Emergency contraception types and mechanism of actions

Introduction: roughly 50% of pregnancy in the United States are unintended, and one of the reasons behind is lack of knowledge among women about various methods of emergency contraception. They come in tablet form, which is commonly known as the morning after pill, and coper intrauterine devices

Aim of the work: In this study, our aim is to discuss various methods commonly used for emergency contraception, and explore their availability and adverse effects. We will also find its application in obese and breast-feeding women

Methodology: we conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 2010 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: emergency contraception, morning after pill, adverse effects of emergency contraception, obese women contraception

Conclusion: Proper education if provided by health care providers to their female patients regarding methods of emergency contraception can lower rates of unintended pregnancies and elective abortions. Such awareness, consultation, and prescription must be given to all women of reproductive age, regardless of marital status for decreasing adverse outcomes of long term health of the woman and decrease rate of abortion

Management of placenta previa during pregnancy

Placenta previa is an obstetric complication [OS] that traditionally shows painless vaginal bleeding in the third trimester secondary to a strange placentation close or covering the interior cervical OS. Due to the inherent risk of hemorrhage, placenta previa may cause serious morbidity and mortality to both the fetus and the mother. Recently there have been two defined types of placenta previa: complete, and marginal. We here review the complications, incidence, risk factors, and management options of placenta previa

Increasing of PCOs among young females

Polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] is a typical heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, polycystic ovaries, and hyperandrogenism. The pervasiveness of PCOS differs relying upon which criteria are utilized to make the diagnosis. Clinical manifestations incorporate oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, hirsutism, and normally infertility. Risk factors for PCOS in adult women incorporates type I diabetes, type II diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Insulin resistance influences 50%-70% of women with PCOS prompting various comorbidities containing metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, diabetes, glucose intolerance, and hypertension. Studies demonstrate that women with PCOS will probably have expanded coronary artery calcium scores and increased carotid intima-media thickness. Mental health disorders comprising anxiety, depression, binge eating disorder and bipolar disorder similarly occur more often in women with PCOS. Weight loss advances menstrual irregularities, symptoms of androgen excess, and infertility. Management of clinical manifestations of PCOS comprises oral contraceptives for menstrual irregularities and hirsutism. Spironolactone and finasteride are used to treat symptoms of androgen excess. Treatment options for infertility include clomiphene, gonadotropins, laparoscopic ovarian drilling, and assisted reproductive technology. Appropriate diagnosis and administration of PCOS is crucial to address patient concerns yet additionally to anticipate future metabolic, endocrine, psychiatric, and cardiovascular complications

Reconstruction of mammalian oocytes by germinal vesicle transfer: a systematic review

Nuclear transfer procedures have been recently applied for clinical and research targets as a novel assisted reproductive technique and were used for increasing the oocyte activity during its growth and maturation. In this review, we summarized the nuclear transfer technique for germinal vesicle stage oocytes to reconstruct the maturation of them. Our study covered publications between 1966 and August 2017. In result utilized germinal vesicle transfer techniques, fusion, and fertilization survival rate on five different mammalian species are discussed, regarding their potential clinical application. It seems that with a study on this method, there is real hope for effective treatments of old oocytes or oocytes containing mitochondrial problems in the near future

Using fresh and frozen testicular sperm samples in couples undergoing ICSI-micro TESE treatment

We performed this study to evaluate use of fresh and frozen sperm samples in non-obstructive azoospermia microdissection testicular sperm extraction [micro-TESE-ICSI] treatment. We performed a total of 82 consecutive in vitro fertilization [IVF] cycles at Fertijin IVF Center in Istanbul, Turkey from January 2010 to March 2012. In 43 participants we used fresh sperm and frozen sperm in the remaining 39 cases. We used fresh and frozen thawed micro surgical testicular sperm extraction [micro TESE] sperm for ICSI with metaphase II [MII] oocytes. Frozen microTESE sperm was used in 39 cycles, while 43 ICSI cycles were performed using fresh microTESE. Neither the age of male partners [38.33 +/- 5.93 and 38.13 +/- 8.28] nor that of the female participants [33.16 +/- 6.38 and 33.33 +/- 6.97] showed significant difference between fresh versus the microTESE and frozen treatment groups, respectively. FSH concentrations were [14.66 +/- 13.93 mIU/ml] in fresh TESE group and [17.91 +/- 16.29 mIU/ml] in frozen group with no correlations or differences between the two groups. The average number of mature oocytes injected with sperm was 9.23 +/- 3.77, versus 9.26 +/- 5.26 in cycles using fresh and frozen microTESE sperm, respectively. Fertilization rate was not significantly different in the fresh microTESE [44.79%] than frozen TESE sperm group [46.76%]. The average number of transferred embryos was 1.60 +/- 0.49 in fresh sperm group and 1.59 +/- 0.50 in frozen sperm group. All embryo transfers were performed on day 3. Cryopreservation of testicular sperm tissues is more suitable and of great benefite if carried out before ovulation induction and not after, especially in cases with non-obstructive azoospermia