Application of digital three-dimensional reconstruction in placenta accreta spectrum disorders / 中华围产医学杂志

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders are one of the important causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Some studies reported that the limitations in commonly used auxiliary examination methods led to missed or misdiagnosis, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Digital three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is the 3D graphical visualization constructed on the original data to illustrate the spatial relationship between structures, overcoming the limitations of two-dimensional images. As a novel auxiliary diagnostic tool, digital 3D reconstruction provides promising insights into the development of personalized precision medicine. This article reviews the research and application of ultrasound and MRI 3D reconstruction in the field of PAS.

Ultrasound image analysis of partially cystic thyroid nodules / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of high frequency ultrasound in benign and malignant thyroid partially cystic nodules.Methods:The preoperative ultrasound features of 159 thyroid cystic and solid nodules confirmed by surgery and pathology in Shenzhen Longgang Central Hospital from June 2017 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the ultrasonic manifestations, it can be divided into four types: type Ⅰ, band separation or flocculent echo in the interior; type Ⅱ, the small papillary middle echo process was seen on the wall; type Ⅲ, with band separation or flocculent echo and papillary medium echo process; type Ⅳ, the internal was mainly solid echo, and the inner part was irregular small piece echo and fissure echo free echo. The coincidence rate of ultrasonic diagnosis and pathological results of all types was observed.Results:Among 159 cystic and solid thyroid nodules, 22 were malignant and 137 were benign. The coincidence rate of ultrasonic diagnosis and pathological results of type Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ cystic solid thyroid nodules were 97%(61/63), 80%(45/56), 90%(9/10) and 67%(20/30), respectively. Type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ, type Ⅲ were mainly cystic components, with cystic components ≥ 50%; In type Ⅳ, solid component was the main component and cystic component was less than 50%.Conclusions:The internal zonal separation or flocculent echo was the characteristic ultrasonic manifestation of benign cystic solid nodules; It is easy to be misdiagnosed because of the lowest coincidence rate of ultrasound diagnosis for cystic and solid thyroid nodules with internal solid echo, irregular small piece like and fissure like anechoic. Careful observation of the characteristics can improve the accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis.

The screening of pathogenic locus in a primary open angle glaucoma pedigree / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective To screen the pathogenic locus and gene in a primary open angle glaucoma(POAG),and to provide a basis for molecular genetic study of POAG.Methods A POAG pedigree with 35 members was diagnosed in Sichuan peoples' Hospital from January to August 2005.The disease history and clinical data were collected.Genome-wide scan was performed for the families.Specific software was used to calculate the LOD value,which based on the allele (haploid) typing result with two-point method to definite the positive loci by the largest LOD value.Results The POAG family had 35 members of 4 generations.18 patients were diagnosed as juvenile open angle glaucoma from visual disc shape abnormality and loss of typical visual field.All of the patients in this family suffered various degrees of binocular vision loss and vision loss in childhood,with poorly visual function.The LOD values of 3 short tandom repeat (STR) markers on chromosome 2 were greater than 3.0,they were D2S2369 (LOD value 4.0033),D2S2332 (LOD value 3.8402) and D2S337 (LOD value 4.7520).There was a genetic linkage near the three genetic markers in the family.The primary glaucoma positive locus was a in chromosome p15 to chromosome p16.2,and the genetic distance was about 9 Mb,locating in between the markers D2S2369 and D2S2397.Conclusions GLCIH is a pathogenic locus for this POAG pedigree,which supplies an evidence for elucidating the pathogenesis of POAG.

Study on genetic mutation of surfactant dysfunction in children with interstitial lung disease / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To study the genetic mutation of surfactant dysfunction in children with interstitial lung disease.Methods The surfactant protein B (SFTPB),surfactant protein (SFTPC),ATP binding cassette transporter A3 (ABCA3) gene sequence detection were conducted for 26 patients with interstitial lung disease who were onset before 2 years old or without specific etiology after the biopsy during January 2012 to December 2017 in Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University,then the result of gene sequence detection and the clinical data were analyzed.The method of gene analysis is PCR amplify and Sanger sequencing.Results (1) In total,4 cases of abnormal gene mutations had been found,of which 3 cases were pathogenic SFTPC gene mutations,such as c.218T ＞ C,IVS4,+ 1G ＞ C,c.115G ＞ T,1 case was ABCA3 compound heterozygous mutations,such as C.3913 T ＞ C and heterozygous deletion in Exon 13-18.(2)There were also 7 uncertain or suspected cases.Four cases were undefined pathogenic SFTPC mutations,such as c.406G ＞ C,IVS4,+ 12 G ＞ G,c.364T ＞ C,c.68G ＞ A.Three cases had been found with two ABCA3 heterozygous gene mutations,which were not confirmed by parents.The lung pathology of the patient with SFTPC (IVS4,+ 12 T ＞ G) and heterozygous ABCA3 (c.737C ＞ T)gene mutations was amyloidosis,and there was similar history in his family.(3) No pathogenic gene mutation was found in the 15 cases.No pathogenic SFTPB gene mutation was found in all the patient.Lung biopsy was performed in 2 cases of SFTPC c.115G ＞ T and ABCA3 compound heterozygous mutation,the lung tissue of this 2 cases were nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).One case of SFTPC c.115G ＞ T had died at the age of 14 years old and 1 case of IVS4,+ 1G ＞ C had died at the age of 11 months old.Only 1 case of SFTPC c.218T ＞ C gene mutation with the similar family history,had improved significantly after glucocorticoid treatment,another case of ABCA3 compound heterozygous mutation was mildly improved after the glucocorticoid treatment.The chest CT/high resolution computed tomography displayed diffuse ground glass opacity in 4 cases,and cystic in 2 cases,all 2 cases with cystic were cases of SFTPC mutation and were dead.Conclusions The gene mutation of surfactant dysfunction is associated with interstitial lung disease in children.The pathology feature can be NSIP,and the prognosis may be poor in some cases,and the treatment of the corticosteroids may be effective in few case.

Vascular Echo Tracking Technology in Evaluating Vascular Elasticity of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Combined with Proteinuria with Normal Intima and Medial Membrane of Femoral Artery / 中国医学影像学杂志

Purpose To explore the application of vascular echo tracking technology in early stage vascular lesions of type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with proteinuria with normal intima and medial membrane of femoral artery,in order to provide evidence for early clinical intervention and to reduce complications of diabetes patients.Materials and Methods Fifty-two patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed in Longgang Central Hospital from March 2015 to July 2016 were selected,20in proteinuria group and 32 in group without proteinuria.30 patients at the same stage with normal physical examination results were selected as control group.Vascular echo-tracking technology was used to check femoral arterial elasticity on both sides of the examinee,including stiffness parameter (β),pressure-strain elasticity modulus (Ep),arterial compliance (AC),augmentation index (AI) and one-point pulse wave velocity (PWVβ).Results ① Ep,β and PWVβ of femoral artery in diabetes patients were higher than those in control group,and AC was lower than that in control group.The differences was of statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical difference in AI between the two groups (P＞0.05).② Ep,β and PWVβ of femoral artery for patients in proteinuria group were higher than those in group without proteinuria and AC was also lower.The difference was of statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical difference in AI between the two groups (P＞0.05).③ After judgment and analysis,AC and diastolic blood pressure were of statistical significance for judgment,and sensitivity was 92.3％ and specificity 100.0％ when adopting its function to diagnose diabetes femoral arterial elasticity.Conclusion Vascular echo-tracking technology can accurately assess femoral elasticity for diabetes patients and is of great significance in early preventive treatment of diseases.The appearance ofproteinuria indicates that vascular elasticity function decreases dramatically.

Haplotype and genetic relationship of 27 Y-STR loci in Han population of Chaoshan area of China / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 27 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STR) loci included in Yfiler(R) Plus kit in Han population of Chaoshan area,and explore the population genetic relationships and evaluate its application value on forensic medicine.Methods By detecting 795 unrelated Chaoshan Han males with Yfiler(R) Plus kit,haplotype frequencies and population genetics parameters of the 27 Y-STR loci were statistically analyzed and compared with available data of other populations from different races and regions for analyzing the genetic distance and clustering relation of Chaoshan Han population.Results Seven hundred and eighty-seven different haplotypes were observed in 795 unrelated male individuals,of which 779 haplotypes were unique,and 8 haplotypes occurred twice.The haplotype diversity (HD) was 0.999975 with discriminative capacity (DC) of 98.99％.The gene diversity (GD) at the 27 Y-STR loci ranged from 0.3637(DYS391) to 0.9559(DYS385a/b).Comparing with Asian reference populations,the genetic distance (Rst) between Chaoshan Han and Guangdong Han was the smallest (0.0036),while it was relatively larger between Chaoshan Han and Gansu Tibetan population (0.0935).The multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) plot based on Rst values was similar to the results of clustering analysis.Conclusion Multiplex detection of the 27 Y-STR loci reveals a highly polymorphic genetic distribution in Chaoshan Han population,which demonstrates the important significance of Yfiler(R) Plus kit for establishing a Y-STR database,studying population genetics,and for good practice in forensic medicine.

The molecular regulatory networks involved in the neural crest cell development：a bioinformatic analysis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Development of neural crest cels, which is regulated by various genes, plays an important role in the formation of central nervous system, heart, craniofacial organs and other tissues. However, the relationship among these genes is unclear. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the molecular regulatory networks involved in the process of neural crest cel development based on a bioinformatic analysis. METHODS:Totaly 500 differentialy expressed genes during the process ofneural crest cel development were obtained from the GEO on-line database. Then the DAVID and STRING on-line databases were used to evaluate the relationship among these genes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Totaly 500 differentialy expressed genes during theprocess of neural crest cel development could be enriched into different subgroups based on the analysis of DAVID database, including “transforming growth factor β signal pathway”, “WNT signal pathway”, “homeobox gene” , “neural crest cel differentiation” and “neural tube development”. Additionaly, 12 genes molecular networks were built based on the analysis of STRING database, such as DLX5, MSX2, SNAIL2, PAX7, SHH, SOX9, NOG, GSC, KAL1, bone morphogenetic protein 5, fibroblast growth factor 8 and WNT3a.These genes exhibited interactions by co-expression, activation and antagonism. Therefore, many genes involved in the process of neural crest cel development were interacted and formed the networks. These findings imply that we should understand these neural crest-related diseases from a holistic view of the signaling pathway and molecular regulatory networks.

Safety and efficacy of intra-abdominal beacizumab bead sheet resistance combined with hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy in treatment of ovarian cancer peritoneal effusion / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the clinical curative effect and safety of intra -abdominal beacizumab bead sheet resistance combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in treatment of ovarian cancer perito-neal effusion.Methods 60 patients with ovarian cancer peritoneal effusion in Binzhou Central Hospital from June 2012 to July 2015 were randomly divided into two groups.30 cases in the control group were treated with intraperito-neal hyperthermic perfusion chemotherapy, while 30 patients in the observation group were given intra-abdominal beacizumab bead sheet resistance combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.The short-term effica-cy,toxicity and quality of life were compared.Results The effective rate of the observation group was 73.33%, which was significantly higher than 53.33% in the control group,the difference was significant (χ2 =8.55,P0 .0 5 ) .The improvement rate of life quality of the observation group was 76.67%,which was significantly higher than 50.00%of the control group,the difference was significant (χ2 =8.06,9.31,all P<0.05).Conclusion Intra-abdominal beacizumab bead sheet resistance combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy has remarkable curative effect in treatment of ovarian cancer peritoneal effusion,with high safety,and can significantly improve the quality of life of patients,that is suitable for clinical application.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of 9 strains of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae / 中国感染与化疗杂志

Objective To analyze the resistant profile and genotypes ,as well as susceptibility to tigecycline in carbapenemase‐producing K lebsiella pneumoniae for better clinical management of such infections .Methods Nine strains of carbapenemase‐producing K .pneumoniae were isolated from clinical specimens during the period from February 2012 to May 2013 in our hospital .Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out with VITEK 2 Compact automatic microbiological assay systems .The phenotype of carbapenemase‐producing K . pneumoniae was detected by modified Hodges test .The genotype of carbapenemase was identified by PCR method .The susceptibility to tigecycline was tested by E‐test . Results All the 9 strains of carbapenemase‐producing K . pneumoniae were resistant to the 19 antibiotics tested .Modified Hodges test was positive for 7 strains (77 .8% ) .Target band of carbapenemase gene was identified in all the 9 strains of K . pneumoniae ,and all were confirmed as KPC‐2 gene .All the 9 strains were susceptible to tigecycline .Conclusions The resistance of carbapenemase‐producing K .pneumoniae is still serious .Tigecycline has shown good in vitro activity against such strains .

Analysis of influence factors of prognosis in patients with endometrial carcinoma receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the influence of pre-chemotherapy hemoglobin and platelet levels on the effect of chemotherapy and prognostic outcome in patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC).Methods 104 patients with EC who underwent surgical treatment following neoadjuvant chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed.Multiple logistic regression was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the probability of achieving an optimal clinical response and the variables.The log-rank test was used to compare the homogeneity of progression-free survival and overall survival functions across strata defined by categories of prognostic variables.Results The Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the significance of potential prognostic factors for progression-free survival and overall survival.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that FIGO staging (OR =3.234,95 ％ CI:1.324-13.454) and lymph node metastasis (OR =8.235,95 ％ CI:1.563-18.574) were independent factors of influencing effects of new adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of EC patients.Multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed that the FIGO staging(HR =4.342,95％ CI:1.643-15.856) and lymph node metastasis (HR =3.853,95％ CI:1.864-9.675) were independent factors of influencing 5 years survival rate of EC patients received new adjuvant chemotherapy.Conclusion The curative effect and prognosis after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy operation in treatment of EC patients before chemotherapy,there was no significant correlation between hemoglobin and platelet levels,and lymph node metastasis,FIGO stage.

Experimental research on differentiation of immortalized human precartilaginous stem cells to nucleus pulposus-liked cells induced by TGF-β1 / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To explore the possibility of immortalized human precartilaginous stem cells (IPSCs) differentiating into nucleus pulposus-liked cells induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)and examine its biological characters.Methods The IPSCs were seeded on the thermosensitive chitosan/glycerophosphate (C/GP) scaffolds and induced into nucleus pulposus-like cells in culture medium with the adding of TGF-β1 under hypoxia condiction.The growth and differrentiation of IPSCs on C/GP scaffolds were observed.Seven days later,Alcian blue staining was used to detect the formation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) of extracellular matrix by the differentiating cell.RT-PCR was carried out to identify the expression of characteristic genes of nucleus pulposus-liked cells,including collagen Ⅱ and Aggrecan.Western blot were used to examine the expression of β-catenin.Results IPSCs grew well on the thermosensitive C/GP scaffolds.After 7 days,Alcian blue staining exhibited more formation of GAG in experimental group as compared with control group.RT-PCR manifested that the gene expression of collagen Ⅱ and Aggrecan were upregulated.Likewise,Western blot manifested that the expression of β-catenin was upregulated.Respectively,all of the content in the induction group obviously increased compared with that of the control group.Conclusion IPSCs can be differentiated into nucleus pulposus-like cells under the induction of TGF-β1,the differentiating cells have a favourable secretory function,which can secrete extracellular matrix effectively.Differentiation of IPSCs to nucleus pulposus-liked cells may be through upregulating the expression of β-catenin in cells.

Construction of immortalized human precartilaginous stem cell lines / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: The precartilaginous stern cells are limited regarding in vitro proliferative capacity, but the immortalized cell lines can provide a large number of stable immortalized cells, and simian virus 40 large T antigen gene (SV40Tag) is one of gene fragments which are commonly used and effective in vitro immortalized ceils. OBJECTIVE: To construct human immortalized precartilaginous stem cells (IPSCs) using human precartilaginous stem calls induced by SV40LTAg gane. METHODS: The human immortalized precartilaginous stem calls were isolated from aborted fetus and purified with enzyme digestion and immunomagnetic beads screening method. By using liposome-mediated gene transfection technology, plasmid pCMVSV40T/PUR containing SV40Tag was transfected in primary embryonic precartilaginous stem cells, while non-transfected cells sewed as negative controls. Positive clones were cultured to observe the cell morphology and the passage recovery, to calculate cell survival rata and population doubling time, to drew call growth curve. Immunofluorescence cytochemistry was used to detect the expression of IPSCs fibroblast growth factor receptor 3, the expressions of SV40Tag and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in the human precartilaginous stem cells were determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Morphology of human IPSCs seemed coincidence with primary human precartilaginous stem cells. The survival rate of human IPSCs was not influenced by subculture, freezing and recovery, but the survival rate was descended in the human precartilaginous stem cells at the 6~(th) and 10~(th) passages (P < 0.01). Compared with cells at the 6~(th) and 10~(th) passages, the proliferation of human IPSCs was greater, with short population doubling time and high growth rate (P < 0.01). The immunofluorescence showed that fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 was positive in human IPSCs at the second passage, and the RT-PCR results of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 revealed a specific amplification band at 400 bp,.while that of SV40Tag revealed at 560 bp. No band was seen in the primary cells. It is indicated that SV40Tag human IPSCs can be constructed successfully using immunomagnatic bead screening technology and liposome transfection technique.

The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the proliferation of immunomagnetically separated human pre-cartilaginous stem cells / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To study the biological effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on the pro-liferation of immunomagnetically separated human precartilaginous stem cells (PSCs) in vitro. Methods The cells from an aborted fetus's metaphysis were digested using collagenase. The PSCs were isolated by magnetic cell sorting (MACS), then subcultured and amplified. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR analysis were performed to identify the purified PSCs. The PSCs were stimulated by PEMFs at 50 Hz frequency and 1 mT intensity. Cell proliferation was measured at different time points using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium ( MTT), and the cell growth curve was plotted. Flow cytometry was applied to measure the cell cycle and apoptosis. Results The PSCs were successfully cultured. There was fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) on their sur-face. Cell proliferation was promoted after 4 and 6 days of PEMF stimulation. The percentage of cells at the S phase was higher than in a control group. Early, late and total rates of apoptosis in the experimental group decreased signifi-cantly. Conclusion PEMFs can enhance the proliferation and inhibit the apoptosis of human PSCs, and it is possi-ble to cultivate the high density human PSCs in vitro.

Immortalization of human precartilaginous stem cells by transfecting SV40Tag / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Immortalized human precartilaginous stem cells (IPSCs) were established to provide stable cell resource for the study of the molecular mechanism of gene targeting on the differentiation of PSCs. Plasmid pCMVSV40T/PUR containing simian virus 40 large T antigen gene (SV40Tag) was transfected into human PSCs by using lipofectin transfection. Colonies were isolated by puromycin selection and expanded by multiple passages. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Southern blotting were used to identify the transfected cells and to detect the expression and integration of SV40Tag in expanded cell lines. The positive colonies were isolated and subcultured, designated immortalized precartilaginous stem cells (IPSCs), which were confirmed as fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) positive cells by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. SV40Tag cDNA was found in cultured IPSCs of passage 8 by Southern blotting, and the expressions of SV40Tag mRNA and protein were confirmed by RT-PCR. These findings suggested that IPSCs strain with SV40Tag was constructed successfully.

Effects of Co-grafts Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Nerve Growth Factor Suspension in the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To investigate effect of the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in combination with nerve growth factor (NGF) on the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult rats, spinal cord of adult rats (n= 32) was injured by using the modified Allen' s method. One week after the injury, the injured cords were injected with Dubecco-modified Eagles medium (DMEM , Group Ⅰ), MSCs (Group Ⅱ), NGF (Group Ⅲ), and MSCs plus NGF (Group Ⅳ). One month and two months after the injury, rats were sacrificed and their injured cord tissues were sectioned for the identification of the transplanted cells. The axonal regeneration and the differentiation of MSCs were examined by immunocytochemical staining. At the same time, rats were subjected to behavioral tests by using the open-field BBB scoring system. Immunocytochemical staining showed that axonal regeneration and the transplanted cells partially expressed neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). At the same time, significant improvement in BBB locomotor rating scale (P＜0.05) were observed in the treatment group. More importantly, further functional improvement were noted in the combined treatment group. MSCs could differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. MSCs and NGF can promote axonal regeneration and improve functional recovery. There might exist a synergistic effect between MSCs and NGF.

Effects of co-grafts mesenchymal stem cells and nerve growth factor suspension in the repair of spinal cord injury / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To investigate effect of the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in combination with nerve growth factor (NGF) on the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult rats, spinal cord of adult rats (n= 32) was injured by using the modified Allen's method. One week after the injury, the injured cords were injected with Dubecco-modified Eagles medium (DMEM, Group I), MSCs (Group II), NGF (Group III), and MSCs plus NGF (Group IV). One month and two months after the injury, rats were sacrificed and their injured cord tissues were sectioned for the identification of the transplanted cells. The axonal regeneration and the differentiation of MSCs were examined by immunocytochemical staining. At the same time, rats were subjected to behavioral tests by using the open-field BBB scoring system. Immunocytochemical staining showed that axonal regeneration and the transplanted cells partially expressed neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). At the same time, significant improvement in BBB locomotor rating scale (P<0. 05) were observed in the treatment group. More importantly, further functional improvement were noted in the combined treatment group. MSCs could differentiate into neurons and astrocytes. MSCs and NGF can promote axonal regeneration and improve functional recovery. There might exist a synergistic effect between MSCs and NGF.

Clinical Analysis on the Treatment of Nerve Root Sciatica by Stuck Needle Method / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Fifty-six cases of nerve root sciatica patients were treated by stuck needle method at Ashi and Jiaji points (Ex-B 2) at the waist region, Huantiao (GB 30), Zhibian (BL 54),Weizhong (BL 40), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Chengshan (BL 57) and Kunlun (BL 60) in the diseased region. 40 cases were treated as control by routine even reinforcing-reducing manipulation with above acupoints. The curative effects were 96.4% and 90.0% respectively.

Analysis of 120 cases of reduction of postpartum bleeding in cesarean section by misoprostol / 中国综合临床

Objective To observe the effects of misoprostol on the reduction of postpartum bleeding in cesarean section.Methods With oxytocin as control,the amount of bleeding during and two hours after cesarean section was observed.Results The mean amount of bleeding was (232.0±46.6) ml in misoprostol group and (385.0±74.7) ml in oxytocin group respectively.The difference between the two groups was significant (P＜0.01).Conclusion Misoprostol is more effective to improve uterin contraction than oxytocin and is better in the reduction of postpartum bleeding with safety and convenience.