ISSR Analysis of Genetic Relationship and Population Structure of Turpinia arguta Fresh Leaves in Jiangxi Province / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore genetic relationship and population structure of Turpinia arguta in six locations of Jiangxi province by inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） molecular marker technique， and to provide theoretical basis for the protection and utilization of this medicinal material resource. Method:A total of 22 samples from six locations in four counties in Jiangxi province were collected， and genomic DNA was extracted by kit method. Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） amplification was performed using sixty-four universal ISSR molecular marker primers， and the products were detected with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （PAGE）. NTsys 2.10e software was selected to calculate the genetic similarity coefficient by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） and cluster analysis. Population genetic structure was analyzed by Structure 2.1 software. Result:A total of forty-eight ISSR primers were amplified to obtain the product， the percent of polymorphic bands ranged from 45.45% to 100%. UPGMA cluster analysis showed that these plant individuals could not be clustered according to their respective executive locations. Analysis of population genetic structure showed that 22 samples of T. arguta could be divided into three populations. Conclusion:There is gene exchange among the populations of T. arguta in Jiangxi province， and it can affect the genetic structure of germplasm resources from different geographical sources.

Chinese Medicine Sequential Therapy Improves Pregnancy Outcomes after Surgery for Endometriosis-Associated Infertility: A Multicenter Randomized Double-blind Placebo Parallel Controlled Clinical Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese medicine (CM) improving pregnancy outcomes after surgery for endometriosis-associated infertility.@*METHODS@#A multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo parallel controlled clinical trial was designed. A total of 202 patients who had laparoscopy for endometriosis-associated infertility with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome were included and randomly divided into the CM treatment group and placebo control group at a ratio of 1:1 using a central block randomization from May 2014 to September 2017, 101 patients in each group. The two groups received continuous intervention at 1-5 days after surgery, for 6 menstrual cycles. Before ovulation, the CM group was treated Huoxue Xiaoyi Granule (); after ovulation, Bushen Zhuyun Granule ( was involved. The control group was treated with placebo. Transvaginal ultrasonography was performed every menstrual cycle during the treatment, and female hormone levels in the follicular and luteal phases were measured during the 1st, 3rd and 6th menstrual cycles. The analysis was continued until pregnancy. The primary outcomes were clinical pregnancy rate and pregnancy outcome, and the secondary outcomes were follicular development and endometrial receptivity. Safety evaluations were performed before and after treatment.@*RESULTS@#(1) Clinical pregnancy and live birth rates: the clinical pregnancy and live birth rates of the CM group were significantly higher than those of the placebo group [44.6% (45/101) vs. 29.7% (30/101), 34.7% (35/101) vs. 20.8% (21/101), both P0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Strategies for activating blood circulation-regulating Gan (Liver)-tonifying Shen (Kidney) sequential therapy can effectively improve the clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate of endometriosis-associated infertility with qi stagnation and blood stasis after laparoscopy, improve follicular development, promote ovulation, improve endometrial receptivity, while being a safe treatment option. (Trial registration No. NCT02676713).

Endoscopic submucosal excavation as the derivative technology of endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of intestinal neuroendocrine tumor / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and safety of ESE (endoscopic submucosalexcavation) as the derivative technology of ESD (endoscopic submucosal dissection) for intestinal Neuroendocrinetumor. Methods A total of 23 lesions diagnosed as Neuroendocrine tumor were treated by ESE. Pathologicaldiagnosis was performed. Reverse events were recorded.Patients were followed up for recurrence andmetastasis. Results Lesions, 0.4 ~ 3.0 cm (medium size 1.0 cm) in diameter,were all resected at one ESE procedure.The operation time was 20 ~ 75 min (medium 30 min). Postoperative bleeding occurred in one case .Initiative fullthickness resection was made in one case due to the violation of muscularis propria layer. 23 cases were histologicallydiagnosed as neuroendocrine tumor, with 21 as G1 and 2 as G2, none as G3. Within 3 gastric neuroendocrine tumors,2 were type 1 and 1 was type 2. All resected samples were free of residual tumor cell in the lateral and basalmargins. Conclusion ESE is safe and efficacious for the treatment of intestinal neuroendocrine tumor.

Development and application of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Saxifraga genus / 中国中药杂志

In order to develop genomic-SSR markers for species of Saxifraga genus, a mixed plant genomic DNA sample was sequenced based on high-throughput Illumina MiSeq platform. According to genomic sequencing data, SSR loci were identified with MISA software, and then primers were designed with Primer 3 software. A total of 120 pairs of primers were randomly synthesized and amplified in genomic DNA of a few plant samples. Those primers who have yielded polymorphic bands and were considered easy to amplify were identified. After that, transferability of these primers was evaluated, and phylogenetic relationship of 25 species of Saxifraga genus was analyzed with UPGMA (unweighted pair group method analysis). In our results, 587 256 sequences containing SSRs were identified from a total of 1 881 979 combined read pairs obtained in genomic sequencing. Primers were designated to amplify SSRs containing two to six nucleotide repeat units, screened in a small portion of species. Finally, 17 pairs of primers which have produced abundant of polymorphic bands with little problem were amplified in 25 species of Saxifraga genus. A total of 2 687 polymorphic bands were obtained, the average polymorphic rate was 158 bands per pairs of primers. The transferability rate was ranging from 88.0% to 100% across 25 species of Saxifraga. In phylogenetic analysis, the clustering of 25 species based on 17 pairs of SSR primers was different from morphological classification. Our analysis has provided molecular data for genetic relationship of Saxifraga genus, and the transferable and polymorphic SSRs have provided information for genetic diversity research.

Effect of Zuogui Pill () on monoamine neurotransmitters and sex hormones in climacteric rats with panic attack / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To explore the effects of Chinese medicine prescription Zuogui Pill (, ZGP) on monoamine neurotransmitters and sex hormones in climacteric rats with induced panic attacks.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight climacteric female rats were randomized into 6 groups with 8 rats in each group: the control group, the model group, the low-, medium- and high-dose ZGP groups and the alprazolam group. Rats in the low-, medium- and high-dose ZGP groups were administered 4.725, 9.45, or 18.9 g/kg ZGP by gastric perfusion, respectively. The alprazolam group was treated by gastric perfusion with 0.036 mg/kg alprazolam. The control and model groups were treated with distilled water. The animals were pretreated once daily for 8 consecutive weeks. The behaviors of rats in the open fifield test and the elevated T-maze (ETM) were observed after induced panic attack, and the levels of brain monoamine neurotransmitters and the plasma levels of sex hormones were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, the mean ETM escape time and the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenalin (NE) of the model group were signifificantly reduced (P<0.05), Compared with the model group, the mean ETM escape time and the 5-HT and NE levels of all the ZGP groups increased signifificantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01). However, no signifificant difference was observed in the levels of sex hormones between the groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pretreatment with ZGP in climacteric rats may improve the behavior of panic attack, which may be related to increased 5-HT and NE in the brain.</p>

Pretreatment with baicalin attenuates hypoxia and glucose deprivation-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the neuroprotective effects of baicalin against hypoxia and glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD/RO)-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SH-SY5Y cells were divided into a control group, a OGD/RO group, which was subject to OGD/RO induction; and 3 baicalin groups subject to baicalin (1, 5, 25 μmol/L) for 2 h before induction of OGD/RO (low-, medium-, and high-dose baicalin groups). Cell viability was detected by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometric analysis was used to detect cell apoptosis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the mRNA expression of caspase-3 gene. Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and N-methyl-daspartic acid receptor-1 (NMDAR1).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Baicalin could significantly attenuate OGD/RO mediated apoptotic cell death in SH-SY5Y cells; the apoptosis rates in the low-, medium- and high-dose groups were 12.1%, 7.9%, and 5.4%, respectively. Western blot and real-time PCR analysis revealed that significant decrease in caspase-3 expression in the baicalin group compared with the OGD/RO group (P<0.01). Additionally, down-regulation of NF-κB and NMDAR1 was observed in the baicalin group compared with those obtained from the OGD/RO group. Compared with the low-dose baicalin group, remarkable decrease was noted in the medium- and high-dose groups (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Baicalin pre-treatment attenuates brain ischemia reperfusion injury by suppressing cellular apoptosis.</p>

Cloning and tissue expression of mevalonate disphosphate decarboxylase genes from Andrographis paniculata / 中国中药杂志

Andrographolide is a main bioactive substance in Andrographis paniculata, and extensively used in anti-inflammatory drugs. In order to increase andrographolide production in plant, three 1260 bp ORFs encoding mevalonate disphosphate decarboxylases with 419 amino acids were cloned from A. paniculata by RACE method and analyzed by bioinformatic software. Their tissue expression patterns were predicted by real time PCR. Eleven conserved amino acid residues determining specificity and activity of these MVDs were predicted in these amino acid sequences, but no plastid targeted signal peptides were detected. These MVDs have high similarities with the MVD protein (GenBank number: AEZ55675.1) from Salvia miltiorrhiza. In stems and leaves, expression levels of these MVD genes were constant, and reached the highest level at bud stage and the beginning of flowering. The MVD genes we have cloned from A. paniculata could be used in genetic engineering of andrographolide biosynthsis pathway in future.

Effect of topographical factors on podophyllotoxin content in Sinopodophyllum hexandrum and study on ecological suitability / 中国中药杂志

In order to find the optimal topographical factor for regionslization, the content of cimetidine in 116 Sinopodophyllum hexandrum sample collected from Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Tibet, Yunnan and Shaanxi provinces, was determined. Using mathematical statistics and geographical spatial analysis of GIS analysis, the relationship between content of podophyllotoxin and influencing factors including altitude gradient and gradient position was analyzed. It is found that the optimal altitude was 2 800 m to 3 600 m, the aspect of slope north or northeast and northwest and the slope 12 degrees to 65 degrees with a high suitability degree. Considering the artificial planting, the suitable planting area for S. hexandrum is comfirmed. The topographical factor is important for S. hexandrum regionalization, but has hardly effect on podophyllotoxin content. The results of the study provide an important scientific basis for S. hexandrum production development. But there are many factors which affect suitability index and podophyllotoxin content of S. hexandrum, it is necessary to consider other factors like climate and soil while exploitation and protection of S. hexandrum.

Cloning and tissue expression of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene from Andrographis paniculata / 中草药

Objective: Andrographolide is the main bioactive substance in Andrographis paniculata, and popularly used as active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). We have cloned the gene encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from A. paniculata and characterized its tissue expression pattern. Methods: Total RNA was extracted with CTAB-LiCl extraction method; Conserved fragment was amplified and cloned with degenerated primers, and a full length ORF encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase was obtained with RACE method and analyzed by bioinformatic softwares, e.g. ProtParam. Tissue expression pattern was predicted with real time PCR. Results: We have cloned a 1 047 bp GGPS gene encoding a sequence with 348 amino acids. This amino acid sequence contained a plastid targeted N-terminal signal peptide and has high similarities with the GGPS protein from Catharanthus roseus. The GGPS gene has expressed in a dynamic state in stems and leaves of A. paniculata. The expression reached a high level at bud stage, then decreased at early flowering stage, increased at flowering and early seed setting stage again, and finally decreased at seed setting stage. Considering the above expression characteristics, biosynthesis of metabolites regulated by GGPS was deduced more active at bud stage and flowering and early seed setting stage. Conclusion: GGPS is a key enzyme in biosynthesis of andrographolide. We have cloned the GGPS gene from A. paniculata, and provide a sharp tool in genetic engineering of andrographolide biosynthsis pathway.

Triptolide inhibites Th17 cell differentiation via regulating cyclooxygenase-2/ prostaglandin E2 axis in synovial fibroblasts from rheumatoid arthritis / 中国中药杂志

Triptolide (TPT), an active compound extracted from Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii , has been used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, after synovial fibroblasts from rheumatoid arthritis (RASFs) were treated with TPT, we investigated its effect on the differentiation of Th17 cells. Firstly, the mRNA level of cyclooxygenase (COX) wad detected by qRT-PCR and the protein level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was tested by ELISA in RASFs treated with different concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100 nmol L-1 ) of TPT. Then after TPT pre-treated RASFs and RA CD4 + T cells wer e co-cultured for 3 days in the presence or absence of PGE2, IL-17 and IFN-gamma production in CD4 T cell subsets were detected by flow cytometry. The results showed TPT decreased the mRNA experssion of COX2 and the secretion of PGE2 in RASFs in a dose-dependent manner(P <0. 05). We further found that differentiation of Thl7 cells was downregulated in a dose-dependent manner, and exogenous PGE2 could reverse the inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation(P <0. 05). Taken together, our results demonstrated that TPT inhibited the mRNA level of COX2 and the secretion of PGE2 in RASFs, which partly led to impaired Th17 cell differentiation in vitro.

Genetic diversity analysis of Andrographis paniculata in China based on SRAP and SNP / 中国中药杂志

In order to reveal genetic diversity of domestic Andrographis paniculata and its impact on quality, genetic backgrounds of 103 samples from 7 provinces in China were analyzed using SRAP marker and SNP marker. Genetic structures of the A. paniculata populations were estimated with Powermarker V 3.25 and Mega 6.0 software, and polymorphic SNPs were identified with CodonCode Aligner software. The results showed that the genetic distances of domestic A. paniculata germplasm ranged from 0. 01 to 0.09, and no polymorphic SNPs were discovered in coding sequence fragments of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase. A. paniculata germplasm from various regions in China had poor genetic diversity. This phenomenon was closely related to strict self-fertilization and earlier introduction from the same origin. Therefore, genetic background had little impact on variable qualities of A. paniculata in domestic market. Mutation breeding, polyploid breeding and molecular breeding were proposed as promising strategies in germplasm innovation.

Impaired interleukin-10 secretion by CD5(+) B cells in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the number of peripheral blood CD5(+) B cells and their ability of secreting IL-10 in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from 57 pre-treated, 40 post-treated ITP patients and 25 controls using Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation and then stained with PE-CD5/FITC-CD19 for flow cytometric analysis. After 24-hour culture, lymphocytes were stained with APC-IL-10 for intracellular cytokine detection. ELISA assay was employed to determine IL-10 concentration in supernatants.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The percentage and absolute number of CD5(+) B cells in peripheral blood from pre-treated ITP patients were significantly higher than that from normal controls (3.75 ± 2.37)% vs (2.10 ± 1.08)%, P < 0.01; (6.29 ± 5.77)× 10(7)/L vs (3.06 ± 1.90)× 10(7)/L, P < 0.01. CD5(+) B cells expressed more intracellular IL-10 than other lymphocyte subsets both in ITP patients and normal controls. The percentages of IL-10(+) cells within CD5(+) B cells in pre-treated ITP patients and normal controls were (29.51 ± 20.73)% and(15.90 ± 9.58)%, respectively(P < 0.01). Intracellular mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of IL-10 in CD5(+) B cells was 27.95 ± 13.99 in pre-treated patients, which was significantly higher than that in controls (P < 0.01). In contrast, IL-10 concentration in supernatants was (173.05 ± 102.50) ng/L in pre-treated ITP group, which was lower than that (230.61 ± 76.96) ng/L in controls. In patients who achieved remission, the number of CD5(+) B cells decreased to level comparable to normal controls. While intracellular IL-10 MFI of CD5(+) B cells in post-treated ITP patients remained as high as in pre-treated ones, the IL-10 concentration in supernatants increased to level similar to controls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The significantly increased number of CD5(+) B cells and accumulated IL-10 in CD5(+) B cells suggested impaired IL-10 secretion in ITP patients. The number and the ability of secreting IL-10 of CD5(+) B cells could be restored after effective treatments in patients with ITP.</p>

Determination of methyl isocyanate (MIC) in air of workplaces by HPLC / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the method of detecting the concentrations of methyl isocyanate (MIC) in air of workplaces with high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Samples are collected by XAD-7 tubes coated with 1-(2-pyridyl) piperazine (1-2PP). Samples are desorbed with acetonitrile (ACN) and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a fluorescence detector.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was a linear relationship within the range of 0.01 ∼ 10 µg/ml, and the detection limit was 5.3×10(-4) µg/ml. The minimum detectable concentration was 0.01 µg/ml, and the lowest detected concentration was 3.3×10(-3) mg/m(3). The relative standard deviation was 2.2% ∼ 5.3%. The average desorption efficiency was 90% and the sampling efficiencies were 100%. The samples could be stored for 10 days in cold storage condition.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The present method could meet with the requirements of Guide for establishing occupational health standards-Part4 Determination methods of air chemicals in workplace and be feasible for determination of MIC in workplace air.</p>

In vitro proliferation of rat Leydig cells / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the feasibility of in vitro proliferation of rat Leydig cells by modifying the cell culture system.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Leydig cells were isolated from three-week-old rats by a procedure combining collagenase dispersion, stainless steel mesh infiltration and differential adhesion. The isolated cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 and modified media for stem cell proliferation, and the proliferation of the cultured cells was evaluated by cell counting and MTP test. The expression of 3beta-HSD in the cultured cells was detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, and testosterone productivity in the isolated Leydig cells with or without hCG stimulation was determined at 2 hours and 4 days after cell isolation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The Leydig cells cultured in the modified media proliferated actively, with a doubling time of (2.26 +/- .31) days, as compared with (16.32 +/- 2.14) days for those cultured in the traditional media (P <0.05). The 3beta-HSD positive rate in the cultured cells was (554.3 +/- 7.1)% after 2 hours and (93.6 +/- 4.6)% after 4 days of culture. All the proliferated cells exhibited testosterone productivity, and their testosterone secretion was significantly upregulated by hCG stimulation (P <0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Leydig cells isolated by differential adhesion proliferate actively in the modified culture media.</p>

Perspectives in clinical research of acupuncture on menopausal symptoms / 中国结合医学杂志

Seventy percentage of perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women will experience menopause symptoms. Primary menopause symptoms in Western countries included hot flashes, insomnia, somatic pain, depression, and fatigue. Hot flashes were most commonly treated. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) continues to have a clinical role in the management of vasomotor symptoms, but since 2002 there has been a marked global decline in its use due to concerns about the risks and benefits of HRT; consequently many women with menopause symptoms are now seeking alternatives including acupuncture. Acupuncture has a long tradition of use for the treatment of different menopause symptoms. Its effectiveness has been studied for natural menopause or chemical and surgery induced menopause. Here we provide an update on recent advances in the field for clinicians. The recent systematic reviews on acupuncture in menopausal symptoms suggest that acupuncture is an effective and valuable option for women suffering from menopause. However, the science of acupuncture therapies is still inadequate to sufficiently support the benefits of acupuncture therapies. Finally, we discuss our points of view on clinical trials of acupuncture for menopause symptoms.

Chinese medicine for menopausal syndrome: current status, problems and strategies / 中国结合医学杂志

The use of Chinese medicine (CM) for the management of: menopausal syndrome is considered effective both at home and abroad, and more and more clinical studies are confirming its efficacy. However, many problems still exit in current studies, such as the standard of CM syndrome differentiation, the design methodology and criteria to assess the quality of clinical trials and the efficacy of interventions. In this paper, the authors present the CM research and treatment strategies for menopausal syndrome with concepts explaining the CM understanding of the mechanism of the disorder. It is concluded that CM is effective for menopausal syndrome, but improvement in both study methodology and treatment strategy is needed. In detail, it is firstly necessary to conduct clinical studies to evaluate the difference of various CM treatments for menopausal syndrome manifesting different symptoms, so as to establish a comprehensive treatment protocol of CM. Secondly, an acknowledged evaluation system needs to be founded, which embodies the characteristics of CM, and covers appropriate endpoint indices and parameters to objectively evaluate the effect and study quality of CM. Finally, an epidemiological survey with large sample size should be implemented with robust statistical design and CM expertise to collect data for establishing diagnostic criteria for menopause in different stages and with different symptoms.

Principles of ethics review on traditional medicine and the practice of institute review board in China / 中国结合医学杂志

As one of the significant parts of medical science research in China, the research on Chinese medicine (CM) reflects the essence of healthcare tradition in the country both theoretically and clinically, and embodies the values of Chinese culture. Therefore, in the practice of ethics review on CM research protocols, besides abiding by the contemporary prevalent international principles and guidelines on bioethics, which emphasizes the scientific and bioethical value of the study, we should also stress the CM theoretical background and relevant clinical experience in the framework of Chinese culture and values. In this paper, we went over the traits of CM clinical research and the experience from the practice of ethics review by the institution review board for bioethics, and then attempted to summarize the key points for the bioethics review to CM researches in China, so as to serve as reference for the bioethics review to traditional and alternative medicine researches.

Comparative study on abdominal acupuncture and western medicine for treatment of menopause depressive disorder / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the therapeutic effects between abdominal acupuncture and Deanxit for treatment of menopause depressive disorder, and to explore the efficacy and safety of abdominal acupuncture.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty cases were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each. The observation group was treated with abdominal acupuncture at Zhongwan (CV 12), Xiawan (CV 10), Qihai (CV 6) and Guanyuan (CV 4), etc. The control group was treated with oral administration of Deanxit. The patients in both groups were treated for 4 weeks and followed up for another 4 weeks, and they were evaluated by Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) every couple weeks.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total HAMD scores of 2 and 4 weeks treatments and 2 and 4 weeks follow-up were all reduced in both groups (all P < 0.01). The total scores of 2 and 4 weeks follow-up in observation group were lower than those in control group, with significant differences in statistical analysis (both P < 0.05). Compared with the clinical therapeutic effect of both groups after 4 weeks treatment, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05), however, after 4 weeks follow-up, the therapeutic effect in observation group was superior to that in control group, with significant difference in statistical analysis (P < 0.05). The safety indexes before and after treatment of both groups were normal, and the adverse reaction rate in observation group was much lower than that in control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Abdominal acupuncture is an effective and safe method for menopause depressive disorder, it improves the menopause depressive symptoms with persistent action, less symptoms relapse and adverse reactions.</p>

Pretest survey on the Chinese menopause rating scale / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To select the items from the Chinese menopause rating scale(CMRS)through pre-tcsting those people with menopausal syndromes.Methods 293 people were surveyed in Guangzhou in 2005.among which 196 people with menopausal syndromes and others without.Psychometrics methods were employed to develop the scale.The item pools were all round.Methods used would include:focus group discussion and interviews,subjective evaluation method and Delphi method,to preliminarily screen the items.Data on scales measured from 196 cases with and 97 subjects without menopausal syndromes during the menopausal period,were collected.Again,seven statistical methods were employed to select the items.Results The 40-items scale for menopausal syndrome was formed to include:a)three domains:somatic(18-items),psychological(14-items)and social(5-items);b)one general appraisaIitem:c)two lie-test iterns.Conclusion The Chinese menopausal syndrome scale we used seemed to possess good content validity.feasibility and intra-class reliability.

Study on the reliability and validity of the Chinese Menopause Rating Scale (CMRS) / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the feasibility,reliability,validity and responsiveness of a Chinese Menopause Rating Scale (CMRS).Methods Cross-sectional survey and convenience sampling were adopted. Participants:women with menopause syndrome and those in menopause but without menopause syndrome were recruited.All participants were asked to complete the CMRS,Kupperman Index,WHOQOL-BREF and MENQOL.The Self-control observation design was adopted when the responsiveness was evaluated.Patients were treated with TCM for weeks.MRSTCM was evaluated before and after the treatment.Results (1) Feasibility:3343 participants including 2320 patients and 1023 menopause women,were surveyed in 8 different settings.The recovery rate of CMRS was 100%,with a response rate as 99.7%.The completion of the CMRS took 10.30 minutes on average.(2)Reliability:Cronbach's alpha of CMRS,soma dimension,psychology dimension and community dimension of CMRS were 0.93,0.87,0.89 and 0.73 respectively,with the correlation coefficient of split half of the CMRS.Soma dimension,psychology dimension and community dimension were 0.92,0.89,0.86 and 0.73 respectively and the test-retest correlation coefficient of MRSTCM,the soma dimension,psychology dimension and community dimension were as 0.88,0.91,0.85 and 0.77 respectively.(3) Validity:CMRS was established on the basis of connotation of menopause syndrome,and a series of steps were adopted to modify the scale.CMRS was applicable for patients with menopause syndrome.CMRS seemed to have had good content-related validity.The result of exploratory factor analysis was accorded with the theory frame of CMRS by and large.The correlations between CMRS and KI,CMRS and WHOQOLBREF,CMRS and MENQOL seemed good.The CMRS was able to discriminate between groups of people with or without menopausal syndrome and bad good discriminative validity.(4) Responsibility:The CMRS was measured based on 174 patients with menopausal syndrome before and after the TCM therapy.Our result showed that the CMRS having the ability to measure the clinically important differences.Conclusion CMRS was suitable for outcome assessment of menopausal syndrome.This primary research proved that the CMRS had good feasibility,reliability,validity as well as responsiveness.