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Congenital multiseptate gallbladder (CMGB), is a rare congenital anomaly of gall bladder and it may be associated with other abnormalities. The gallbladder has one or many septa that divides the cavity into multiple distinct sections. It is considered as a pseudo-duplication of the gallbladder. Septate gall-bladder has not been a well-documented entity as most of the patients are asymptomatic, and this is usually an incidental finding which is discovered accidentally during the evaluation of abdominal pain. Some patients may present to the clinician with the complaints of pain in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium or colicky abdominal pain. Rarely, there may be stone formation due to septations, which may lead to recurrent abdominal pain. The most accurate way to diagnose septate gall-bladder is to combine ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRCP). Here we present a four-year-old female child with a multiseptate gall bladder who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and her abdominal pain resolved entirely.
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Background: Mobile phone because of the ever availability and its mobility application has created a dramatic interest for youth in comparison with other communication technologies. Unfortunately, communication technology has some negative effects also. Constant usage and addiction to cell phones has affected the people physically, psychologically, and socially. Aims and objective were to assess the pattern and impact on health of mobile phone use among students of Government Medical College, Jalaun. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on GMC Jalaun from October to December (3 months). All students of MBBS final year part 1 were selected as sample, so total 98 students were selected in the study. Students were requested to complete a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical test. Results: Our study shows that mobile phone use was very high among the medical students and 54.1% of them spending 4-6 hours per day. Most of the students were frequently using mobile phone for taking pictures, videos, playing games, listening to music and internet surfing other than for calling and messaging purpose. Majority of the students used mobile phones at night (62.2%). Majority were suffered from sleep disturbance (52.1%) followed by lack of concentration (47.9%) and behavioural disorder (36.8). Out of total students, 31.6% were having refracting error. Conclusions: Our study showed pattern of mobile phone use among the medical students and it was found that mobile phone use was very high among the medical students.
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Background: Induction of labour is the artificial initiation of labour before its spontaneous onset for the purpose of achieving vaginal delivery of the feto-placental unit. It is a common obstetric procedure which is indicated when the benefits to mother or fetus outweigh the benefits of continuing the pregnancy. Most common indication for induction is postdated pregnancy.Methods: Longitudinal Study carried out in department of obstetrics and gynaecology, RIMS, Imphal, Manipur, conducted for duration of two calendar years, with effect from January 2021 in 168 primigravidas who had reached full term or late term pregnancy admitted in ante-natal ward of RIMS, Obstetrics and Gynaecology department.Results: Study was conducted on 168 pregnant women, most of the participants belonged to the age group of 18-34 years (77.9%). Vaginal delivery was the most common mode of delivery (64.8%). Most of the babies (72%) delivered were having birth weight of between 2.5 kg to 3.9 kg. PPH and uterine hyperstimulation are comparatively more in the late term pregnancy as compared to full term pregnancy. Meconium-stained liquor was slightly more in late term pregnancy group as compared to full term pregnancy. Babies delivered by full term pregnant women were having better APGAR score in 1 minute and 5 minutes than the babies delivered by late term pregnancy.Conclusions: Late term Pregnancy is comparatively common in low socio-economic group. The CS rate is comparatively high in Late term pregnancy as compared to Full Term Pregnancy. Poor APGAR score is highly associated with Late term Pregnancy outcome.
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Background: Blood transfusion services in India rely on different factors for a smooth workout. Thus proper utilization of blood is necessary with minimal wasting. The aim was to evaluate the causes of discarding of blood and its components and to implement possible intervention for minimizing wastage. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in the blood bank of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Hospital, Lala Lajpat Rai Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh over a time period of 24 months from April 2019 to March 2021. Results: A total of 21627 units were collected from donors. A total of 11534 whole blood (WB), 10093 packed red blood cells (PRBC), 3245 platelets (PC), and 9669 fresh frozen plasma (FFP) were prepared. A total of 4046 units of blood and its components were discarded. The discard rate for WB, PRBC, PC and FFP was 6.25%, 7.46%, 38.39%, and 13.71% respectively. Conclusions: An average of 18.70% of blood units were discarded during this study period. The overall most common reason for discard was the date of expiry followed by transfusion transmitted infections (TTI). To minimize wastage of blood units, blood banks should be fully committed to organizing and coordinating the blood transfusion services,implementing all possible strategies as discussed in order to lower the discarding of blood and its units and to make them widely available.
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Background: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) lymphadenitis is a common complication after BCG vaccination. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a feasible and cost-effective procedure for the diagnosis and management of this entity. Awareness of this entity in cytology is important to avoid misdiagnosis, as the cytomorphologic features are very similar to tuberculosis. The present study described the clinical presentation and detailed cytomorphologic features in patients with BCG lymphadenitis. Methods: This was a retrospective study from 2018 to 2022 involving a total of 27 patients who presented with isolated left axillary or cervical lymphadenopathy. Results: Age at presentation ranged from 1 to 24 months. The male- to-female ratio was 2.75:1. Majority of the children had enlargement of the left axillary lymph nodes followed by cervical nodes. Cytomorphology showed the presence of dense acute and chronic inflammatory cells, epithelioid cell granulomas, multinucleated giant cells, histiocytic aggregates, reactive lymphoid cells, lymphohistiocytic clusters and calcification. Necrotic background was present in 25 (92.6%) cases. Ziehl-Neelsen staining for acid-fast bacilli was positive in 17 (62.9%) cases. Conclusions: A high index of clinical suspicion for BCG lymphadenitis should be kept in mind for children who are recently vaccinated. Diagnosis of this entity is based primarily on clinical grounds. However, cytology and microbiological examination are encountered as part of clinical work up of lymph node swelling. FNAC in conjunction with clinical presentation is useful for diagnosis of BCG lymphadenitis and avoid an unwarranted tubercular treatment.
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Enteric duplication cysts are rare congenital lesions that can develop anywhere along the alimentary tract and vary greatly in presentation, size, location and symptoms. Duplications most commonly arise from the mesenteric border of the intestine and are frequently single. These are classified as cystic or tubular. Mesenteric cysts are rare intra-abdominal lesions occurring during childhood period, which may vary in presentation and can be asymptomatic or can present as obstruction, perforation or bleeding. The diagnosis of duplication cyst is difficult due to absence of obvious pathognomic signs. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography may aid in diagnosis. Radiological imaging may not be sufficient and high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose such cases. We herein are presenting the rare case of combination of mesenteric cyst with enteric duplication cyst in 8 months old child who reported to surgical emergency with complaints of bleeding per rectum. Ileal duplication cysts are rare anomalies which are often underreported because of their vague symptomatology and radiological features are often not diagnostic. A high index of suspicion is always needed to pick up the diagnosis based on history, examination and radiological findings.
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Background: Bone formation, growth and its vitality necessitates blood supply. Nutrient artery is the key source of blood supply to the long bone apart from the other important sources like periosteal, metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries. Nutrient foramina allow nutrient artery. Typically, the direction of the nutrient foramina is towards the elbow joint in radius, away from its growing end. Knowledge of foramen index, number, direction and size of the nutrient foramina assists the surgeon to take and exact section of bone in case of bone resection and transplantation techniques. The aim of the present study is to determine the number, position, size direction of the nutrient foramina and the Foramen Index of the human dry radius bones. Methods: In the present study, 100 radius bones of unknown age and sex were taken into consideration from the department of anatomy Index Medical College, Indore (MP), India. Results: Most of the foramen was observed on the anterior surface of the bone. Nutrient foramina was found to be absent in 4 right sided and 3 left sided bones. The foramen index on right side was 34.92±4.97 cm whereas on the left side 34.79±4.43 cm. The nutrient foramen was directed towards the proximal end of radius in all the bones studied. Conclusions: In the present study the average length of the bone and foramina of the size larger are more on the right side when compared to the left side. The foramina are located mostly in the middle third of the bone of the anterior surface. This study may add to the present statistical data available on foramen index number of foramen and their location in the population of Indore region, during recent orthopaedic techniques like bone resection and transplantation.
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Background: COVID-19 3rd wave has shown not only less deaths but also limited symptomatic patients in India with few numbers of casualties as compared to first and second wave. The exact scientific reason behind this needs detailed study. There is an urgent need for a study aimed towards detection of low mortality and morbidity in 3rd wave of COVID-19 patients from a level 3 medical college hospital in western Uttar Pradesh district in India so as to find and develop new management strategies for COVID-19 patients in future next COVID-19 waves. Methods: This study was aimed to find morbidity and mortality factors of COVID-19 3rd wave among COVID-19 patients in a level 3 medical college hospital in western UP district Saharanpur in India from 1st January 2022 to 30th June 2022. Results: The demographic profile of patients admitted in our level 3 medical college hospital in western UP district in India; had no significant (p>0.05) association with morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 3rd wave, but vaccination doses as it increased from 1st to 2nd had significant association (p=0.05) with less mortality and morbidity in COVID-19 3rd wave those who received the vaccines. Conclusions: Possibly COVID vaccination doses had a positive boosting effect on immune system of COVID-19 patients, which may have caused Virus to be less damaging to Immune system leading to decreased morbidity and mortality and in COVID-19 patients in wave 3.
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A field trial was conducted to estimate the magnitude of heterosis in brinjal, for twenty-two characters, during Rabi 2021 at the Main Experiment Station, Department of Vegetable Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. 8 parental lines and the 28 F1 hybrids obtained from the parental lines following half-diallel mating design, along with a standard variety, Pant Samrat were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. Observations were recorded on twenty-two characters viz. days to 50% flowering, days to first fruit harvest, leaf area (cm²), plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant length of fruit (cm), fruit diameter (cm), fruit length/circumference ratio, length of peduncle (cm), length of calyx (cm), number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight (g), fruit yield per plant (kg), crop duration, dry matter content (%), TSS (%), total phenol content (mg/100g), reducing sugars (%), non-reducing sugar (%), total sugars (%) and ascorbic acid content (mg/100g). The study revealed that significant heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were observed for all the characters under study. The crosses P2 x P4 (42.42% and 25.12%) and P1 x P4 (41.73% and 14.15%) exhibited considerable heterosis over the better parent and the standard variety respectively, which may be commercially exploited for cultivation under sodic soils due to their high yield and desirable fruit qualities.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2018 and 2019 at the Agronomy Research farm of A.N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, UP to evaluate the effect of foliar application of macro and micronutrients on yield and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment consists of 10 treatment combinations with some foliar application macro and micronutrients two foliar spray tillering stages and a panicle initiation stage which were laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed maximum grain yield (38.50 and 40.40 q ha-1), straw (51.90 and 54.60 q ha-1), and harvest index (42.64 and 42.53 %) with treatment T10-75% RDF + WSCF @ 0.5 % (19:19:19) + ZnSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boron @ 0.25 % which was statistically at par with T3- 125 % RDF and significantly superior over rest of the treatments during both the years ., was recorded Similarly significant improvement in nutrient uptake (N, P, K, S, Zn, and B) by rice was observed in T10. Thus, it can be concluded that the application of 75% RDF + WSCF @ 0.5 % (19:19:19) + ZnSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boron @ 0.25 % can improve the yield and nutrient uptake.
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Gilbert syndrome (GS) is benign, often familial condition characterized by recurrent but asymptomatic mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the absence of hemolysis or underlying liver disease. The coexistence of GS with other more clinically significant conditions could interfere with their diagnoses. The genetic variation described as GS may affect drug glucuronidation and could potentially precipitate. Gallstones are the commonest ailment affecting the hepato-biliary system. Associated jaundice is usually direct, commonly due to biliary obstructive lesions. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with cholelithiasis is commonly seen with hemolytic disease. In the absence of hemolysis or systemic causes, congenital causes prevail, commonest of which is Gilbert’ Syndrome. Here we report a case of 21-year old male who presented to our hospital with complaint of pain abdomen and was diagnosed as gall stone induced pancreatitis which was further diagnosed as GS after genetic testing for UGT1A1 gene polymorphism.
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Wheat is widely used as a staple food in the world including India. But storage conditions of wheat grains are infected by several coleopteran pests. Tribolium castaneum Herbst is a ubiquitous and pestiferous pest among all. Adult and larvae both are harmful to wheat storage which often demolishes stored grains. The present study attempted at Entomology laboratory, Assam Agricultural University-Jorhat, to manage Dry powders of A. indica, C. roseus, C. heptaphylla, D. stramonium, E. tereticornis, M. struthiopteris, and V. negundo were used against T. castaneum to get rid of problematic local medicinal plants. During probit analysis the highest LD50 value was found in A. indica (1.49%) followed by D. stramonium (1.52%) and E. tereticornis (2.02%) and the lowest LD50 in Matteuccia struthiopteris (11.72%). In the repellency test, the highest rate of repellency was observed in A. indica (82.21%) followed by D. stramonium (72.59%), E. tereticornis (70.36%), and the lowest in Matteuccia struthiopteris (32.58%). Based on LD50 and mean repellency, the three botanicals (A. indica, D. stramonium, E. tereticornis) were selected for further work e.g., mortality and weight loss. A mortality study recorded 100% mortality after 35 days of treatment in the case of A. indica, D. stramonium, E. tereticornis. During the trial in 2018, A. indica (5.76%) had the lowest grain weight loss, followed by D. stramonium (12.05%) and E. tereticornis (12.05). The highest grain weight loss was observed in control with 62.33 per cent. Give your one line conclusion on these research.
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The present study conducted entitled, “Effect of Integrated use Organic manure and Bio-fertilizers on crop productivity under Rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop". Involved field trial conducted during Kharif season of year 2016-17 followed by laboratory analysis of the plant and soil samples in the Department of Soil science & Agriculture Chemistry, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi (U. P). All grasses were removed from the experimental plots and soil samples have been taken from each replication plots at 30 DAT, 60 DAT and at harvesting. The experiment was conducted under randomized block design (RBD) with six treatment combinations. Treatments were replicated thrice making the total number of 18 plots. The effect of various treatments on dry matter production could be arranged in order of T6>T3>T5>T4>T2>T1 and the values were 70.25, 62.15, 59.45, 43.40, 41.25 and 35.59 gm-1 row length, respectively. Application of fertilizers alone or in combination with F.Y.M increased grain and straw yield of rice significantly over control. Further, the yield was significantly superior under the use of organic manure and bio-fertilizers over the sole use of chemical fertilizers. On the basis of data, the superiority of the treatments may be arranged as T6>T3>T5>T4>T2 and T1. Like dry matter yield, rice grain and straw yield was also highest in treatment where 50% NPK was substituted through FYM to rice crop. The integrated use of fertilizers with FYM and bio-fertilizers might have added huge quantity of organic matter in soil that increased grain and straw yield. In general, higher number of tillers (15.25 m-1 row length), plant height (92.50 cm), dry matter at 60 DAT (70.25 gm-1 row length), grain yield (46.25 Qha-1 ) and straw yield (91.25 Qha-1 ) obtained with T6 treatment followed by T3>T5>T4>T2>T1 (control).
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To manage this issue, understanding the mineralization process of crop leftovers is helpful. C and N mineralization kinetics in surface-applied and soil-integrated rice and wheat residues were investigated. Rice and wheat residues bind nitrogen in the soil. The use of the residue increased soil organic carbon by 18% and aggregate stability by 55% compared to the control. This study concludes that instead of simply leaving agricultural wastes on the surface, it is best to work them into the soil, where they will decompose more quickly, the mineral N will be released more quickly, more organic matter will be produced, and the soil structure will be improved. Compost amendment was more effective in decreasing macro-aggregate and silt+clay fraction-specific activities than fertilizer NPK. Tillage and residue levels had a significant impact on soil organic carbon accumulation between 0 and 15 centimeters, but not between 15 and 30 centimeters. The SOC content of plots that used raised beds permanently and retained residue was 19.44 g kg-1, but the SOC content of plots that used zero-tilling was only 18.53 g kg-1. SOC levels in puddled rice grafts and conventionally tilled wheat were both 15.86 g kg-1. When compared to plots where the residue was removed, those where it was left but not tilled sequestered 0.91 g kg-1yr-1 SOC. After receiving NT treatments, the concentration of DOC in three different soil depths (bulk, >0.25 mm aggregate, and 0-5 cm soil) increased by 15.5%, 29.5%, and 14.1%, respectively. Increases in MBC ranged from 11.2% to 11.5% to 20%. The 0-50 cm depth SOC stock increased from 49.89 Mg ha-1 to 53.03 Mg ha-1 when the residue was removed. SOC stock was grown by 50 centimeters by rotational farming, but by just 5.35 percent through no-till farming. Bulk soil SOC was 12.9% higher in S treatments compared to NS treatments that removed crop residue, as were >0.25 mm aggregate (11.3%) and 0.25 mm aggregate (14.1%). While NT treatments increased DOC by 15.5%, 29.5%, and 14.1% in bulk soil, >0.25 mm aggregate, and 0.25 mm aggregate in the 0-5 cm soil layer, respectively, CT treatments increased MBC by 11.2%, 11.2%, and 20%. The 0-5 cm soil layer, bulk soil, and >0.25 mm aggregate all saw increases in DOC content of 23.2%, 25.0%, and 37.5% after receiving S treatments compared to NS treatments, while MBC increased by 29.8%, 30.2%, and 24.1%.
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Since ancient times, poor nutrition has been the primary culprit of iron deficiency, especially in the school going adolescent girls. There may be a number of factors that contribute to this. The production of affordable, wholesome, and practical foods is a challenge for the food industry. Spirulina platensis, a microscopic and filamentous cyanobacterium is a blue-green algae that is considered to be one of the ancient life forms on Earth. To increase the nutritive value and to provide other vital nutrients, best wholesome cereals must be chosen over or in combination with refined flour. Here, quinoas, soy flour and amaranth come in the picture. The preparation of pancake premix and the final product was done in the department of food and nutrition, school of home sciences , BBAU Lucknow in the duration of nine months from September 2023 to May 2023. The assessment was successful and yielded genuine beneficial outcomes. The spirulina pan cakes excel in terms of flavour, aroma, and mouth feel. The panellists found the pancake's green tint to be somewhat objectionable.
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Omeprazole, a Proton pump inhibitor, is widely prescribed in patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux. Patients continue to use omeprazole for long period of time even without the supervision of the doctor. The authors report a 50-year-old male patient with a 5-year history of omeprazole use, who complained of chest discomfort. ECG on admission showed atrial fibrillation. Laboratory findings showed hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia, and hypokalemia. The case report emphasizes the importance of patient education regarding the use and adverse drug reactions of the prescribed medications.
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Coronavirus disease is a contagious respiratory ailment that has spread significantly around the world. Most cases of COVID-19 are spread from person to person by coming into contact with respiratory droplets that are released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. In this manuscript, we have highlighted the possible transmission of COVID-19 through food, water, air and paper. In the case of food, we have extensively covered the transmission of COVID-19 through meat, frozen foods, food packaging and food market along with the incidences worldwide. In the nextsection, we have highlighted the different components of air which are responsible for the transmission and also covered its relation with PM 2.5 incidence. The SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from sewage water/wastewater of various countries namely the United States, India, Australia, Netherlands and France signifying that wastewater can be a mode of virus transmission. The paper circulation by the infected COVID-19 patients can also be a virus conveyance route. It can be concluded that SARS-CoV-2 can therefore be transmitted indirectly through food via the workers involved in food packing or food marts.By following general safety precautions (wearing masks, using hand sanitisers, cleaning and disinfecting contact surfaces, and avoiding close contact), heating and using chemicals like ethanol (67-71%), sodium hypochlorite (0.1%) and hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) on environmental surfaces, along with vaccination, it is possible to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Background: Reactive lymph node hyperplasia can exhibit morphological patterns I to VI. This study was done to evaluate lymph node hyperplasia, lymph node reactive patterns, lymph node metastasis and correlation with tumour stage, lymph node patterns and lymph node size. Methods: Total 454 lymph nodes were reviewed for metastases and reactivity patterns I to VI as per the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol. Association between qualitative variables was assessed by the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, those between quantitative variables using unpaired t-test. Results: Lymph node hyperplasia was highest in breast and commonest lymph node reactive patterns were lymphocyte predominance, germinal centre predominance, sinus histiocytosis and mixed patterns. Conclusions: Lymph node hyperplasia and lymph node reactive patterns show organ-wise variation and need standardisation. Most common lymph node reactive patterns included lymphocyte predominance and germinal centre predominance hyperplasia. Studying lymph node reactivity may help to understand host immune reaction against the tumour and thus influence prognosis.
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Background: Reactive lymph node hyperplasia can exhibit morphological patterns I to VI. This study was done to evaluate lymph node hyperplasia, lymph node reactive patterns, lymph node metastasis and correlation with tumour stage, lymph node patterns and lymph node size. Methods: Total 454 lymph nodes were reviewed for metastases and reactivity patterns I to VI as per the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol. Association between qualitative variables was assessed by the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, those between quantitative variables using unpaired t-test. Results: Lymph node hyperplasia was highest in breast and commonest lymph node reactive patterns were lymphocyte predominance, germinal centre predominance, sinus histiocytosis and mixed patterns. Conclusions: Lymph node hyperplasia and lymph node reactive patterns show organ-wise variation and need standardisation. Most common lymph node reactive patterns included lymphocyte predominance and germinal centre predominance hyperplasia. Studying lymph node reactivity may help to understand host immune reaction against the tumour and thus influence prognosis.
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Background: Every year, May 28 is considered as the Global Menstrual Hygiene Day. Many studies have revealed that most of the adolescent girls had incomplete and inaccurate information about the menstrual physiology and hygiene. Hygiene related practices during menstruation are of considerable importance, as it has a health impact in terms of increased vulnerability to reproductive tract infections (RTI) and other health problems. Aim & Objectives: To find out the menstrual hygiene practices and their association with socio-demographic characteristics of study participants. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 286 school going adolescents girls in the age group of 11-19 years in 5 schools (three government and two private) in the rural area of district Muzaffarnagar. Study was conducted in December, 2021 using a pre- designed, pre-tested questionnaire. Data was analysed statistically and chi square test was applied. Results: Most of the girls achieved menarche at the age of 10-13 years (79.7%). Mothers of around 83.5% girls were illiterate and these girls were less aware about menstrual hygiene practices. Only 63% girls knew about menstruation before menarche. According to 75.5% girls, source of menstrual bleeding was vagina and only 65.7% girls knew about the physiology of menstruation. Conclusion: The study shows that there is significant lack of knowledge among girls regarding menstruation. Only 62% girls use sanitary pads as absorbent material due to various reasons like shyness, high cost, etc. Majority of girls had restrictions of not touching kitchen items and not to take bath during menses. There is a need to make the girls aware regarding menstrual hygiene by various health awareness programs in schools and the community.