Immunohistochemical evaluation of E-cadherin in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma

Aim: To evaluate the expression of E-cadherin (E-cad) in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Material and Method: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect E-cad expression in 20 cases each of normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Statistical Analysis Used: Inferential statistical methods for statistical analysis used were Chi-square test for comparison of the frequency between different severity of dysplasia and OSCC. Results: Upon assessing the expression of E-cad in OED and OSCC, increase in E-cad immunoreactivity was seen in early lesions. However, the expression of E-cad decreased significantly as the grade of dysplasia increased. Conclusion: We observed a significant decrease in E-cad expression from dysplasia to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma suggesting that loss of expression of E-cad is closely related to carcinoma.

Pars plana placement of Ahmed glaucoma valve tube through sclerotomy port in refractory glaucoma: A novel surgical technique

We describe a case of 34-year-old male with post penetrating keratoplasty glaucoma, post trabeculectomy with aphakia in the only seeing eye, in which a modified surgical technique of inserting Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) tube in vitreous cavity was done to reduce the risks associated with pars plana incision during pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). A hybrid 20-25 gauge PPV was done concurrently, implant fixed to sclera, and tube inserted through the 25 gauge sclerotomy port in supero-temporal quadrant. Visual acuity and intraocular pressure remained stable during 1-year follow-up.

Secondary Coats' response to retinal vasculitis managed with bevacizumab

We report a case of 22-year-old young male who presented with a 3-month history of gradual and painless decrease of vision in his right eye (RE). On ophthalmological examination, best-corrected visual acuity in his RE was counting finger close to the face. Left eye ophthalmic examination was unremarkable. RE indirect ophthalmoscopy revealed multiple telangiectatic vessels, aneurysmal dilations, extensive yellow (lipid) exudation over the posterior pole along with perivascular exudation, and multiple sclerosed vessels in peripheral retina. Fluorescein angiography also revealed progressive leakage from telangiectasias, multiple aneurysmal outpouchings, extensive capillary dropouts, and vascular communicating channels in all quadrants. Spectral-domain-optical coherence tomography of macula demonstrated marked intraretinal fluid. Based on the above findings, a diagnosis of healed retinal vasculitis with Coats'-like response was made. The patient received 4-weekly two intravitreal bevacizumab injections which resulted in stabilization of the retinal findings and improvement in visual acuity.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of hard palate

Salivary gland tumors are clinically diverse group of neoplasms, of which pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) are most common benign and malignant tumors, respectively. Besides the major salivary glands, these tumors can affect the minor salivary gland tissues in the posterior part of the hard palate. Minor salivary gland tumor accounts for about 15% of all the salivary gland neoplasm, of which MEC accounts to about 35.9%. MEC appears as asymptomatic swellings and shows a variety of biological behaviors and variable natural history. This article reports a case of MEC involving the posterior part of the hard palate. The lesion was treated by wide surgical excision with a regular follow-up and no recurrence was noted.

Symptomatic small non-obstructing lower ureteric calculi: comparison of ureteroscopy and extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the success, efficacy and complications of ureteroscopy (URS) and extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for the treatment of symptomatic small non obstructing lower ureteric calculi. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This prospective non-randomised study was conducted simultaneously at two urological referral centres, included 280 patients with symptomatic small (4-10 mm) lower ureteric calculi (situated below the sacroiliac joint), with good renal function on intravenous urography. Patients were offered both the treatment options. One hundred and sixty patients chose ureteroscopy, whereas 120 patients were treated by ESWL. Standard techniques of ureteroscopy and ESWL were employed. Patients were followed-up to assess the success rates and complications of the two procedures. RESULTS: Ureteroscopy achieved complete stone clearance in one session in 95% of patients. In six patients ureteroscopy had failed initially and was later accomplished in second session improving the success rate to 98.7%. Two patients had a proximal migration of calculus that needed ESWL. Of the 120 patients treated by ESWL, 90% achieved stone free status at three months. Ureteroscopy was needed for twelve patients (10%) where ESWL failed to achieve stone clearance. There were no significant ESWL related complications. ESWL was administered on outpatient basis, while patients needed hospitalisation and anaesthesia for ureteroscopy. CONCLUSION: ESWL can be the primary mode of treatment for symptomatic small non-obstructing lower ureteric calculi as it is minimally invasive and safe. Ureteroscopy can be offered to patients who demand immediate relief or when ESWL fails.

Therapeutic value of bovine saliva in wound healing: a histomorphological study.

Biopsies were collected from the control (normal saline solution treated) and saliva treated wounds (back and loin region) of calves on 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days post-wounding. A faster connective tissue and epidermal regeneration was observed in saliva treated group. The inflammatory response was subdued as early as on 3rd day. On the 14th day the test wounds were covered with a dense layer of fibroblast and collagen and epidermal growth started. On 21st day the condensation of collagen and vascularization of the scar tissue was further augmented. By 28th day, the wounds were completely filled and nearly 85% of the wound surface was covered with epidermis.

Electroacupuncture, morphine and clonidine: a comparative study of analgesic effects.

This is a comparative study of the analgesic effects of the modified traditional method of analgesia, electroacupuncture (EA), a standard analgesic drug, morphine, a potential analgesic drug, clonidine and the combination of EA + morphine and EA + clonidine. In each case, the index of analgesia (IA) was determined by recording the tail flick latency (TFL) in 60 rats divided into 6 groups of 10 rats each. Group I rats served as control group while Group II-VI were subjected to EA for 20 min (at Zusanli and Kunlun points), morphine (5 mg/kg bw i.p.), clonidine (150 micrograms/kg bw i.p.), EA + morphine and EA + clonidine respectively. TFLs were recorded after the procedure and at 10 min intervals for 150 min or til the TFL returned to¿ the baseline. The IA, analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and its significance determined by multiple comparison test (at 5% level), was found to be significantly different, at various time intervals, in the 6 groups studied.

Enriched collagen as coadjuvant therapeutic agent in experimental osteomyelitis in dogs.

Osteomyelitis was induced in the tibiae of dogs by injecting hemolytic strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical, radiological and histomorphological reactions in the diseased tibiae were studied up to 15 weeks to evaluate the response of infected bone to parenteral oxytetracycline in cases of closed wounds and surgical curettage, antimicrobial irrigation along with parenteral oxytetracycline therapy in animals carrying open wounds. Enriched collagen as a constituent of therapeutic regimen was also administered locally and its efficacy during resolution of osteomyelitis was compared with other treatments. Surgical curettage along with irrigation of lesions was observed to be an effective method for bringing an early recovery in aggravated cases of osteomyelitis. The addition of collagen enhanced the healing process in comparison with non-collagen treated animals.

Experimental model of staphylococcal osteomyelitis in dogs.

Osteomyelitis was induced in 45 male dogs by inoculating hemolytic strain of Staphylococcus aureus alone into the tibial marrow cavity. Clinical, radiological and bacteriological studies were conducted to evaluate the progress of disease up to 15 weeks. Clinical signs consisted of localized soft tissue swelling, pain, pyrexia and lameness which later developed an open wound with purulent exudation. Predominant radiographic features were extensive periosteal reaction, cortical lysis, new bone formation, frequent development of sequestrum and formation of localized abscess pockets in advanced cases. Staphylococci were recovered from the tibial marrow cavity for as long as 15 weeks after onset of the infection.