Breast cancer and public healthcare: survey and proposals from Brazilian Society of Mastology (SBM)

Introduction: High rates of breast cancer mortality have been reported for patients from public healthcare, in Brazil. This study aimed to obtain a panorama of breast cancer in public healthcare, based on a questionnaire sent to breast specialists. Methods: Active members of the Brazilian Society of Mastology (SBM) were invited to participate anonymously, from Aug-Oct 2023. Possible answers ranged from "This is not a problem" to "This is a very serious, very common problem". The primary endpoint of the study was the relative frequency of the answers. Results: Overall, 767 (44% of all SBM affiliated members) completed the questionnaire. Access to modern drugs was considered the most concerning problem, with 81.36% of respondents classifying this as "serious, frequently" or "very serious, very frequently", followed by access to diagnostic methods (64.53%), access to breast reconstruction (60.24%), delay in starting treatment (60.11%) and access to screening (51.76%). Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate the perceptions of breast specialists on breast cancer care within SUS. The SBM has issued considerations and proposals aimed at reestablishing a minimally adequate standard of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in public healthcare in Brazil. (AU)

Frailty syndrome and end-stage kidney disease outcomes at a Latin American dialysis center / Desenlaces de enfermedad renal crónica y síndrome de fragilidad en un centro de diálisis de Latinoamérica

Introduction. Frailty syndrome generates a high risk of adverse outcomes and mortality, and its prevalence is elevated in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Few studies have reported the prevalence and outcomes of frailty in populations from less developed countries. Objective. To identify the clinical outcomes and factors associated with the frailty syndrome in patients with stage five chronic kidney disease who started renal replacement therapy ­both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis­ in a dialysis center in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materials and methods. This was a prospective study of patients with end-stage kidney disease who initiated dialysis at a center in Colombia and had a twelve-month follow-up. Results. The overall frailty prevalence was 50.47% and two out of three patients older than 65 years had the syndrome. We found significantly higher followup mortality among patients with frailty: odds ratio of 2.95 (CI: 1.07- 8.13; p=0.036) in unadjusted analysis. Conclusions. Literature shows that compared to developed nations, Latin American adults are facing a higher prevalence of chronic diseases, and frailty syndrome is increasing. In this study, according to the FRAIL scale, having a frailty syndrome predicts a higher mortality; hypoalbuminemia and low creatinine levels at the beginning of dialysis could act as predictors of its diagnosis.

Introducción. El síndrome de fragilidad implica un alto riesgo de desenlaces adversos y mortalidad, y tiene una prevalencia elevada en pacientes con enfermedad renal en etapa terminal. Hay pocos estudios que investiguen la prevalencia y los desenlaces de este síndrome de fragilidad en las poblaciones de los países en desarrollo. Objetivo. Identificar los desenlaces clínicos y los factores asociados al síndrome de fragilidad en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en estadio cinco que inician terapia de reemplazo renal ­con hemodiálisis o diálisis peritoneal­ en un centro de diálisis de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se trató de un estudio prospectivo de pacientes con enfermedad renal en etapa terminal que iniciaron diálisis en un centro de Colombia y a quienes se les hizo seguimiento durante doce meses. Resultados.La prevalencia global del síndrome de fragilidad fue del 50,47 % y dos de cada tres pacientes mayores de 65 años lo presentaban. Se encontró una mortalidad significativamente mayor entre los pacientes con síndrome de fragilidad: razón de probabilidad de 2,95 (IC:1,07-8,13; p=0,036) en el análisis no ajustado. Conclusiones. La literatura muestra que, en comparación con los países desarrollados, los adultos latinoamericanos presentan una mayor prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas y un aumento progresivo del síndrome de fragilidad. En este estudio, la fragilidad ­según la escala FRAIL­ predijo una mayor mortalidad. Además, la hipoalbuminemia y los niveles bajos de creatinina al inicio de la diálisis podrían actuar como elementos predictores de su diagnóstico.

Dinámica espacio-temporal de la pesquería artesanal en el Golfo de Santa Elena, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica (2010-2019) / Spatio-temporal dynamics of the artisanal fishery of the Gulf of Santa Elena, North Pacific of Costa Rica (2010-2019)

Resumen Introducción: El Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica es una región diversa y productiva; sin embargo, tenemos un escaso conocimiento sobre el estado de los recursos marinos y la dinámica pesquera, particularmente de la pesca artesanal en el Golfo de Santa Elena, uno de los principales caladeros de la zona. Objetivo: Caracterizar la dinámica de esta pesquería. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos recopilados por el Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura y las facturas pesqueras de los sitios de desembarque para el período 2010-2019. Resultados: Hubo una alta variación en la biomasa desembarcada, sin embargo, la captura total por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE; kg/día) y de las principales especies objetivo no disminuyó significativamente. En general, hubo una CPUE más baja en los meses de surgencia (diciembre-abril). De las 42 especies comerciales reportadas, la mayor biomasa provino del pargo mancha (Lutjanus guttatus; 22 % de la biomasa), el pargo seda (L. peru; 18 %), las cabrillas (Epinephelus spp.; 15 %) y el pulpo (Octopus spp., 13 %). Conclusiones: La CPUE en Santa Elena no ha disminuido significativamente de 2010 a 2019, pero disminuye en la época de surgencia.

Abstract Introduction: The North Pacific of Costa Rica is a diverse and productive region; however, we have a poor understanding of the status of marine resources and fisheries dynamics, particularly for the artisanal fishery in the Gulf of Santa Elena, one of the main fishing grounds of the area. Objective: To characterize the dynamics of this fishery. Methods: We analyzed data collected by the Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura, and sales invoices from landing sites for the period 2010-2019. Results: There was high variation in the landed biomass, however, total catch per unit effort (CPUE; kg/day) and of the main targeted species did not decrease significantly. Overall, there was a lower CPUE in upwelling months (December-April). For the 42 commercial species reported, most biomass was from the spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus; 22 % of biomass), the Pacific red snapper (L. peru; 18 %), groupers (Epinephelus spp.; 15 %) and octopuses (Octopus spp., 13 %). Conclusions: CPUE at Santa Elena has not declined significantly from 2010 to 2019, but it falls in the upwelling season.

Linfoma primario no Hodgkin de mama / Primary Non-Hodgkin's Breast Lymphoma

Introducción: El cáncer de mama se ha convertido en un verdadero desafío a la calidad y expectativa de vida de la población mundial, con un aumento considerable en su incidencia y prevalencia. Cuba cuenta, desde 1987, con un Programa de Control de Cáncer Mamario. Objetivo: Ejemplificar el estudio de un caso con linfoma no Hodgkin primario de la mama, su cuadro clínico y los medios diagnósticos utilizados. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 70 años de edad, color de la piel negra, que acudió al Consultorio Médico de la Familia por presentar malestar general, molestias y aumento de volumen en la mama derecha. Se le remitió a consulta de cirugía y se le realizaron estudios complementarios. Se detectó nódulo de mediana densidad, contornos parcialmente definidos, distorsión del tejido vecino, otros nódulos de menos tamaño y densidad en el cuadrante inferior interno, calcificaciones vasculares en ambas mamas. Una biopsia corrobora linfoma no Hodgkin difuso de células grandes de alto grado. Conclusiones: El linfoma primario no Hodgkin de mama es muy raro y de difícil diagnóstico clínico porque no se dispone de signos, síntomas o criterios de imagen específicos para ello. El autoexamen de mama continúa siendo el principal método de diagnóstico del cáncer de mama y aunque el examen clínico, el ultrasonido de mama y la mamografía apoyan la presunción, es la biopsia quien solo brinda la confirmación diagnóstica precisa(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer has become a real challenge to the quality of life and to life expectancy of the world population, with a considerable increase in its incidence and prevalence. Cuba has, since 1987, a breast cancer control program. Objective: To present a case with primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast in a 70-year-old patient, its clinical picture and the diagnostic means used. Clinical case: 70-year-old female patient, with black skin, who came to the family medical office due to malaise, discomfort and increased volume in her right breast. She was referred to surgery and complementary studies were performed. Nodule of medium density was identified, with partially defined contours, distortion of the neighboring tissue, together with other nodules of less size and density in the lower internal quadrant, and vascular calcifications in both breasts. A biopsy confirms diffuse high-grade large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Conclusions: Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast is very rare and difficult to diagnose clinically because there are no specific signs, symptoms or imaging criteria for it. Breast self-examination continues to be the main method of diagnosis for breast cancer and, although clinical examination, breast ultrasound and mammography support such diagnostic presumption, it is the biopsy that only provides the precise diagnostic confirmation(AU)

Pronación consciente como parte del tratamiento de la neumonía por COVID-19 / Prone positioning in awake patients as part of treatment in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia

La pronación consciente es una de las herramientas utilizadas para reducir los ingresos a terapia intensiva (UTI) en la neumonía por COVID-19 con hipoxemia. Algunos pacientes no toleran estar en posición prono (intolerantes) y algunos que lo toleran no responden mejorando la saturación o su PO2. Presentamos una serie de 34 pacientes sometidos a pronación consciente; fueron tolerantes 18 (52,9%). Nueve pacientes pasaron a UTI (26,4%): 7 intolerantes (43,7%) y 2 tolerantes (11,1%) (p=0.038). No hallamos diferencias en la necesidad de ventilación mecánica y mortalidad entre tolerantes e intolerantes. De los 18 tolerantes se clasificó como respondedores a 10 pacientes (55,5%). No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los pases a UTI entre los respondedores y no respondedores. La pronación consciente es una herramienta factible en el paciente con neumonía por COVID-19 y nos permitió predecir el requerimiento de terapia intensiva entre aquellos intolerantes al método.

The prone positioning (PP) in awake patients is one of the tools to reduce the number of admissions to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in cases of Covid-19 hipoxemic pneumonia. Some patients do not tolerate PP (intolerants) and others that tolerate it do not respond with improvement of PO2 or oxygen saturation. We present here a series of 34 patients who underwent PP. Eighteen of them tolerated PP (52,9%). Nine patients (26,4%) were admitted to ICU: 7 who had not tolerated PP (43,7%) and 2 who had tolerated PP (11,1%) (p= 0.038). We did not find differences in the need for mechanical ventilation and mortality between patients who tolerated and who did not tolerate PP. From those 18 who tolerated PP, 10 were classified as responders (55,5%). We did not find any significant statistical differences for admission to ICU between responders and non-responders. PP in awake patients is a feasible tool in cases of COVID-19 Pneumonia, and it allowed us to predict the requirements of ICU between those who were not tolerant to the method

Calidad de las imágenes, la lectura y el servicio de mamografía en cuatro centros de imagenología de Manizales, Colombia / Image quality, reading, and mammography service in four diagnostic imaging centers in Manizales, Colombia

Resumen | Introducción. La calidad de la mamografía está directamente relacionada con la capacidad para detectar anormalidades y, por ello, es necesario el control de calidad en los centros de imágenes diagnósticas. Objetivo. Evaluar la calidad de la imagen, la lectura y el servicio de mamografía de algunos centros de imágenes diagnósticas en Manizales, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Cuatro centros participaron de forma voluntaria y bajo acuerdos de confidencialidad en el estudio. De las 520 mujeres atendidas en ellos, a 318 se les hicieron mamografías. A partir de una inspección visual del servicio, se evaluaron la infraestructura, la tecnología y el personal de la unidad. Un radiólogo experto en lectura e interpretación clínica de imágenes mamarias evaluó la calidad de la imagen y la de su lectura. El análisis estadístico se hizo utilizando un anova y determinando el índice kappa y el porcentaje de desacuerdo. Resultados. Se encontró falta de calidad de las imágenes obtenidas, principalmente, por presencia de artificios en el 75 % de ellas, e identificación y rotulación deficientes; además, en la toma de la proyección oblicua medio-lateral, se encontró falta de visualización del ángulo inframamario. El grado de concordancia en el reporte BI-RADS fue bajo en los cuatro centros, con diferencias importantes en el informe y la descripción de los hallazgos. Conclusión. Los centros de imágenes diagnósticas evaluados están habilitados para el funcionamiento, pero se encontraron deficiencias importantes en la calidad de las imágenes y en su lectura, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de establecer estándares de calidad y mejorar los aspectos que se puedan mejorar.

Abstract | Introduction: Mammography quality is directly related to the ability to detect an abnormality and, therefore, quality control is necessary for diagnostic imaging centers. Objective: To evaluate image quality, reading, and mammography service in some diagnostic imaging centers in Manizales, Colombia. Materials and methods: Four diagnostic imaging centers participated voluntarily in the study under confidentiality agreements. Out of 520 women attending the centers, 318 had a mammography. The infrastructure, technology, and human resources of each unit were evaluated based on visual inspections. A radiologist expert in reading and clinical interpretation of mammary images evaluated the quality of the image and the reading. We made the statistical analysis using anova, the kappa index, and the percentage of disagreement. Results: We found images of diminished quality mainly due to the presence of artifacts in 75 % of those evaluated, as well as non-compliance with identification criteria and image labeling. There were difficulties in taking the lateral median oblique projection given the absence of the inframammary. The level of agreement in the BI-RADS reporting was low in the four centers with important differences in the report and description of findings. Conclusion: The city's diagnostic centers under evaluation are authorized for their operation. However, there are important deficiencies in image quality and reading, which highlights the need to seek quality standards starting from those aspects that can be improved upon.

Impacto del decúbito prono en el síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en pacientes con COVID-19 bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva / Impact of prone position on acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19 under invasive mechanical ventilation / Impacto de la posição prona na síndrome da insuficiência respiratória aguda em pacientes com COVID-19 sob ventilação mecânica invasiva

Resumen: A finales del año 2019 surgió una nueva especie de coronavirus con la capacidad de producir enfermedad en humanos, conocida como SARS-CoV-2 y definiéndose la enfermedad como COVID-19. A partir de marzo del 2020 se comenzaron a presentar casos de neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 en el Hospital Español de México, algunos de estos pacientes desarrollaron la enfermedad grave requiriendo ventilación mecánica invasiva. Se realizó el estudio de una serie de casos, de tipo descriptivo, transversal, retrolectivo y analítico, desde mayo de 2020 hasta agosto de 2020, en pacientes ingresados en el área de terapia intensiva COVID en dicho hospital. Se obtuvo una muestra de 42 pacientes, 32 (76%) hombres y 10 (24%) mujeres, con neumonía severa por SARS-CoV-2 e hipoxemia refractaria con un cuadro de síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (SIRA) moderado (PaO2/FiO2 < 200) a severo (PaO2/FiO2 < 100), los cuales necesitaron ventilación mecánica invasiva y por hipoxemia refractaria al menos un evento de decúbito prono. La duración mínima de cada episodio de prono fue al menos de 24 horas, teniendo como mínimo un evento de decúbito prono y como máximo siete eventos, con un promedio global de 2.7 eventos de decúbito prono. El tiempo máximo prono por evento fue de 36 horas continuas, teniendo un promedio de 30.1 horas en decúbito prono. Se logró establecer que los pacientes en decúbito prono presentaron una mejoría respecto al índice de oxigenación (PaO2/FiO2) con una p < 0.01, a diferencia de otros indicadores de oxigenación tales como PaO2 y PaCO2, donde no se encontró suficiente evidencia respecto a ser predictor sobre mortalidad y gravedad.

Abstract: At the end of 2019, a new species of coronavirus identified as SARS-CoV-2 emerged, with the ability to cause disease in humans, defined as COVID-19. As of March 2020, cases of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia began to appear at the Hospital Español de México, some of these patients developed severe disease requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrolective and analytical study of cases was conducted from May to August 2020, in patients admitted to the COVID intensive care area at said hospital. A sample of 42 patients was obtained, 32 (76%) men and 10 (24%) women, with severe pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 and refractory hypoxemia with a picture of acute respiratory insufficiency syndrome (SIRA) from moderate (PaO2/FiO2 < 200) to severe (PaO2/FiO2 < 100), which required invasive mechanical ventilation and for refractory hypoxemia at least one event in the prone position. The minimum duration of each prone episode was at least 24 hours, with a minimum of one decubitus and prone events and a maximum of seven events, with a global average of 2.7 prone events. The maximum prone time per event was 36 continuous hours, with an average of 30.1 hours in the prone position. It was possible to establish that patients in the prone position presented an improvement regarding the oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) with a p < 0.01, unlike other characteristics such as PaO2 and PaCO2, where not enough evidence was found with regard to being a predictor of mortality and gravity.

Resumo: No final de 2019, surgiu uma nova espécie de Coronavírus com capacidade de causar doença em humanos, identificando-se como COVID-19 e definindo a doença como SARS-CoV-2. Em março de 2020, casos de pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2 começaram a aparecer no Hospital Español de México, alguns desses pacientes desenvolveram doença grave que requereram ventilação mecânica invasiva. Uma série de casos descritivos, transversais, retroletivos e analíticos foi realizada de maio de 2020 a agosto de 2020 em pacientes internados na área de terapia intensiva COVID do Hospital Español de México. Uma amostra de 42 pacientes, 32 (76%) homens e 10 (24%) mulheres, com pneumonia grave por SARS-CoV-2 e hipoxemia refratária com síndrome de insuficiência respiratória aguda (SIRA) moderada (PaO2/FiO2 < 200) a grave (PaO2/FiO2 < 100), que exigiu ventilação mecânica invasiva e devido à hipoxemia refratária pelo menos um evento em decúbito prono. A duração mínima de cada episódio na posição prona foi menor a 24 horas, tendo como mínimo de 1 evento decúbito e prona e como máximo de 7 eventos, com uma média global de 2.7 eventos em decúbito prona. O tempo máximo em prona por evento foi de 36 horas contínuas, com média de 30.1 horas na posição prona. Foi possível estabelecer que os pacientes em decúbito prona apresentaram melhora em relação ao índice de oxigenação (PaO2/FiO2) com p < 0.01, ao contrário de outros indicadores de oxigenação como PaO2 e PaCO2, não foram encontradas evidências suficientes de ser um preditor de mortalidade e gravidade.

Guía de práctica clínica Ibero-Latinoamericana sobre la esofagitis cáustica en Pediatría: aspectos terapéuticos (2a. Parte) / Ibero-Latinamerican Clinical Practical Guidelines on pediatric caustic esophagitis: therapeutical aspects (Part 2)

Resumen: La ingestión de cáusticos representa un grave problema médico-social por las consecuencias devastadoras e irreversibles que puede producir en el tracto digestivo superior. En Iberoamérica no se han publicado datos fidedignos sobre la incidencia o la prevalencia de lesiones inducidas por cáusticos. La información disponible sobre la presentación clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico se basa en series retrospectivas de casos y, de hecho, su manejo clínico se sustenta en muchos casos fundamentalmente en la opinión de expertos. Recientemente como una iniciativa de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHNP) y con la co laboración de colegas de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediá trica (SEGHNP), hemos diseñado una Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) la cual incluye una serie de enunciados y recomendaciones dirigidos a optimizar la atención a los pacientes y que se basan en la revisión sistemática de la evidencia. En dos (2) manuscritos sucesivos nos hemos enfocado primero, en los aspectos fisiopatológicos y de diagnóstico clínico-endoscópico de la esofagitis cáustica en niños (1a. Parte) y en segundo lugar, en los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento (2a. Parte). Esperamos esta guía se convierta en una herramienta útil para el clínico en el difícil proceso de toma de decisio nes a la hora de evaluar un paciente posterior a la ingesta de una sustancia cáustica.

Abstract: Caustic ingestion represents a serious social-medical problem due to the devastating and irreversible consequences it can produce in the upper digestive tract. In Ibero-America, there are no published reliable data on the incidence or prevalence of caustic-induced injuries, and most of the available information on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is based on retrospective clinical series and, indeed, its clinical management is often based primarily on expert opinion. Re cently as an initiative of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) and with the cooperation of the Spanish Society for Pediatric Gastroente rology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP), we have designed a Clinical Practice Guideline that include a series of statements and recommendations aimed at optimizing patient medical care which is based on the systematic review of evidence. Two (2) separate papers focused on the evaluation of physiopathological and clinical-endoscopic diagnostic features of caustic esophagitis in children (1st. Paper) and, on the other hand, the most relevant therapeutic considerations (2nd. Paper). We expect this guideline to become a useful tool for the physician in the difficult decision-making process when assessing patients after caustic ingestion.

Guía de práctica clínica Ibero-Latinoamericana sobre la esofagitis cáustica en Pediatría: fisiopatología y diagnóstico clínico-endoscópico (1a Parte) / Ibero-latinamerican clinical practical guidelines on pediatric caustic esophagitis: physiopathology and clinical-endoscopic diagnosis (1st Part)

Resumen: La ingestión de cáusticos representa un grave problema médico-social por las consecuencias devastadoras e irreversibles que puede producir en el tracto digestivo superior. En Iberoamérica no se han publicado datos fidedignos sobre la incidencia o la prevalencia de lesiones inducidas por cáusticos. La información disponible sobre la presentación clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico se basa en series retrospectivas de casos y, de hecho, su manejo clínico se sustenta en muchos casos fundamentalmente en la opinión de expertos. Recientemente como una iniciativa de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHNP) y con la co laboración de colegas de la Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediá trica (SEGHNP), hemos diseñado una Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) la cual incluye una serie de enunciados y recomendaciones dirigidos a optimizar la atención a los pacientes y que se basan en la revisión sistemática de la evidencia. En dos (2) manuscritos sucesivos nos hemos enfocado primero, en los aspectos fisiopatológicos y de diagnóstico clínico-endoscópico de la esofagitis cáustica en niños (1a. Parte) y en segundo lugar, en los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento (2a. Parte). Esperamos esta guía se convierta en una herramienta útil para el clínico en el difícil proceso de toma de decisio nes a la hora de evaluar un paciente posterior a la ingesta de una sustancia cáustica.

Abstract: Caustic ingestion represents a serious social-medical problem due to the devastating and irreversible consequences it can produce in the upper digestive tract. In Ibero-America, there are no published reliable data on the incidence or prevalence of caustic-induced injuries, and most of the available information on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is based on retrospective clinical series and, indeed, its clinical management is often based primarily on expert opinion. Re cently as an initiative of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) and with the cooperation of the Spanish Society for Pediatric Gastroente rology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SEGHNP), we have designed a Clinical Practice Guideline that include a series of statements and recommendations aimed at optimizing patient medical care which is based on the systematic review of evidence. Two (2) successive papers focused on the evaluation of physiopathological and clinical-endoscopic diagnostic features of caustic esophagitis in children (1st. Paper) and, on the other hand, the most relevant therapeutic considerations (2nd. Paper). We expect this guideline to become a useful tool for the physician in the difficult decision-making process when assessing patients after caustic ingestion.

Cigarrillo electrónico y demás ENDS: posición de sociedades científicas respiratorias / Electronic cigarette and other ENDS: position of respiratory scientific societies

Fumar es la principal causa de enfermedad y de muerte evitable en todo el mundo. El consumo de tabaco está condicionado por la adicción a la nicotina, que por lo general se adquiere en la adolescencia. La irrefutable evidencia del impacto en la morbilidad y la mortalidad global demandó desarrollar estrategias para enfrentar al tabaco como el mayor problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. El Convenio Marco de Control del Tabaco (CMCT) surgió como el primer tratado internacional de salud a fines del siglo pasado, entró en vigor en 2005 con 40 países ratificantes y en la actualidad suman 181 países

Smoking cessation treatments: current psychological and pharmacological options

Abstract Background Smoking is considered an epidemic, indeed, one of the most important public health problems worldwide. It is also the most significant preventable cause of death, of a high number of premature deaths, and avoidable chronic diseases. It is considered an enormous economic burden for the world. Objective To provide an overview of smoking-cessation treatments, including pharmacological and psychological options, and to gather current scientific evidence available on them. Methods Research included reviewing publications from 2007-2018 in four databases using algorithms related to bupropion, varenicline, nicotine replacement therapy, smoking cessation, psychological treatment, motivational interview, cognitive-behavioral therapy and clinical guidelines for smoking treatment. Meta-analyses or systematic reviews and randomized or quasi-randomized trials were selected. We also included clinical guidelines for smoking treatment from Mexico and other countries. Results After refining the search, 37 articles met the criteria and were included in the review. The results were grouped by type of intervention. Conclusions It is necessary to conduct research on combinations of both kinds of treatment with an integral, multidisciplinary vision. Current standard for smoking cessation is a combined psychological and pharmacological treatment.

Breast cancer screening in developing countries

Developing countries have limited healthcare resources and use different strategies to diagnose breast cancer. Most of the population depends on the public healthcare system, which affects the diagnosis of the tumor. Thus, the indicators observed in developed countries cannot be directly compared with those observed in developing countries because the healthcare infrastructures in developing countries are deficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate breast cancer screening strategies and indicators in developing countries. A systematic review and the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Timing, and Setting methodology were performed to identify possible indicators of presentation at diagnosis and the methodologies used in developing countries. We searched PubMed for the terms “Breast Cancer” or “Breast Cancer Screening” and “Developing Country” or “Developing Countries”. In all, 1,149 articles were identified. Of these articles, 45 full articles were selected, which allowed us to identify indicators related to epidemiology, diagnostic intervention (diagnostic strategy, diagnostic infrastructure, percentage of women undergoing mammography), quality of intervention (presentation of symptoms at diagnosis, time to diagnosis, early stage disease), comparisons (trend curves, subpopulations at risk) and survival among different countries. The identification of these indicators will improve the reporting of methodologies used in developing countries and will allow us to evaluate improvements in public health related to breast cancer.

Cirurgia oncoplástica e reconstrutiva da mama: Reunião de Consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia / Oncoplastic and reconstructive surgery of the breast: Consensus Meeting of the Brazilian Society of Mastology

Objetivo: Apesar do grande número de publicações em cirurgia oncoplástica e reconstrutiva da mama, diversas questões permanecem controversas. Assim, o objetivo desta Reunião de Consenso, foi desenvolver um guia prático de recomendações baseadas nas melhores evidências disponíveis na literatura. Método: Os painelistas foram os membros da Comissão de Cirurgia Oncoplástica e Reconstrutiva da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia. A reunião foi realizada em agosto de 2015 em Bento Gonçalves (RS). Cada painelista recebeu e respondeu previamente um questionário com 46 itens, com base na melhor evidencia cientifica e em sua experiência. Foi considerado consenso a concordância de 75% entre painelistas. Resultados: Houve consenso em 25 itens, dos quais para oito houve concordância de 100%. O mais importantes foram: comprometimento das margens em cirurgia oncoplástica pode ser resolvido com ampliação de margens na maioria dos casos; tumores multifocais não são contraindicação para cirurgia oncoplástica; idade >70 anos não representa contraindicação para uso de técnicas oncoplásticas; reconstrução imediata pode ser indicada com segurança para a maioria das candidatas à mastectomia; pacientes com indicação de radioterapia pós-mastectomia podem ser submetidas à reconstrução imediata, devendo ter ciência dos riscos maiores para mau resultado estético; mastectomia com preservação do complexo areolopapilar é segura nos casos de câncer; radioterapia após a mastectomia com preservação do complexo areolopapilar não está indicada fora dos critérios clássicos de irradiação do plastrão; tela abdominal reduz chances de hernia no caso de reconstrução com TRAM. Conclusão: através desta reunião foi possível estabelecer importantes pontos consensuais de acordo com a opinião dos especialistas, que poderão auxiliar os mastologistas na tomada de decisões em cirurgias oncoplásticas e reconstrutivas da mama.

Objective: Despite the large number of publications in oncoplastic and breast reconstructive surgery, several issues remain controversial. The aim of this Consensus Meeting was to develop a practical guide of recommendations based on the best evidence in the literature. Method: All panelists were members of the Oncoplastic Commission of the Brazilian Society of Mastology. The Consensus Meeting was held in Bento Gonçalves (RS), in August 2015. Each panelist received and answered a questionnaire with 46 items, based on the best evidence in the literature and in their expertise. It was considered consensus the agreement of 75% between panelists. Results: There was consensus on 25 items, of which eight were for 100% agreement. The most important of these topics were: involvement of the margins in oncoplastic surgery can be solved by resection of margins in most cases; multifocal tumors is not a contraindication for oncoplastic surgery; age >70 years is not a contraindication for use of oncoplastic techniques; immediate reconstruction can be performed safely to most candidates for mastectomy; patients for post-mastectomy radiotherapy may be subject to immediate reconstruction and should be aware of the risks for poor aesthetic result; mastectomy with preservation of the nipple and areola complex is safe in cancer; radiotherapy after mastectomy with preservation of the nipple and areola complex is not indicated outside the classical criteria of irradiation chest wall; abdominal mash reduces chances of hernia in TRAM flaps. Conclusion: In this meeting it was possible to establish important consensus points according to the opinion of experts, which can help breast surgeons in their decision-making in oncoplastic and reconstructive surgery of the breast.

Anatomía de la financiación mundial de artículos de excelencia en tabaquismo, 2010-2014 / Global funding for papers of excellence on smoking, 2010-2014

OBJETIVO:El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido conocer la financiación recibida por artículos de excelencia en tabaquismo a nivel mundial entre 2010 y 2014 a través de la Web of Science, y comprobar si recibir financiación se asocia con mayor repercusión de dichos artículos. MéTODOS: La búsqueda se realizó en SCI-E y en el SSCI a través de la plataforma Web of Science el 20 de mayo de 2015 (período 2010-2014, tipología originales y revisiones). La estrategia de búsqueda empleada fue "smok*" OR "tobac*". Para seleccionar los artículos de excelencia se escogieron los que tenían el índice h de la muestra global de la estrategia (número de artículos que tienen al menos ese número de citas). RESULTADOS: De los 193 documentos totales de excelencia en tabaquismo encontrados, 158 habían recibido financiación y en ellos participaron 279 instituciones financiadoras diferentes, que intervinieron en 522 ocasiones. La financiación provino preferentemente de organismos gubernamentales, fundaciones privadas y la industria farmacéutica. Se ha observado una disminución de la financiación pública y un incremento de la privada en los años analizados. Haber recibido financiación no se asoció con mayor repercusión posterior. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de los trabajos de excelencia en tabaquismo recibieron en su mayoría financiación externa procedente preferentemente de organismos gubernamentales, fundaciones privadas y la empresa farmacéutica. La financiación pública se ha reducido y la privada ha aumentado. Haber recibido financiación no se asoció con una mayor repercusión posterior.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the funding received by papers of excellence on smoking at the global level between 2010 and 2014 through the Web of Science, and to find out if funding is associated with greater impact. METHOD: We searched the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) through the Web of Science platform on 20 May 2015 (typology consisting of originals and reviews for the period from 2010 to 2014). The search strategy was "smok*" OR "tobac*." To select the papers of excellence, we picked those that had an h index (i.e., number of articles having at least that many citations) from among the papers in the overall sample generated by the strategy. RESULTS: Of the 193 papers of excellence on smoking that were identified, 158 had received funding from 279 different financing institutions that intervened 522 times. The funding came primarily from government agencies, private foundations, and the pharmaceutical industry. Public funding declined and private funding increased over the years included in the analysis. Receipt of funding was not associated with greater impact at a later date. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the papers of excellence on smoking received external funding primarily from government agencies, private foundations, and the pharmaceutical industry. Public funding has decreased, while private funding has increased. Receipt of funding was not associated with greater impact at a later date.

Prevalencia del tabaquismo en España: el papel de la legislación / Smoking prevalence in Spain: the role of legislation

A lo largo de este artículo presentaremos datos que muestran los cambios ocurridos en la prevalencia de tabaquismo activo y pasivo en España como consecuencia de la implantación de las dos normativas nacionales que se han aprobado en nuestro país entre los 2006 y el 2011. Los datos hablan de una importante reducción en la prevalencia de tabaquismo pasivo tanto a nivel global ( que se redujo desde 49,5 por ciento en el año 2005 hasta un 21 por ciento en el 2011) como en los distintos ambientes ( laboral, escolar, hogares, bares y restaurantes).El artículo, también, muestra algunos datos que relacionan la disminución de la morbilidad por infarto agudo de miocardio y otras formas de cardiopatía isquémica, así como en el asma, con la disminución de la prevalencia de tabaquismo pasivo...

Throughout this article, we present data showing changes in the prevalence of active and passive smoking in Spain as a result of the implementation of the two national standards that have been adopted in our country between 2006 and 2011. The figures show a significant reduction in the prevalence of passive smoking both globally (down from 49 percent in 2005 to 21 percent in 2011) and in individual (work, school, homes, bars environments and restaurants).The article also shows some evidence linking the reduction of morbidity from acute myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, stroke and asthma, with decreasing prevalence of passive smoking...

Enfermedad de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada y rehabilitación visual / Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and visual rehabilitation

La enfermedad de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada es una entidad infrecuente, multisistémica, de etiología desconocida, presuntamente autoinmune, caracterizada por panuveítis granulomatosa crónica bilateral y difusa, acompañada de participación tegumentaria, neurológica y auditiva, que afecta con mayor frecuencia la raza no caucasiana y, por lo general, a mujeres. Se presenta generalmente entre los 20-50 años de edad. Su incidencia varía geográficamente. Se estima que el 25 por ciento de los pacientes con esta enfermedad son ciegos legales; que el 25 por ciento puede presentar baja visión y el 50 por ciento agudeza visual mayor de 20/50. Se presenta una paciente de 50 años de edad con antecedentes de enfermedad de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada, de 8 años de evolución, quien ha llevado tratamiento con antinflamatorios esteroideos sistémicos e inmunosupresores, así como terapia de apoyo con antinflamatorios esteroideos tópicos y ciclopléjicos. Acudió a la consulta de baja visión y se le realizó examen oftalmológico completo, estudios complementarios y se rehabilitó mediante el uso de ayudas ópticas y no ópticas para lograr el mayor aprovechamiento de su resto visual(AU)

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) is a rare, multisystemic, allegedly autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by chronic bilateral granulomatous and diffuse panuveitis, accompanied by tegumentary, neurological and hearing impairments that often affect the non-Caucasians and usually women. It usually occurs in the 20-25 years age group and its incidence varies with the geographic location. It is estimated that 25 percent of the patients with this disease are legally blind, the other 25 percent may have low vision and 50% present with visual acuity over 20/50. There is a 50 years-old patient with a history of Vogt - Koyanagi - Harada disease for 8 years. He had been treated with systemic steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressive therapy as well as supporting therapy with topical and cycloplegic steroid anti-inflammatories. The patient had gone to the low vision service looking for rehabilitation. He was performed a complete eye examination, supplementary studies and he was finally rehabilitated through the use of optical and non-optical aids in order to maximize his remaining vision(AU)