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@#Objective: To evaluate the effects of Catalpa bignonioides fruit extract on the promotion of muscle growth and muscular capacity in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell proliferation was assessed using a 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay kit. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expressions of related factors. The effects of Catalpa bignonioides extract were investigated in mice using the treadmill exhaustion test and whole-limb grip strength assay. Chemical composition analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Catalpa bignonioides extract increased the proliferation of C2C12 mouse myoblasts by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. It also induced metabolic changes, increasing the number of mitochondria and glucose metabolism by phosphorylating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. In an in vivo study, the extract-treated mice showed improved motor abilities, such as muscular endurance and grip strength. Additionally, HPLC analysis showed that vanillic acid may be the main component of the Catalpa bignonioides extract that enhanced muscle strength. Conclusions: Catalpa bignonioides improves exercise performance through regulation of growth and metabolism in skeletal muscles, suggesting its potential as an effective natural agent for improving muscular strength.
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Background@#This study aimed to evaluate ChatGPT’s performance accuracy in responding to questions from the national dentalhygienist examination. Moreover, through an analysis of ChatGPT’s incorrect responses, this research intended to pinpoint the predominant types of errors. @*Methods@#To evaluate ChatGPT-3.5’s performance according to the type of national examination questions, the researchers classified 200 questions of the 49th National Dental Hygienist Examination into recall, interpretation, and solving type questions. The researchers strategically modified the questions to counteract potential misunderstandings from implied meanings or technical terminology in Korea. To assess ChatGPT-3.5’s problem-solving capabilities in applying previously acquired knowledge, the questions were first converted to subjective type. If ChatGPT-3.5 generated an incorrect response, an original multiple-choice framework was provided again. Two hundred questions were input into ChatGPT-3.5 and the generated responses were analyzed.After using ChatGPT, the accuracy of each response was evaluated by researchers according to the types of questions, and the types of incorrect responses were categorized (logical, information, and statistical errors). Finally, hallucination was evaluated when ChatGPT provided misleading information by answering something that was not true as if it were true. @*Results@#ChatGPT’s responses to the national examination were 45.5% accurate. Accuracy by question type was 60.3% for recall and 13.0% for problem-solving type questions. The accuracy rate for the subjective solving questions was 13.0%, while the accuracy for the objective questions increased to 43.5%. The most common types of incorrect responses were logical errors 65.1% of all. Of the total 102 incorrectly answered questions, 100 were categorized as hallucinations. @*Conclusion@#ChatGPT-3.5 was found to be limited in its ability to provide evidence-based correct responses to the Korean nationaldental hygiene examination. Therefore, dental hygienists in the education or clinical fields should be careful to use artificial intelligence-generated materials with a critical view.
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Background@#A poor diet is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).The interaction between dietary factors and cigarette smoking in the development of COPD is unclear. We investigated the interactions between dietary patterns and smoking status on COPD-related outcomes. @*Methods@#We used data from the Anseong-Ansan cohort that has been followed for 20 years. A total of 6,221 individuals without COPD in the baseline survey were analyzed. Five dietary patterns were identified using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.Associations of dietary patterns with COPD and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 )/ forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio in different strata of smoking status were evaluated using Cox regression and linear mixed models, respectively. @*Results@#The highest quartile of the “coffee” pattern (high coffee consumption) was associated with COPD (hazard ratio, 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.08) and lower FEV1 /FVC ratio (β = −1.2%; 95% CI, −1.9% to −0.6%) using the lowest quartile as a reference for heavy smokers, but not light or never smokers (P value for interaction = 0.035 for COPD). Regarding the associations between various consumption levels of black coffee, combined coffee, and instant coffee and COPD, an association with COPD was only observed for instant coffee in heavy smokers. @*Conclusion@#High instant coffee consumption is associated with COPD development in heavy smokers, but not in light or never smokers. This may be attributed to sugar and cream in instant coffee mixes.
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Objectives@#This study analyzed the current state of community mental health programs in Korea to develop evidence-based criteria for these programs. @*Methods@#Seventy community mental health facilities nationwide were surveyed about the scope of their operated mental health programs. Details, including program structure, staff expertise, standardization, and quality management, of the 511 programs submitted by the facilities as their representative programs were also analyzed to evaluate their efforts for evidence-based practice. @*Results@#The average number of programs operated by community mental health welfare centers was 15.9. The most common programs were those related to serious mental illness (SMI), followed by child/adolescent mental health programs, early psychosis programs, and non-SMI adult mental health programs. In the case of community addiction management centers, there were 7.2 different addiction-related programs per center. Among the psychiatric rehabilitation facilities for SMI, the average number of programs for SMI was 13.1, with some programs for early psychosis. Of the 511 programs submitted as representative programs in their facilities, only 12.3% were judged to be good evidence-based programs. @*Conclusion@#More efforts by mental health professionals and governments are needed to implement evidence-based programs in Korea.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to examine the interrupting effect of social distancing (SD) on emergency department (ED) patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, asthma, and suicide attempts by PM 2.5 exposure in eight Korean megacities from 2017 to 2020. @*Materials and Methods@#The study used National Emergency Department Information System and AirKorea data. A total of 469014 patients visited EDs from 2017 to 2020. Interrupted time series analysis was employed to examine changes in the level and slope of the time series, relative risk, and confidence intervals (CIs) by PM 2.5 exposure. The SD level was added to the sensitivity analysis. @*Results@#The interrupted time series analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the ratio of relative risk (RRR) of IHD patients in Seoul (RRR=1.004, 95% CI: 1.001, 1.006) and Busan (RRR=1.007, 95% CI: 1.002, 1.012) post-SD. Regarding stroke, only patients in Seoul exhibited a significant decrease post-SD (RRR=0.995, 95% CI: 0.991, 0.999). No significant changes were observed for asthma in any of the cities. In the case of suicide attempts, Ulsan demonstrated substantial pre-SD (RR=0.827, 95% CI: 0.732, 0.935) and post-SD (RRR=1.200, 95% CI: 1.057, 1.362) differences. @*Conclusion@#While the interrupting effect of SD was not as pronounced as anticipated, this study did validate the effectiveness of SD in modifying health behaviors and minimizing avoidable visits to EDs in addition to curtailing the occurrence of infectious diseases.
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Background@#The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has contributed to the change in the epidemiology of many infectious diseases. This study aimed to establish the pre-pandemic epidemiology of pediatric invasive bacterial infection (IBI). @*Methods@#A retrospective multicenter-based surveillance for pediatric IBIs has been maintained from 1996 to 2020 in Korea. IBIs caused by eight bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella species) in immunocompetent children > 3 months of age were collected at 29 centers. The annual trend in the proportion of IBIs by each pathogen was analyzed. @*Results@#A total of 2,195 episodes were identified during the 25-year period between 1996 and 2020. S. pneumoniae (42.4%), S. aureus (22.1%), and Salmonella species (21.0%) were common in children 3 to 59 months of age. In children ≥ 5 years of age, S. aureus (58.1%), followed by Salmonella species (14.8%) and S. pneumoniae (12.2%) were common. Excluding the year 2020, there was a trend toward a decrease in the relative proportions of S. pneumoniae (rs = −0.430, P = 0.036), H. influenzae (rs = −0.922, P 3 months of age. These findings can be used as the baseline data to navigate the trend in the epidemiology of pediatric IBI in the post COVID-19 era.
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Purpose@#To investigate the risk of congenital glaucoma development in premature infants with large cup/disc ratios: a long-term follow-up study. @*Methods@#The medical records of premature infants with cup/disc ratios of at least 0.3 were retrospectively reviewed. Ophthalmic examinations, including measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) corneal diameter, and dilated fundoscopy, were periodically performed. Changes in the cup/disc ratio from the first examination to the last follow-up were sought, and clinical factors associated with such changes were analyzed. In addition, glaucoma development was investigated. @*Results@#Seventy-four patients were included; they were monitored for up to 33.96 ± 19.86 months (based on corrected age). At first examination, the mean IOP was 17.12 ± 4.01 mmHg and the horizontal corneal diameter 10.34 ± 0.83 mm. The mean cup/disc ratio was 0.54 ± 0.14 at the first visit and increased significantly to 0.57 ± 0.14 at the last follow-up (p < 0.001). A small baseline cup/disc ratio was associated with a greater change in the cup/disc ratio (regression coefficient β = -0.111, p = 0.028). We found no significant association of such change with gestational age, birth weight, IOP, or corneal diameter. We encountered no case of congenital glaucoma. @*Conclusions@#Even if the cup/disc ratio is at least 0.3 in premature infants, the risk of glaucoma does not seem to be high if the IOP is not high. Prospective studies on more patients are needed.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to estimate the medical expenditures for poisoning patients in Korea using data from National Health Insurance and the Korea Health Panel Survey. @*Methods@#The operational definition of poisoning was the presence of Korean Standard Classification of Diseases codes from T36 to T65. The number of poisoning patients, the amount of legal copayments, and benefit and non-benefit costs were extracted from both databases. The frequency of emergency, inpatient, and outpatient treatment utilization by poisoning patients was determined, and medical expenses were calculated. Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate factors affecting the medical expenses of poisoning patients. @*Results@#The number of poisoning patients increased from 97,965 in 2011 to 147,984 persons in 2020. Medical expenses also increased by 74% from Korean won (KRW) 30.1 billion to KRW 52.3 billion, and benefit costs also increased by 79%. The average outpatient cost per person was KRW 67,660, and the inpatient cost was KRW 1,485,103. The average non-benefit medical expenses were KRW 80,298, accounting for about 16.2% of the total expenses. Multivariable analysis showed that the total expenditure was associated with economic status and disabilities. @*Conclusion@#The average medical expenditure per poisoning patient was KRW 534,302 in 2020, and poisoning-related costs gradually increased during the study period. Further research on the economic burden of poisoning should include indirect costs and reflect disease-adjusted life years.
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Purpose@#To evaluate the relationship between interocular asymmetries of corneal hysteresis (CH) and visual field defects in Korean patients with glaucoma. @*Methods@#A total of 444 eyes from 222 participants with glaucoma in at least one eye were enrolled. CH was measured using an ocular response analyzer (Reichert Technologies Inc). Eyes of each participant were classified into “better eye” and “worse eye” based on the mean deviation (MD) value of visual field test. The correlation between interocular differences in intraocular pressure, axial length, central corneal thickness, CH, and MD values was evaluated using Spearman correlation analysis. To exclude the possible effect of antiglaucoma medication on corneal properties, additional analyses were performed on eyes without any glaucoma treatment at the time of CH measurement (treatment-naive group). @*Results@#Median (interquartile range) MD value was –3.71 dB (–6.87 to –1.30 dB) in the better eye and –10.20 dB (–16.32 to –5.62 dB) in the worse eye. When the correlation between the asymmetry of the MD value and asymmetry of intraocular pressure, axial length, central corneal thickness, and CH were evaluated, only interocular differences in CH were significantly associated with interocular differences in MD values (rho = 0.214, p = 0.001). Among the 222 participants, 60 (27.0%) were treatment-naive group. In these eyes, interocular differences in CH were also significantly associated with interocular differences in the MD values (rho = 0.285, p = 0.029). @*Conclusions@#The interocular asymmetry of CH was significantly correlated with the interocular asymmetry of visual field defects in glaucoma.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#Zinc is an essential trace mineral which is important for the growth and development of the human body and immunological and neurological functions.Inadequate zinc intake may cause zinc deficiency with its adverse consequences. In this study, we aimed to estimate the dietary zinc intake levels and sources among Koreans. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#For this secondary analysis, we obtained data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016–2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 yr who had completed a 24-h recall were included. The dietary zinc intake of each individual was calculated by applying data from a newly developed zinc content database to the KNHANES raw data. We also compared the extracted data with the sex-, age-specific reference values suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. The prevalence of adequate zinc intake was then evaluated by the proportion of the individuals who met the estimated average requirement (EAR). @*RESULTS@#The mean zinc intake of Koreans aged ≥ 1 yr and adults aged ≥ 19 yrs were 10.2 and 10.4 mg/day, equivalent to 147.4% and 140.8% of the EAR, respectively. Approximately 2 in 3 Koreans met the EAR for zinc, but the zinc intake differed slightly among the different age and sex groups. In children aged 1–2 yrs, 2 out of 5 exceeded the upper level of intake, and nearly half of the younger adults (19–29 yrs) and the elders (≥ 75 yrs) did not meet the EAR. The major contributing food groups were grains (38.9%), meats (20.4%), and vegetables (11.1%). The top 5 food contributors to zinc intake were rice, beef, pork, egg, and baechu kimchi, which accounted for half of the dietary intake. @*CONCLUSION@#The mean zinc intake among Koreans was above the recommended level, but 1 in 3 Koreans had inadequate zinc intake and some children were at risk of excessive zinc intake. Our study included zinc intake from diet only, thus to better understand zinc status, further research to include intake from dietary supplements is needed.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#Previous studies have shown an association between breastfeeding and higher fruit and vegetable consumption and the level of dietary variety in children. However, few studies have reported this association on the feeding characteristics.Therefore, this study examined the association of the feeding characteristics with the consumption of fruit and vegetable and dietary variety in children. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#This study recruited 802 participants from their parents with information on their feeding, and 24-h dietary recall. The associations of the feeding characteristics with fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety score (DVS) were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model. @*RESULTS@#Compared to the feeding type of exclusive breastfed children, exclusive formulafed children had a significant association with a lower DVS (odds ratio [OR], 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23–0.77). Fruit and vegetable consumption was classified into 6 groups: non-salted vegetables (NSV), salted vegetables (SV), fruit (F), total vegetables (TV), non-salted vegetables + fruit (NSVF), and total vegetables + fruit (TVF). According to the mean level of fruit and vegetable consumption, compared to the duration of total breastfeeding for 6 month or less, a greater duration of breastfeeding for 12 mon had a significant association with a higher intake of NSVF and TVF (OR, 1.85, 95% CI, 1.20–2.85 and OR, 1.89, 95% CI, 1.22–2.92). On the other hand, the early introduction of formula feeding for 4 mon had a significant association with a lower intake of F and NSVF (OR, 0.59, 95% CI, 0.38–0.91 and OR, 0.63, 95% CI, 0.40–0.99). @*CONCLUSIONS@#These results confirm that breastfeeding is associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety, whereas formula feeding is associated with lower fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety. Therefore, the feeding characteristics in infants may affect fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety in children.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#The purpose of this study was to establish a database (DB) of foods containing vitamin D that were investigated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), to estimate the dietary vitamin D intake, to evaluate the dietary adequacy of this intake, and to identify the major food sources of Koreans that contain vitamin D. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#This study used data from the KNHANES 2016–2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 year who participated in the nutrition survey (n = 28,418) were included. The dietary intake was assessed by the 24-h dietary recall method and individual dietary vitamin D intake was estimated using a newly established vitamin D DB. Dietary adequacy was evaluated by comparing the dietary intake of the participants with adequate intake (AI) as defined by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) 2020. @*RESULTS@#The average dietary vitamin D intake for all the subjects was 3.13 μg/d, which was 33.1% of AI. Dietary vitamin D intake was lower in rural residents, the elderly, and those with low income. The major food groups that contributed to the total dietary vitamin D intake were fish and shellfish (61.59%), eggs (17.75%), meat (8.03%), milk (4.25%), legumes (3.93%), and grains (3.84%). The top 10 individual food items that contributed to the total vitamin D intake were eggs (17.44%), squid (8.5%), eels (7.44%), salmon (5.35%), mackerel (5.27%), anchovies (4.65%), yellow croakers (4.58%), pork meat (4.47%), soymilk (4.46%), and skipjack tuna (3.80%). @*CONCLUSION@#These results show that the mean dietary vitamin D intake of Koreans is lower than the reference AI level. Nutritional policies need to be put in place to increase the vitamin D intake of Koreans in the future. In addition, comprehensive research on all the sources of vitamin D, including intake of supplements and biosynthesis in the skin, is required.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to assess the diet intake status and quality of adults from North Korea who had lived in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, using the nutrition quotient (NQ) for Korean adults. @*Methods@#A number of 166 adults aged from 20 to 64 years were enrolled as study subjects.A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on their demographic characteristics, food consumption frequency, eating behaviors, and NQ. The NQ score was then used to measure the overall diet quality. The NQ score was composed of four major agebased categories. ‘Balance’, ‘Diversity’, ‘Moderation’, and ‘Dietary behavior’ were utilized as scores for measurements within each of the four categories. The scores for all four categories were summed up, resulting in the total NQ score. Participants’ age groups were stratified by 20’s, 30’s, 40’, and over 50’s. A χ2 test and generalized linear regression (GLM) model were used to assess a significance for difference of subject distribution in categorical and continuous variables in the food consumption frequency, eating behaviors, and NQ scores. @*Results@#Participants in younger age groups were more likely to report consumption of ramyeon, fast food, sweet and greasy baked products, processed beverage, delivery food, and night snacks than the older age groups. Most importantly, participants in 20’s age group were less likely to report the total NQ and moderation score than the 50’s age group. @*Conclusion@#In this study, the 20’s age group displayed a lower NQ characteristic for an unbalanced diet. Therefore, it is imperative for adults from North Korea to be given individualized diet instructions along with nutritional education programs.
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Purpose@#This study was conducted to update the Nutrition Quotient for Adolescents (NQ-A), which is used to assess the overall dietary quality and food behavior among Korean adolescents. @*Methods@#The first 30 candidate items of the measurable eating behavior checklist were obtained based on a previous NQ-A checklist, the results of the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey data, national nutrition policies and dietary guidelines, and literature reviews. A total of 100 middle and high school students residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province participated in a pilot study using the 25-item checklist. Factor analysis and frequency analysis were conducted to determine if the checklist items were organized properly and whether the responses to each item were distributed adequately, respectively. As a result, 22 checklist items were selected for the nationwide survey, which was applied to 1,000 adolescent subjects with stratified sampling from 6 metropolitan cities. The construct validity of the updated NQ-A 2021 was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. @*Results@#Twenty checklist items were determined for the final NQ-A 2021. The items were composed of three factors: balance (8 items), moderation (9 items), and practice (3 items). The standardized path coefficients were used as the weights of items to determine the nutrition quotients. NQ-A 2021 and 3-factor scores were calculated according to the weights of questionnaire items. The weight for each of the 3 factors was determined as follows: balance, 0.15; moderation, 0.30; and practice, 0.55. @*Conclusion@#The updated NQ-A 2021 is a useful instrument for easily and quickly evaluating the dietary qualities and eating behaviors of Korean adolescents
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Objectives@#Young children’s feeding characteristics can play an important role in eating habits and health during later childhood. This study was conducted to examine the associations of feeding characteristics with dietary patterns and obesity in children. @*Methods@#This study utilized data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2017. In total, 802 toddlers were included, with information on their demographic characteristics, feeding practices and duration, and 24-hour recall obtained from their parents. Feeding characteristics were categorized into feeding type, duration of total breastfeeding, duration of total formula feeding, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and age when starting formula feeding. Dietary patterns were identified based on factor loadings for the food groups for 3 major factors, with “vegetables & traditional,” “fish & carbohydrates,” and “sweet & fat” patterns. Overweight/obesity was defined as ≥85th percentile in body mass index based on the 2017 Korean National Growth charts for children and adolescents. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between feeding characteristics and dietary patterns. The association between dietary patterns and obesity was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. @*Results@#The early introduction of formula feeding was inversely associated with the “vegetables & traditional” pattern (β=-0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.34 to -0.02). A higher “vegetables & traditional” intake was associated with a lower risk of obesity (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.95). @*Conclusions@#Feeding characteristics are associated with dietary patterns in later childhood, and dietary patterns were shown to have a potential protective association against obesity.
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Purpose@#We studied the clinical features and assessed the treatment outcomes of infectious endophthalmitis subsequent to Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implant surgery. @*Methods@#We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients who underwent AGV implant surgery between January 1, 2010 and May 31, 2022. Clinical course, microbiological lab results, and the treatment data of patients who developed infectious endophthalmitis were analyzed. @*Results@#Of 310 eyes that underwent AGV implant surgery, 9 (2.90%) developed endophthalmitis. The average time interval between AGV implant surgery and the diagnosis of endophthalmitis was 3.59 years. As initial treatment, all affected eyes received injections of intravitreal antibiotics, while four underwent primary pars plana vitrectomy. The implanted valve was removed in seven instances. Microorganisms were found in cultures from four cases. Two patients achieved a final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) above 20/200, while the other five had a final BCVA of hand motion or worse. @*Conclusions@#AGV implant-related endophthalmitis is uncommon and often results in poor visual outcomes, with unpredictable onset. Consequently, it is crucial to educate patients undergoing AGV implant surgery during regular follow-ups. Immediate evaluation and treatment are necessary for patients exhibiting symptoms after surgery.
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Purpose@#To report a case of ocular tuberculosis that first manifested as neovascular glaucoma.Case summary: A 76-year-old male visited our hospital complaining of decreased visual acuity in the left eye. He had undergone tuberculosis treatment 1 year prior, and had been cured. At the time of his visit, decreased visual acuity, increased intraocular pressure, and iris neovascularization were observed in the left eye. He was diagnosed with neovascular glaucoma and was started on treatment to lower the intraocular pressure. At the time of the visit, we also noticed vitreous opacity in both eyes. The patient did not attend his scheduled follow-up visit, but returned 2 months later complaining of decreased visual acuity in both eyes. The vitreous opacity in the retinae of both eyes had become aggravated. Diagnostic vitrectomy was performed on both eyes, and multiple yellowish-white circular lesions were observed throughout the retinae. Systemic abnormalities were suspected, and thus additional tests were performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis revealed recurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis, and tuberculosis treatment was recommenced. Temporary increases in ocular inflammation and deterioration were observed but improved after the addition of systemic steroids. The patient has been under observation without recurrence for about 1 year. @*Conclusions@#Ocular tuberculosis can be expressed in the form of neovascular glaucoma, so ocular tuberculosis should be suspected if there is a history of tuberculosis and abnormal retinal findings.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#Magnesium is an essential nutrient for human health.However, inadequate intake is commonly reported worldwide. Along with reduced consumption of vegetables and fruits and increased consumption of refined or processed foods, inadequate magnesium intake is increasingly reported as a serious problem.This study aimed to assess magnesium intake, its dietary sources, and the adequacy of magnesium intake in Korean populations. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#Data was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 and included individuals aged ≥1 yr who had participated in a nutrition survey (n=28,418). Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall, and dietary magnesium intake was estimated using a newly established magnesium database. Diet adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with the estimated average requirement (EAR) suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. @*RESULTS@#The mean dietary magnesium intake of Koreans aged ≥1 yr was 300.4 mg/d, which was equivalent to 119.8% of the EAR. The prevalence of individuals whose magnesium intake met the EAR was 56.8%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, adolescents and young adults aged 12–29 yrs, elders aged ≥65 yrs, and individuals with low income. About four-fifths of the daily magnesium came from plant-based foods, and the major food groups contributing to magnesium intake were grains (28.3%), vegetables (17.6%), and meats (8.4%). The top 5 individual foods that contributed to magnesium intake were rice, Baechu (Korean cabbage) kimchi, tofu, pork, and milk. However, the contribution of plant foods and individual contributing food items differed slightly by sex and age groups. @*CONCLUSIONS@#This study found that the mean dietary magnesium intake among Koreans was above the recommended intake, whereas nearly one in 2 Koreans had inadequate magnesium intake. To better understand the status of magnesium intake, further research is required, which includes the intake of dietary supplements.
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Purpose@#Here we report a case of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation into the subconjunctival space (pesudophacocele) following ocular trauma.Case summary: A 66-year-old male presented with ocular pain and decreased vision in the right eye following trauma with a metallic rod. The patient had a history of trabeculectomy, glaucoma drainage device implantation, transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, and cataract surgery for uveitic glaucoma and a cataract in the right eye. On examination, vision was hand movement, the intraocular pressure was 3 mmHg, and subconjunctival hemorrhage and hyphema were observed. After the resolution of hemorrhage, uveal tissue prolapse was seen nasally behind the corneal limbus and the IOL was found to be dislocated into the nasal subconjunctival space. There were no changes in the filtering bleb and tube compared to the pre-trauma status. The IOL was removed through a conjunctival incision because the patient refused any active treatment. @*Conclusions@#Pesudophacocele developed in a patient who had a history of glaucoma and cataract surgery in the injured eye. The IOL could not be assessed immediately after the trauma because of subconjunctival hemorrhage and hyphema. When the status of IOL is unclear or suspected to be dislocated after trauma, the possibility of pseudophacocele should be considered, in addition to the dislocation into the vitreous cavity.
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As the number of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions has increased significantly, surgical techniques have also made a lot of progress, and clinical outcomes are improving accordingly. However, the authors still have different opinions on ACL anatomy, femoral tunnel position, how to make a femoral tunnel, and graft selection, and many parts are controversial. Major factors contributing to the failure of ACL reconstruction, such as technical errors and biological healing failures. To reduce technical errors, a comprehensive understanding of ACL anatomy and the ability to create a well-positioned femoral tunnel are crucial. This involves recognizing the advantages and disadvantages of three surgical techniques: modified transtibial, transanteromedial portal, and outside-in. To improve biological healing, the four principles of tissue engineering (cells, growth factors, scaffolds, and mechanical stimuli) have been increasingly explored in various methods of bioaugmentation. Residual rotational instability of the knee joint remains a significant concern. Since the rediscovery of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) in the knee joint, the role of anterolateral complex, including the ALL and the deep iliotibial band, as secondary stabilizers of anterolateral rotatory instability, has gained attention. In the quest to reinforce the anterolateral complex, there are two approaches: ALL reconstruction as anatomical reconstruction concept and lateral extraarticular tenodesis as a nonanatomical reinforcement concept.