Elevated nocturnal and morning blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The nocturnal nondipping and elevated morning blood pressure (BP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have not yet been well investigated in Chinese patients. This study aimed to describe the BP profile, and to elucidate the relationships between daytime BP and nighttime BP, and between evening BP and morning BP in patients with OSAS.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty teaching hospital sleep centers in China were organized by the Chinese Medical Association to participate in this study and 2297 patients were recruited between January 2004 and April 2006. BP assessments were made at four time points (daytime, evening, nighttime and morning) and polysomnography (PSG) was performed and subjects were classified into four groups by their apnea-hypopnea index (AHI): control, n = 213 with AHI < 5; mild, n = 420 with AHI ≥ 5 and < 15; moderate, n = 460 with AHI ≥ 15 and < 30; and severe, n = 1204 with AHI ≥ 30. SPSS 11.5 software package was used for statistical analysis and figure drawing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the average daytime, nighttime, evening and morning BPs were positively correlated with AHI and negatively correlated with nadir nocturnal oxygen saturation. The ratios of nighttime/daytime and morning/evening average BP were positively correlated with AHI. The ratio of nighttime/daytime systolic BP became a "reversed BP dipping" pattern until the classification reached severe, while the ratio of nighttime/daytime diastolic BP became reversed at moderate. Similarly, the ratio of morning/evening diastolic BP becomes reversed even at mild.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>OSAS may result in higher BP levels at all four time points. The ratios of nighttime/daytime and morning/evening BP increase with increased AHI. The increasing of diastolic BP, which is inclined to rise more quickly, is not parallel with increasing systolic BP.</p>

Relationship of daytime blood pressure and severity of obstructive sleep apnea among Chinese: a multi-center investigation in China / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Epidemiologic studies have shown an independent and definite association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension. This study aimed to define the association between daytime blood pressure and severity of OSA in Chinese population in mainland of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty university hospital sleep centers in mainland of China were invited by the Chinese Medical Association (CMA) to participate in this epidemiologic study and 2297 consecutive patients (aged 18 - 85 years; 1981 males and 316 females) referred to these twenty sleep centers for evaluation of OSA between January 2004 and April 2006 were prospectively enrolled. Nocturnal polysomnography was performed in each patient, and disease severity was assessed based on the apneahypopnea index (AHI). These patients were classfied into four groups: nonapneic control (control, n = 257) with AHI < or = 5 episodes/hour; mild sleep apnea (mild, n = 402) with AHI > 5 and < or = 15 episodes/hour; moderate sleep apnea (moderate, n = 460) with AHI > 15 and < or = 30 episodes/hour and severe sleep apnea (severe, n = 1178) with AHI > 30 episodes/hour. Daytime blood pressure measurements were performed under standardized conditions in each patient at 10 a.m. in office on the day of referring to sleep centers for getting average value. All the patients were requested to quit medications related to blood pressure for three days before the day of assessing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both daytime systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly related to AHI positively (r = 0.201 and 0.276, respectively; both P values < 0.001) and to nadir nocturnal oxygen saturation negatively (r = -0.215 and -0.277, respectively; both P values < 0.001), which were the parameters of OSA severity. In two special designed mean plots, means of daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased gradually with increasing AHI. Beyond AHI of 61 - 65, this increasing trend reached a plateau.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results showed that OSA severity was associated with daytime blood pressure until AHI of 61 - 65, providing evidence for early OSA management, especially in OSA patients with concomitant hypertension.</p>

The effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia to hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and growth hormone level in rats during sleep / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To research the effect of intermittent hypoxia during sleep on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and growth hormone (GH) level.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats were respectively exposed to intermittent hypoxia, room air and continuous hypoxia, after 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 30 days, mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) in hypothalamus of rats were detected using RT-PCR, and the levels of CRH, GHRH, corticotropin(ACTH), cortex ketone, and growth hormone in plasma were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 30 days, the CRH mRNA levels in rats hypothalamus which exposed to intermittent hypoxia were increased significantly than those exposed to continuous hypoxia as well as normal control but GHRH decreased, there was no difference between continuous hypoxia and normal control. After 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days, there was no difference between continuous hypoxia and intermittent hypoxia. After 30 days, the plasmic level of CRH,ACTH and cortex ketone increased, GHRH decreased and GH had no obvious change.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rats' HPA axis level increases and GHRH restrained with chronic intermittent hypoxia during sleep, feedback regulation disorders.</p>