.3 years, and 77 (72.0%) were male. The mean follow-up duration was 48.6±40.2 weeks. The mean duration of oral SPRL therapy was 15.5±13.4 weeks. CMT, SRF height, and SFCT improved significantly at 1, 3, and 6 months after SPRL therapy and at the last follow-up. BCVA, however, showed no significant change at any time point. The rate of complete resolution of SRF at 1 month was higher in those with chronic CSC than in those with acute CSC (21.1% vs. 6.0%, respectively). Recurrence occurred in 14 (13.1%) eyes after the complete resolution of SRF. Older age (p=0.001), a greater number of previous intravitreal bevacizumab injections (p=0.006), and poor initial visual acuity (p=0.048) were associated with recurrence. No permanent adverse effects were observed. @*Conclusion@#Oral SPRL showed therapeutic benefits in patients with CSC in terms of SRF resolution, but relatively frequent recurrence was observed, especially in older patients.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant in Korean Patients with Non-infectious Uveitis

Purpose@#To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in non-infectious uveitis (divided into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis types). @*Methods@#The medical records of patients who received intravitreal dexamethasone implants between June 2013 and January 2018 at a tertiary referral hospital were analyzed retrospectively. @*Results@#A total of 38 eyes of 36 patients were included. All patients were diagnosed with non-infectious uveitis and received intravitreal dexamethasone implants. The mean age was 55.6 years, and 18 (50.0%) patients were male. In total, 6 (15.8%) eyes were diagnosed with anterior uveitis, 5 (13.2%) with intermediate uveitis, 16 (42.1%) with posterior uveitis, and 11 (28.9%) with panuveitis. Patients with all types of uveitis showed significant improvement in clinical outcomes after intravitreal dexamethasone implant. Three eyes showed increased intraocular pressure, while four showed cataract progression and thus received cataract extraction after injection. Seventeen (44.7%) eyes relapsed an average of 1.18 ± 0.39 times and received additional treatments. @*Conclusions@#Non-infectious uveitis patients showed significant improvement in clinical outcomes after intravitreal dexamethasone implant injection. However, care is required during injection due to the risk of recurrence, as well as side effects such as increased intraocular pressure and cataract progression.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant in Korean Patients with Non-infectious Uveitis

Purpose@#To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in non-infectious uveitis (divided into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis types). @*Methods@#The medical records of patients who received intravitreal dexamethasone implants between June 2013 and January 2018 at a tertiary referral hospital were analyzed retrospectively. @*Results@#A total of 38 eyes of 36 patients were included. All patients were diagnosed with non-infectious uveitis and received intravitreal dexamethasone implants. The mean age was 55.6 years, and 18 (50.0%) patients were male. In total, 6 (15.8%) eyes were diagnosed with anterior uveitis, 5 (13.2%) with intermediate uveitis, 16 (42.1%) with posterior uveitis, and 11 (28.9%) with panuveitis. Patients with all types of uveitis showed significant improvement in clinical outcomes after intravitreal dexamethasone implant. Three eyes showed increased intraocular pressure, while four showed cataract progression and thus received cataract extraction after injection. Seventeen (44.7%) eyes relapsed an average of 1.18 ± 0.39 times and received additional treatments. @*Conclusions@#Non-infectious uveitis patients showed significant improvement in clinical outcomes after intravitreal dexamethasone implant injection. However, care is required during injection due to the risk of recurrence, as well as side effects such as increased intraocular pressure and cataract progression.

Colon Polyp Detection in Primary Health Care Institutions of Korea: Detection Rate and Issues with Following the Guidelines / 대한소화기학회지

Background/Aims@#There have been few multicenter studies on colonic polyps conducted by primary medical institutions. This study examined the detection rate of colonic polyps in primary health care institutions and the related factors while following the guidelines. @*Methods@#The medical records of 14,029 patients who underwent colonoscopy between January-June 2020 at 40 primary medical institutions in Korea were analyzed. High-risk adenoma was defined as advanced adenoma, carcinoma, or ≥3 adenomas. @*Results@#Most patients (71.2%) aged ≥50 years underwent re-colonoscopy within 5 years (51.3%) for diagnostic purposes (61.3%) in Korean primary medical institutions. The detection rates of colon polyps, adenoma, advanced adenoma, high-risk adenoma, and carcinoma was 59.9%, 38.9%, 5.9%, 11.4%, and 0.3% in all subjects and 59.8%, 37.5%, 8.5%, 12.9%, and 0.3% in average-risk patients, respectively. The incidences of adenoma in average-risk patients increased significantly with age (30s/40s/50s: 20.1%/29.4%/43% for adenoma, 4.4%/6.7%/10.3% for advanced adenoma, and 5.6%/9.5%/14.6% for high-risk adenoma; p<0.05). Before 50 years of age, high-risk adenoma was detected in 9.1% of patients in the first-time screening group, and the significant risk factors were being male and ≥40 years of age. The detection rate of high-risk adenoma in the normal index colonoscopy group within 5 years was 9.0%. The significant risk factors included older age, male sex, positive fecal occult blood test, stool form changes, and nonspecific symptoms (gas and indigestion). @*Conclusions@#More colonic adenoma studies targeting real-world clinical practice will be needed to revise the Korean guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance.

Therapeutic Effects and Safety of Spironolactone for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Purpose@#To evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of oral spironolactone (SPRL) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). @*Methods@#Medical records and imaging data from consecutive patients diagnosed with CSC and treated with SPRL were reviewed. Changes in central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal fluids (SRF), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured at baseline and follow-up visits. Follow-up visits were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The patients were divided into two groups; acute and chronic, and the therapeutic outcomes were compared. The occurrence of side effects and recurrence after complete resolution of SRF were also assessed. @*Results@#A total of 42 patients with 45 eyes were included. CMT and SRF after using SPRL improved significantly at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and SFCT improved at 3, 6, and 12 months. However, BCVA showed no significant change at any time. Acute patients showed similar results. However, in chronic patients, CMT showed significant differences at 1 and 3 months, SRF at 1 and 6 months, and SFCT at 6 months. A total of 15.6%, 38.2%, 45.8%, and 50.0% of eyes showed complete resolution of SRF at each follow-up period, respectively, and 8.9% of eyes showed recurrence after complete resolution. Two male patients experienced gynecomastia and one patient showed mild elevation of serum creatinine. @*Conclusions@#Our study supported the therapeutic benefits of SPRL in patients with CSC, especially in anatomical structures. However, careful observation is required because of side effects and recurrence after complete resolution.

Therapeutic Effects and Safety of Spironolactone for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Purpose@#To evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of oral spironolactone (SPRL) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). @*Methods@#Medical records and imaging data from consecutive patients diagnosed with CSC and treated with SPRL were reviewed. Changes in central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal fluids (SRF), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured at baseline and follow-up visits. Follow-up visits were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The patients were divided into two groups; acute and chronic, and the therapeutic outcomes were compared. The occurrence of side effects and recurrence after complete resolution of SRF were also assessed. @*Results@#A total of 42 patients with 45 eyes were included. CMT and SRF after using SPRL improved significantly at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and SFCT improved at 3, 6, and 12 months. However, BCVA showed no significant change at any time. Acute patients showed similar results. However, in chronic patients, CMT showed significant differences at 1 and 3 months, SRF at 1 and 6 months, and SFCT at 6 months. A total of 15.6%, 38.2%, 45.8%, and 50.0% of eyes showed complete resolution of SRF at each follow-up period, respectively, and 8.9% of eyes showed recurrence after complete resolution. Two male patients experienced gynecomastia and one patient showed mild elevation of serum creatinine. @*Conclusions@#Our study supported the therapeutic benefits of SPRL in patients with CSC, especially in anatomical structures. However, careful observation is required because of side effects and recurrence after complete resolution.

Accuracy of the Hand-held Wavefront Aberrometer in Measurement of Refractive Error

Purpose@#To compare refractive error measured by hand-held wavefront aberrometers with postcycloplegic autorefraction (AR) and cycloplegic refraction (CR). @*Methods@#The medical records of patients who received refractive measurements using the wavefront aberrometer, postcycloplegic AR, and CR between January 2014 and January 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The mean differences, 95% confidence intervals, and limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated for the refractive vector components (M, J0, and J45). @*Results@#Fifty-one patients (9.0 ± 5.5 years, male 41.2%) were enrolled in this study, and only the right eye of each was included. Refractive errors ranged from -9.25 to +7.25 diopters (D) for spherical equivalent (median, 0.75 D). The M component was not significantly different among the three methods (p = 0.080). However, the J0 vector component was significantly different (p < 0.001). After post hoc analysis, the wavefront aberrometer obtained more positive values for J0 compared to the other methods. The J45 component was not significantly different among the three methods (p = 0.143). The mean difference between the wavefront aberrometer and postcycloplegic AR was -0.115 D (LOA, -1.578 to 1.348 D) for M, 0.239 D (LOA, -0.371 to 0.850 D) for J0, and -0.015 D (LOA, -0.768 to 0.738 D) for J45. The mean difference between the wavefront aberrometer and CR was -0.220 D (LOA, -1.790 to 1.350 D) for M, 0.300 D (LOA, -0.526 to 1.127 D) for J0, and -0.079 D (-0.662 to 0.504 D) for J45. @*Conclusions@#The wavefront aberrometer showed good agreement with postcycloplegic AR and CR in spherical equivalents, but tended to produce slightly myopic results. The wavefront aberrometer also overestimated with-the-rule astigmatism. Therefore, we recommend that the device be used for estimations of refractive error, which may be useful for patients who have postural difficulties, live in undeveloped countries, or are bedridden.

Ophthalmologic Manifestation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review / 대한소화기학회지

In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ocular extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) are less common than EIM of other systems, but they are clinically important because they can lead to complications that can cause catastrophic damage to the visual acuity and ocular structure. Anterior uveitis and episcleritis are the most common ocular EIM. Involvement of the orbit, posterior segment, and optic nerve can also occur. A variety of treatments are available ranging from topical steroids to systemic immunosuppressive therapies. The treatment of IBD is also essential if the activity of inflammatory bowel disease affects the ocular symptoms.

Ophthalmologic Manifestation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review / 대한소화기학회지

In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ocular extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) are less common than EIM of other systems, but they are clinically important because they can lead to complications that can cause catastrophic damage to the visual acuity and ocular structure. Anterior uveitis and episcleritis are the most common ocular EIM. Involvement of the orbit, posterior segment, and optic nerve can also occur. A variety of treatments are available ranging from topical steroids to systemic immunosuppressive therapies. The treatment of IBD is also essential if the activity of inflammatory bowel disease affects the ocular symptoms.

Production of Egg Yolk Antibodies Specific to House Dust Mite Proteins

PURPOSE: House dust mites (HDMs) are an important source of indoor allergens associated with asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Chicken immunoglobulin (Ig) Y is known to be a good alternative to mice and rabbit antibody production. In this study, we produced IgYs specific to HDMs and investigated their IgE immunoreactivities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total IgYs were isolated from the yolks of White Leghorn hens immunized with either Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or D. farinae protein extract. Control antibodies were separated from the yolks of immunized hens with phosphate buffered saline. IgYs specific to HDMs were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: The concentration of egg IgY specific to D. farinae in an immunized hen increased and the highest achieved was 661.3 ug/mg (per an egg) on day 47, compared with 760 ug/mg IgY specific to D. pteronyssinus on day 16. The D. pteronyssinus or D. farinae-specific IgY was detected by binding of each mite proteins, and their immunoreactivities were elevated dependent of the specific IgY concentration. CONCLUSION: IgY specific to HDMs may be a promising antibody for immunological diagnosis as well as identification of possible resistance relating to HDM allergy.

A Proposal of New Reference System for the Standard Axial, Sagittal, Coronal Planes of Brain Based on the Serially-Sectioned Images

Sectional anatomy of human brain is useful to examine the diseased brain as well as normal brain. However, intracerebral reference points for the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes of brain have not been standardized in anatomical sections or radiological images. We made 2,343 serially-sectioned images of a cadaver head with 0.1 mm intervals, 0.1 mm pixel size, and 48 bit color and obtained axial, sagittal, and coronal images based on the proposed reference system. This reference system consists of one principal reference point and two ancillary reference points. The two ancillary reference points are the anterior commissure and the posterior commissure. And the principal reference point is the midpoint of two ancillary reference points. It resides in the center of whole brain. From the principal reference point, Cartesian coordinate of x, y, z could be made to be the standard axial, sagittal, and coronal planes.

Ileal Mucormycosis Diagnosed by Colonoscopy in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia / 대한소화기학회지

Gastrointestinal mucormycosis is an uncommon opportunistic fungal infection often presents in immunocompromised patients. Direct invasion of the intestinal walls by spores from ingested food is the main pathogenetic mechanism of this disease, which usually takes place in stomach and colon. Early diagnosis is critical, especially in vascular invasive types, due to its high mortality rate close to 100%. In the past when appropriate diagnostic tools were not available, mucormycosis were frequently found with autopsy. The advance in current endoscopic technology has increased diagnostic rate and made successful management available with appropriate treatments such as debridement of contaminated tissues. In this case report, we discussed a case of ileal mucormycosis diagnosed by colonoscopy and treated with anti-fungal agent successfully.

Long-term therapeutic effects of partial splenic embolization on secondary hypersplenism / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: Liver cirrhosis causes secondary hypersplenism and thrombocytopenia is clinically troublesome. Splenectomy (SPL) was thought to be the curative management for correcting thrombocytopenia. However, decompensated liver function prevents any surgical approach due to high morbidity and mortality. Hence, partial splenic embolization (PSE) has been introduced, which is a less invasive procedure. The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term therapeutic effects of PSE and to compare them with those of SPL. METHODS: This study was performed retrospectively in patients who underwent PSE or SPL from Jan. 1999 to Dec. 2003. The patients either had symptoms of bleeding or they needed to correct their thrombocytopenia for further treatment of associated diseases. The therapeutic effects were evaluated, and the complications were assessed. RESULTS: Forty and 35 patients were enrolled in the PSE and SPL groups, respectively. WBC, platelet and hemoglobin counts were all significantly increased at the 2 year follow-up in both groups. Child-Pugh score significantly decreased in the PSE group from 6.5 before treatment to 5.5 after treatment (p=0.004). Minor complications were easily controlled with supportive care, and major complications very rarely occurred in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: PSE and SPL both proved to be effective measures with few serious complications for treating pancytopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis. Considering the improved liver function (the prothrombin time) and the Child-Pugh score after PSE, it may be more reasonable to initially recommend PSE for the patients with liver cirrhosis and secondary hypersplenism.

Clinical Efficacy of Serum PIVKA-II in the Diagnosis and Follow up after Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA-II) appears to be a useful tumor marker for the evaluation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). But the usefulness of PIVKA-II was not yet clear in Korea where hepatitis B-virus is endemic. We investigated the usefulness of PIVKA-II in the diagnosis and follow-up after treatment of HCC. METHODS: We studied patients with HCC which was pathologically confirmed. PIVKA-II was measured by enzyme immunoassay. PIVKA-II levels before and after treatment, in correlation with imaging studies, were analyzed for the comparison of treatment responses. Kappa index was obtained. RESULTS: A total of 129 patients were included. 93 patients (72%) were HBsAg positive. 86 patients (67%) were PIVKA-II >40 mAU/mL. 52 patients (40%) were AFP >20 ng/mL and 77 patients (60%) were AFP 40 mAU/mL. 68 of 129 patients were evaluated treatment response. On the basis of radiologic response, CR was 33, PR 17, SD 12, and PD 6. Of the 33 radiologic CR patients, 30 patients were CR and 3 patients were PR by means of PIVKA-II response. Of the 17 radiologic PR patients, 6 patients were CR and 7 patients were PR. Therefore, tumor responses by radiologic and PIVKA-II were well correlated (Kappa index was 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: PIVKA-II can be used as a useful tumor marker for patients with HCC, especially those with low levels of AFP, before and after treatment in Korea.

Research Progress and Future Perspectives in Animal Stem Cell Research

Researches on manipulating pluripotent stem cells derived from blastocysts or primordial germ cells (PGCs) have a great advantage for developing innovative technologies in various fields of life science including medicine, pharmaceutics, and biotechnology. Since their first isolation in the mouse embryos(1), stem cells or stem cell-like colonies have been continuously established in the mouse of different strains(21), cattle(2, 3), pig(4, 5), rabbit(6, 7), and human(9). However, full-term development originated from established pluripotent cells, which is an absolute criterion for proving cell pluripotency and differentiation, has only been reported in the mouse(22). Due to technical difficulties, no further progress has been made in the establishment of animal embryonic stem (ES) cell line. Alternatively, the use of embryonic germ (EG) cells was selected to establish an animal stem cell line. EG cells also have pluripotent characteristics, which were proven by morphological assay, intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity, and reactions with cell surface-specific markers. The finding of Labosky et al.(23) on germline chimera development after transfer to embryos clearly proved the pluripotency of EG cells and their similar characteristics with ES cells. Avian transgenesis has an unlimited value in biotechnology industry, since its applicability as a bioreactor has proven to be greater than that of mammalian species(24). In the chicken, EG cells can be extensively utilized instead of ES cells for efficiently inducing transgenesis mediated by germline transmission. Recently, PGCs collected from the embryonic gonad were suggested to be useful in establishing avian stem cells. Technical feasibility and applicability of gonadal PGCs (gPGCs) to germline chimera production were also confirmed(25) and a gPGC culture system to establish EG cells was subsequently developed(15).

Effect of Yellow sand on respiratory symptoms and diurnal variation of peak expiratory flow in patients with bronchial asthma / 천식및알레르기

BACKGROUND: It is known that air borne particulates are closely related with the respiratory symptoms and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in patients with respiratory diseases. In Korea, concentrations of airborne dust and inhalable particulates are dramatically increased by the Yellow sand phenomenon, especially in springtime. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Yellow sand-related airborne dust on the respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function of patients with bronchial asthma. METHOD: 21 non-smoking, tree pollen non-sensitized subjects with bronchial asthma in Seoul were included in this study. For each subject, asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms were recorded by self-administered standardized questionnaire and by monitoring PEF between April and May 2000. Symptom score and diurnal variability of PEF were compared with the levels of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) checked in that time at 25 points in Seoul. RESULTS: 15 (71.4%) of the enrolled subjects successfully finished this study. There was no statistically significant relationship between the increment of Yellow sand-related PM10 and respiratory symptom or PEF variability. Of the 15 subjects, there were increased symptoms for the eye in 2 (13.3%) subjects, nose in 3 (20.0%), and sinus in 1 (6.7%), which were associated with Yellow sand-related increase of airborne dust levels. 5 (33.3%) subjects showed changes of PEF variability proportional to the change of PM10. CONCLUSION: Meteorological phenomenon related with Yellow sand has a potential risk of aggravating the upper respiratory tract symptoms and of deteriorating pulmonary functions in patients with asthma.

Clinical Implication of Automatically Analysed AFP-L3 and PIVKA-II in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prothrombin induced by Vitamin K Antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) subtype reacting with Lens Culinaris Agglutinin (AFP-L3) are known as specific tumor markers for HCC. Recently a more sensitive EIA method for PIVKA-II and an automatic analyzer with Liquid Phase Binding Assay method (LBA method) for AFP-L3 have been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of PIVKA-II and AFP-L3 measured by newly developed methods as complementary tumor markers to AFP in the diagnosis of HCC. METHODS: The serum concentration of AFP, PIVKA-II, and a fraction of AFP-L3 were determined from 188 patients with HCC and 118 patients with various liver diseases including 46 with liver cirrhosis, 10 with chronic hepatitis, 50 with metastatic liver cancers, and 12 with benign tumors of the liver. AFP was measured by EIA, PIVKA-II by sensitive EIA, and AFP-L3 by the LBA method with LiBASys Auto-analyzer. The cutoff values for AFP, PIVKA-II, and AFP-L3 were 400 ng/mL, 40 mAU/mL, and 15%, respectively. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of serum PIVKA-II were 69.2% and 76.5%, respectively. Sixty-two (51.2%) of 121 patients with HCC, in which AFP was less than 400 ng/mL were PIVKA-II positive. The sensitivity and specificity of serum AFP-L3 were 48.8% and 90.8%, respectively. When AFP-L3 was used in combination with PIVKA-II, 31 (46.3%) of the 67 patients with small less than 3 cm HCC were positive for at least one of these markers. CONCLUSION: PIVKA-II measured by sensitive EIA may be useful for the diagnosis of HCC with low AFP level. AFP-L3 and PIVKA-II may improve the detection rate of small HCCs less than 3 cm.