Research progress on mechanism of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced liver injury / 中国药理学通报

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a class of molecular targeted drugs that inhibit the activation of downstream signaling pathways by inhibiting oncogene-related receptor tyrosine kinases to exert anti-cancer effects. TKIs are superior to traditional chemotherapeutics in terms of selectivity, effectiveness and safety, and are widely used in the treatment of cancer. However, TKIs-induced liver injury is one of the difficult problems in its clinical application. In this article, relevant literatures from domestic and abroad are reviewed and the research progress in the classification, clinical application of TKIs and the mechanism of TKIs-induced liver injury are summarized. This review intends to provide a reference for further elucidating the mechanism of TKIs-induced liver injury, and seeking effective prevention and treatment methods.

Correlation between family support and health literacy in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the level of family support and health literacy in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis, and to analyze the correlation.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study. Totally 172 knee osteoarthritis patients were recruited by convenience sampling method from the department of Orthopaedics in Honghui Hospital, Xi ′an Jiaotong University from July to December, 2021. General data questionnaire,Chronic Disease Health Literacy Scale and Family Support Scale were used for questionnaire survey. Results:The total score of family support in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis was (10.20 ± 2.61), and the total score of health literacy was (93.62 ± 12.68). The results of single factor analysis showed that family support and health literacy in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis were affected by gender, education level, marital status, residence, family income per capita and other factors. The results of correlation analysis showed that family support was positively correlated with the level of health literacy ( r=0.730, P<0.05). Conclusions:The family support of elderly knee osteoarthritis patients is medium level, and health literacy needs to be strengthened. Therefore, when formulating the health management plan of patients′ health literacy and the related support of family support, targeted attention should be paid to the influencing factors and intervention measures should be implemented.

Correlation of serum lipids levels of Alzheimer's disease patients with sex, age and apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To explore the correlation of serum lipids levels of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with sex, age and apolipoprotein E (Apo E) gene polymorphism. Methods: The retrospective study method was used, and 407 AD patients (142 males and 265 females, aged 52-91 years) were selected from Beijing Tiantan Hospital from January 2015 to August 2021 as the research target, and 894 healthy persons (339 males and 555 females, aged 52-94 years) who did body examination were selected as the control group. The AD patients were divided into four age groups according to the age interval of 10 years, including 85 aged 50-59 years, 163 aged 60-69 years, 119 aged 70-79 years, and 40 aged more than 80 years. The serum lipids levels were detected by biochemical analyzer, including triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHO), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoproteinA1(Apo A1) and apolipoprotein B (Apo B). ApoE gene polymorphism were detected by PCR fluorescent probe method. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to compare the serum lipids levels in each group. Results: The levels of serum CHO and LDL-C were 3.30(1.41,4.82) mmol/L and 1.76(1.39,2.78) mmol/L in AD patients, and 4.84(4.24, 5.56) mmol/L and 2.91(2.36, 3.57) mmol/L in control group, and the levels of serum CHO and LDL-C of AD patients were significantly lower than control group (Z=-15.172,Z=-14.583 , P<0.001, P<0.001). The levels of serum HDL-C and Apo B were 1.84(1.30, 3.88) mmol/L and 1.17(0.85, 1.57) g/L in AD patients, and 1.39(1.18, 1.64) mmol/L and 0.93(0.81, 1.09) g/L in control group, and the levels of serum HDL-C and Apo-B of AD patients were significantly higher than control group (Z=-12.249 , Z=-9.706 , P<0.001, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in TG and Apo A1 between 2 groups (Z=-1.577 , Z=-0.408 , P=0.115, P=0.683). The levels of TG, CHO, LDL-C in female AD patients were significantly higher than male patients (Z=-2.737 , Z=-3.963 , Z=-4.417, P=0.006, P<0.001, P<0.001). There were significant differences in TG, CHO, HDL-C, LDL-C, Apo A1 and Apo B among AD patients of all age groups (Z=11.263 , Z=10.060 , Z=40.246 , Z=10.451 , Z=24.315 , Z=19.922 , P=0.010 , P=0.018 , P<0.001 , P=0.015 , P<0.001 , P<0.001). The serum CHO and LDL-C levels were positively correlated with age (rs=0.160, rs=0.174, P=0.001, P<0.001), and HDL-C, Apo A1 and Apo B levels were negatively correlated with age (rs=-0.312, rs=-0.272, rs=-0.146, P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.003), and there was no correlation between TG level and age in AD patients (rs=0.086, P=0.082). There were 3 cases (3.33%) of E2, 43 cases of E3 (47.78%) and 44 cases of E4 (48.89%) in AD patients, and 22 cases (12.72%) of E2, 117 cases of E3 (67.63%) and 34 cases of E4 (19.65%) in control group. There was significant difference in Apo E genotype distribution between AD patients and control group (χ²=26.381 , P<0.001). Apo E4 was the most common genotype in AD patients, and the proportion was 48.89%. Except for Apo A1(Z=7.821 , P=0.020), there was no significant difference in TG, CHO, HDL-C, LDL-C and Apo B levels among all patients with different genotypes (Z=3.732 , Z=1.677 , Z=1.455 , Z=1.619 , Z=2.202 , P=0.155, P=0.432, P=0.483, P=0.445, P=0.333). Conclusion: The levels of CHO and LDL-C decreased while the levels of HDL-C and Apo B increased in AD patients. The dyslipidemia in AD patients might be correlated with age, but not sex and Apo E genotypes.

The characteristics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its associated factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 385 RA patients [including 72 (18.7%) male and 313 (81.3%) female] who received abdominal sonographic examination from August 2015 to May 2021 at Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital. There were 28 RA patients at 16-29 years old and 32, 80, 121, 99, 25 at 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, ≥ 70 years old, respectively. Demographic and clinical data were collected including age, gender, history of alcohol consumption, disease duration, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, RA disease activity indicators and previous medications. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the associated factors of NAFLD in RA patients. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was 24.2% (93/385) in RA patients, 26.3% (21/80) in 40-49 age group and 33.1% (40/121) in 50-59 age group. There were 22.1% (85/385) and 3.6% (14/385) RA patients with overweight and obese, in which the prevalence of NAFLD was 45.9% (39/85) and 78.6% (11/14) respectively, which was 2.6 folds and 4.5 folds that of RA patients with normal BMI. Although there was no significant difference of age, gender and RA disease activity indicators between RA patients with or without NAFLD, those with NAFLD had higher proportions of metabolic diseases including obese (11.8% vs. 1.0%), central obesity (47.3% vs. 16.8%), hypertension (45.2% vs. 29.8%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (24.7% vs. 12.0%), consistent with higher levels of total cholesterol [(5.33±1.31) mmol/L vs. (4.73±1.12) mmol/L], triglyceride [(1.51±1.08) mmol/L vs. (0.98±0.54) mmol/L] and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [(3.37±0.97) mmol/L vs. (2.97±0.78) mmol/L, all P<0.05]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI (OR=1.314) and triglyceride (OR=1.809) were the independent factors positively associated with NAFLD in RA patients. Conclusion: NAFLD is a common comorbidity in RA patients, especially in those with middle-aged, overweight or obese, which is associated with high BMI or high triglyceride. Screening and management of NAFLD in RA patients especially those with overweight, obese or dyslipidemia should be emphasized.

Changes of environmental and personal hygiene in rural schools of Henan and Sichuan from 2016 to 2018 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the changes of environmental sanitation, health knowledge and behavior of students and diarrhea in rural schools in Henan and Sichuan Provinces from 2016 to 2018, and to provide data for improving environmental sanitation, health literacy, as well as reducing diarrhea and other infectious diseases among rural students.@*Methods@#Based on the "Community Approach to Total Sanitation (CATS)", a total of 13 rural primary schools were selected in 2016 and 2018 respectively, including 8 in Henan and 5 in Sichuan. One class of fourth grade students was selected from each school. Totally 450 students were surveyed in 2016 and 2018, respectively. The drinking water, environmental hygiene, students personal hygiene and behavior, and the incidence of diarrhea in recent 3 months were investigated by interview, observation, inquiry and questionnaire.@*Results@#Between 2016 and 2018, the number of schools providing safe drinking water for students increased from 6 to 8, the number of schools with proper hand washing facilities increased from 9 to 12, the number of schools with hand washing facilities equipped with soap or hand sanitizer increased from 2 to 9, and the number of schools with sanitary toilet type increased from 9 to 12. The awareness rate of students total health knowledge increased from 58.74% (793/1 350) to 64.96% (877/1 350), the formation rate of students total health behavior increased from 67.78% (1 220/1 800) to 75.28 % (1 355/1 800), the proportion of diarrhea in recent 3 months decreased from 36.89% (166/450) to 21.11% (95/450), the differences were statistically significant( χ 2=11.08, 24.86, 27.20, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The basic environmental sanitation facilities of rural schools in Henan and Sichuan has improved substantially, together with increased students health knowledge and hygiene behavior, and decreased incidence of students diarrhea.

Rural school environment and sanitation in five provinces of western China / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand environmen and sanitation of rural schools in western China, and to provide data support and reference for improving school environmental conditions and facilities and promoting the healthy development of students.@*Methods@#Based on the "School Comprehensive Environmental Improvement Project", a total of 38 087 students from 60 primary school from were randomly selected from 5 provinces in western China from September to December 2018. Environment and sanitation of schools was investigated through interviews, on site observation and inquiry, so as to obtain the survey data.@*Results@#All schools had water supply, 80.0% (48) could meet the needs of teachers and students, 91.7% (55) provided drinking water facilities, 93.3 % (56) provided hand washing facilities, and 66.7% (40) provided soap and other cleaning supplies for students. 71.7% (43) of the schools had sanitary toilets, 40.0% (24) toilets were qualified for femail, 86.7% (52) were clean and 58.3% (35) were odorless. The garbage disposal methods of schools are mainly collected by professional institutions, supplemented by fixed point stacking, accounting for 45.0% (27) and 35.0% (21) respectively. About 30% (22, 17, 20) of school sewage is discharged by open ditch, underground ditch and pipeline. 93.3% (56) of schools offered health education courses, 91.7% (55) had sanitation system, 70.0% (42) had drinking water sanitation management system, and 41.7% (25) had toilet management system.@*Conclusion@#The basic environmental sanitation facilities in the school are well equipped, and there are some problems to be improved in the establishment of environmental sanitation management system and the provision of hand washing and cleaning supplies.

Improvement Effects of Alisol B 23-acetate on Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder in Obesity Model Mice / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To st udy the improvement effects and its mechan ism of alisol B 23-acetate on glycolipid metabolism disorder in obesity model mice. METHODS ：The mice was given high-fat diet for 10 weeks to induce obesity model. Model mice were randomly divided into model group ，orlistat group （positive control ，15.6 mg/kg）， alisol B 23-acetate low-dose ， medium-dose and high-dose groups （7.5，15，30 mg/kg），with 10 mice in each group. Another 10 mice fed with normal diet were set as normal group. The mice in normal group and model group were given water intragastrically ，and administration groups were given the corresponding drugs intragastrically ，with the volume of 20 mL/kg，once a day ，for consecutive 4 weeks. After last medication，body weight ，waist circumference ，body fat ，muscle and body fluid mass were measured ；the serum levels of blood lipids indicators （TC，TG，HDL-C，LDL-C）and blood glucose were determined. The levels of PPAR-γ，NF-κB and IL-6 in liver tissue as well as serum level of TNF-α were determined by ELISA. The pathomorphological changes of visceral fat and liver tissue in mice were observed by HE staining. RESULTS ：Compared with normal group ，body weight ，waist circumference ，body fat and body fluid mass were significantly increased in model group （P＜0.01）；serum levels of TC ，TG，HDL-C，blood glucose and TNF-α，the levels of PPAR-γ，NF-κB and IL-6 in liver tissue were increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）；the structure of adipocytes was ruptured ，the volume of adipocytes was increased ，accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration ；a large number of liver cells were edema ，and cytoplasm was loose and light stained，accompanied by fatty degeneration. Compared with model group ，the body weight ，body fat and body fluid mass as well as serum le vels of TG and TNF-α in alisol B 23-acetate groups were significantly reduced （P＜0.01）；the levels of TC and blood glucose in serum ，IL-6 in liver tissue were significantly decreased in alisol B 23-acetate medium-dose and high-dose groups （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），and the level of PPAR-γ in liver tissue was increased significantly（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； the waist circumference and NF-κB levels in liver tissue in alisol B 23-acetate high-dose group were decreased significantly （P＜ 0.01）；serum level of HDL-C in alisol B 23-acetate medium-dose group were decreased significantly （P＜0.01）；the adipocytes were closely arranged and small in size ；the hepatocytes were mild to moderate swelling ，a small amount of cytoplasm was loose ， light stained or vacuolated ，and a small number of hepatocytes were accompanied by steatosis and small focal infiltration of inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS ：Alisol B 23-acetate can improve the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity model mice ，and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of PPAR-γ，NF-κB，IL-6 levels in liver tissue and TNF-α levels in serum.

Treatment of Retroperitoneal Cavernous Lymphangioma: A Case Report / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

A 32-year-old man who complained of recurrent nauseat and vomiting was admitted to our hospital. The contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a cystic mass located behind the duodenum which was suggestive of lymphangioma. Laparoscopic resection of the retroperitoneal mass was successfully performed. The postoperatively pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of cavernous lymphangioma. Ultrasound and enhanced CT can be used for making a preoperative diagnosis. Once symptoms of the disease develop, complete surgical resection should be performed.

Efficacy and Safety of Progesterone in the Treatment of Acute Traumatic Brain Injury ：a Meta-analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the efficacy and safety of progesterone in the treatment of acute traumatic brain injury systematically， and to provide reference for clinical use. METHODS： Retrieved from Cochrane library， ClinicalTrials， Web of Science， PubMed， Embase， CBM， CNKI and Wanfang database， randomized controlled trial （RCTs） about progesterone （trial group） versus placebo or blank control （control group） in the treatment of acute traumatic brain injury were collected. After literature screening， data extraction and quality evaluation by risk bias evalution tool of Cochrane systematic evaluator manual 5.1.0， Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.3 statistical software. RESULTS： A total of 10 RCTs were included， involving 2 652 patients. Results of Meta-analysis showed that there was no statistical significance in mortality[RR＝0.77，95％CI（0.56，1.07），P＝0.12]， the incidence of septicemia [RR＝1.11，95％CI（0.77，1.60），P＝0.59] or elevated liver enzymes[RR＝1.30，95％CI（0.68，2.50），P＝0.43]. The number of patients with favorable neurological outcome[RR＝1.23，95％CI（1.05，1.43），P＝0.008] in trial group was significantly more than control group. Results of subgroup analysis of mortality showed that there was no statistical significance in the mortality of patient’s GCS≤8 [RR＝0.79，95％CI（0.57，1.10），P＝0.16]， that of patient’s GCS≤12[RR＝0.69，95％CI（0.23，2.10），P＝0.52] or that of patient’s GCS ranging from 9 to 12 [RR＝0.78，95％CI（0.26，2.35），P＝0.65] between 2 groups. Results of subgroup analysis of neurological outcome showed that there was no statistical significance in the number of favorable neurological outcome of patient’s GCS≤8 [RR＝1.18， 95％CI（0.98，1.43），P＝0.09]， the number of favorable outcome of patient’s GCS≤12[RR＝1.15，95％CI（0.87，1.51），P＝0.32] and the number of favorable neurological outcome of patient’s GCS ranging from 9 to 12[RR＝2.07，95％CI（0.24，17.71），P＝0.51]. CONCLUSIONS： Progesterone can improve the prognosis of neurological function in patients with acute traumatic brain injury with good safety but cannot reduce mortality.

Inhibitory Effect of Zeqi Tang on Mouse Model of Lung Cancer / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe effect of Zeqi Tang in intervening mice with orthotopic lung cancer model, in order to observe its anti-tumor mechanism. Method:An in situ mouse model of non-small cell lung cancer was established through intrapulmonary injection with 1×105 LLC-luc cells. The model mice were intragastrically administered with Zeqi Tang(0.171 g·mL-1) or normal saline for 35 days. Appearance (spirit, hair, appetite, sleep), survival period and Zeqi Tang anti-tumor effect were observed, weekly vital imaging was performed to detect the fluorescence signal in the lungs of mice. Flow cytometry was used to detect the NK cell content in the spleen of the model mice. CD107α was used to detect the degranulation of NK cells in the spleen of mice after administration of Zeqi Tang. Kromasil 100 5 C18 column was used and eluted with acetonitrile-0.025%phosphoric acid in a gradient mode, with flow rate at 1.0 mL·min-1, column temperature at 35℃ and detection wavelength of 265 nm, as to establish the fingerprint of Zeqi Tang. The fingerprints of 10 batches of samples was evaluated by using the Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System Software (2012 Edition) recommended by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, in order to complete the quality control of Zeqi Tang. Result:Zeqi Tang could significantly inhibit the lung fluorescence signal of lung cancer in situ model mice and prolong the survival of mice(PPPα also increased significantly(PConclusion:Zeqi Tang may enhance the tumor growth and prolong the survival period of mice by up-regulating the number of NK cells in mice and enhancing their degranulation function. The evaluation of similarity of HPLC fingerprint of Zeqi Tang reflects the quality of lacquer soup to a certain extent, and can provide reference for further study.

Effect of Aloesin on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer A549 Cells / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the mechanism of aloesin in inducing apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells, so as to inhibit its proliferation. Method:A549 cells in logarithmic growth phase were collected, and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect the effect of different concentrations of aloesin (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 μmol·L-1) on the proliferation of A549. Effect of aloesin (0, 16 μmol·L-1) on the number of clones formed in A549 cells and the size of clone formation was determined by crystal violet staining. effect of aloesin on apoptosis of A549 cells was detected by annexin V/propidium iodide(PI)apoptosis kit staining. Hoechst staining was used to detect the phenomenon of apoptotic nuclear pyknosis. Western blot was used to detect aloesin's effect on death-related protein expressions of Bcl-xl/Bcl-2 associated death promoter (Bad), cleaved-Caspase-3,cl-Caspase-3(Asp175), Caspase-3, cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (cl-PARP), poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) in A549 cells. In vivo, 5-week-old nude mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 2×106 A549 cells, and randomly divided into the medication group and the blank group. aloesin or normal saline was intraperitoneally injected for 4 weeks, and the tumor volume of nude mice was measured weekly. The body weight of the mice was observed, and the appearance of the nude mice was observed. Result:Aloesin inhibited the proliferation and cloning of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (PPPPPPin vivo, aloesin significantly shrank the volume of subcutaneous tumors in mice, reduced tumor weight, with a better appearance than that of the control group. Conclusion:Aloesin may inhibit the expression of NSCLC by inducing apoptosis of A549 cells, and is safe to use, with no inhibitory effect on the body weight of mice.

Research Progress and Application of Mouse Tumor Lung Metastasis Models / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Early diagnoses and treatment methods are being constantly improved, but cancer metastasis remains a main cause of mortality in malignant tumor patients. Lung is thought to be the organ most prone to distal metastasis among malignant tumors due to its unique physiological and pathological character. Tumor lung metastasis is unpredictable and may result in irreversible damages. Presently, no exact mechanism or specific targeting therapies are found. Depending on the unique theory system-treatment based on symptom differentiation, traditional Chinese medicine has made significant progress on controlling tumor lung metastasis, but its application methods and mechanism still need further study and exploration. More appropriate and idealized animal models are required as a studying medium. Therefore, the establishment of animal models to simulate lung metastasis of cancer patients has become the key to the study of tumor lung metastasis. In order to produce a better platform for investigating the pathogenesis, underlying mechanism, early diagnosis and therapeutics for tumor lung metastasis, and to provide reference for the selection and establishment of mouse lung metastasis model, this article would introduce the implementation, application and estimation of several common methods (tail vein injection, mammary fat pad orthotopic injection, tibia injection, tissue orthotopic implantation, transgenic mice and so on). Meanwhile, the development of mouse lung metastasis model still needs expanding of thoughts, rational and flexible utilization of existing models, and interdisciplinary cooperation to establish preferable animal models and make results more reliable.

Research Progress of Different Subtypes of Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells and Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulation Effect in Tumor Microenvironment / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The diagnosis and treatment methods for cancer are being improved continually, but the mortality of cancer still remains high. At present, the academic circle has realized deficiency of existing treatment ideas, and the concept of cancer cells has been gradually changed from "extremely extinct" to "peaceful coexistence". The concept of "survival with tumors" is universally accepted in the cancer academia. The tumor microenvironment is the place where tumor cells survive and develop. Therefore, regulation of the tumor microenvironment has become an important new strategy for tumor treatment. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a group of heterogeneous cells that have immunosuppressive properties on T cells in the tumor microenvironment and play an important role in tumor immune escape. Now, therapy with MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment as the treatment targets also provides new ideas for the tumor treatment. As MDSCs subpopulations are similar with neutrophils and monocytes, they can be divided into two major subtypes:granulocyte-like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) and monocyte-myeloid-derived suppressor cells(M-MDSCs). But how to differ these two subtypes from neutrophils and monocytes. What are the differences in the functional characteristics of different subtypes of MDSCs. How do they accumulate, differentiate, and exert immunosuppressive effects through different pathways. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has always been good at modulating the body's microenvironment. More and more researches have shown that, the recruitment, amplification and activation of MDSCs can be effectively inhibited by TCM compound and its active ingredients, providing scientific basis for Chinese medicine targeting MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment. However, which specific pathways could regulate G-MDSCs or M-MDSCs is still in need of further studies. Most previous literature focus on the overall level of MDSCs, while the this paper would be based on the specific subpopulations of MDSCs to clarify the biological characteristics of these two subtypes of MDSCs, so as to achieve more precise targeted therapy in the tumor microenvironment.

Analysis of nickel distribution by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence in nickel-induced early- and late-phase allergic contact dermatitis in Hartley guinea pigs / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis (Ni-ACD) is a global health problem. More detailed knowledge on the skin uptake of haptens is required. This study aimed to investigate the penetration process and distribution of nickel in skin tissues with late phase and early phase of Ni-ACD to understand the mechanisms of metal allergy.@*Methods@#Forty Hartley guinea pigs were divided into four groups according to the NiSO4 sensitizing concentration and the NiSO4 challenged concentration: the 5% NiSO4-group, 5% to 10% (sensitization-challenge; late phase group); 10% NiSO4-group, 10% to 10% (sensitization-challenge; early-phase group); and the positive and negative controls. Pathological biopsies were performed on each group. The depth profile of nickel element concentration in the skin of guinea pigs was detected by synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR-μ-XRF) and micro X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (μ-XANES).@*Results@#In each section, the nickel element concentration in both the 5% NiSO4-group and 10% NiSO4-group was significantly higher than that in the negative control group. In the upper 300-μm section of skin for the early phase group, the nickel element concentration was significantly higher than that in the lower section of skin. In deeper sections (<200 μm) of skin, the concentration of nickel in the early phase group was approximately equal to that in the late phase group. The curve of the late phase group was flat, which means that the nickel element concentration was distributed uniformly by SR-μ-XRF. According to the XANES data for the 10% NiSO4 metal salt solution, structural changes occurred in the skin model sample, indicating that nickel was not present in the Ni2+ aqueous ionic state but in the nickel-binding protein.@*Conclusions@#This study showed that the distribution of the nickel element concentration in ACD skin tissue was different between the early phase and late phase groups. The nickel element was not present in the Ni2+ aqueous ionic state but bound with certain proteins to form a complex in the stratum corneum in ACD model tissue.

Analysis of nickel distribution by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence in nickel-induced early- and late-phase allergic contact dermatitis in Hartley guinea pigs / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis (Ni-ACD) is a global health problem. More detailed knowledge on the skin uptake of haptens is required. This study aimed to investigate the penetration process and distribution of nickel in skin tissues with late phase and early phase of Ni-ACD to understand the mechanisms of metal allergy.@*METHODS@#Forty Hartley guinea pigs were divided into four groups according to the NiSO4 sensitizing concentration and the NiSO4 challenged concentration: the 5% NiSO4-group, 5% to 10% (sensitization-challenge; late phase group); 10% NiSO4-group, 10% to 10% (sensitization-challenge; early-phase group); and the positive and negative controls. Pathological biopsies were performed on each group. The depth profile of nickel element concentration in the skin of guinea pigs was detected by synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR-μ-XRF) and micro X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (μ-XANES).@*RESULTS@#In each section, the nickel element concentration in both the 5% NiSO4-group and 10% NiSO4-group was significantly higher than that in the negative control group. In the upper 300-μm section of skin for the early phase group, the nickel element concentration was significantly higher than that in the lower section of skin. In deeper sections (>200 μm) of skin, the concentration of nickel in the early phase group was approximately equal to that in the late phase group. The curve of the late phase group was flat, which means that the nickel element concentration was distributed uniformly by SR-μ-XRF. According to the XANES data for the 10% NiSO4 metal salt solution, structural changes occurred in the skin model sample, indicating that nickel was not present in the Ni aqueous ionic state but in the nickel-binding protein.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study showed that the distribution of the nickel element concentration in ACD skin tissue was different between the early phase and late phase groups. The nickel element was not present in the Ni aqueous ionic state but bound with certain proteins to form a complex in the stratum corneum in ACD model tissue.

Post-marketing Re-evaluation of Tongxiening Granules () in Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy and Positive Control Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tongxiening Granules (, TXNG) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D).@*METHODS@#A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, and positive parallel controlled clinical trial was conducted from October 2014 to March 2016. Totally 342 patients from 13 clinical centers were enrolled and randomly assigned (at the ratio of 1:1) to a treatment group (171 cases) and a control group (171 cases) by a random coding table. The patients in the treatment group were administered orally with TXNG (5 g per time) combined with pinaverium bromide Tablet simulator (50 mg per time), 3 times per day. The patients in the control group were given TXNG simulator (5 g per time) combined with pinaverium bromide Tablets (50 mg per time), 3 times per day. The treatment course lasted for 6 weeks. The improvement of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS) was used to evaluate the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included adequate relief (AR) rate, Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Quality of Life Questionnaire (IBS-QOL), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), and the recurrence rate at follow-ups. Safety indices including the adverse events (AEs) and related laboratory tests were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#Primary outcome: IBS-SSS at baseline, weeks 2, 4, 6 showed no statistical significance in both full analysis set (FAS) and per protocol set (PPS, P>0.05). After 6 weeks of treatment, the total effective rate of IBS-SSS scores in the treatment group (147/171,86.0%) was higher than the control group (143/171, 83.6%) by FAS (P>0.05). In regard to secondary outcomes, after 6-week treatment, there was no significant difference in AR rate, total score of IBS-QOL, improvement of HAMD and HAMA total scores between the two groups (P>0.05). The recurrence rate at 8-week follow-up was 12.35% (10/18) in treatment group and 15.79% (12/76) in control group, respectively (P>0.05). A total of 21 AEs occurred in 15 cases, of which 11 occurred in 8 cases in the treatment group and 10 AEs in 7 cases in the control group. The incidence of AEs had no statistical significance between the two goups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Tongxiening Granules could relieve the symptoms of patients with IBS-D and the treatment effect was comparable to pinaverium bromide. (No. ChiCTR-IPR-15006415).

Number and Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Patients with Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSC) and the level of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) in the bone marrow of adult ITP patients, and to explore their possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-five patients of newly diagnosed ITP, 25 patients of complete remission group and 15 patients of control group were selected. The number of MDSC in the bone marrow between 3 groups was detect by flow cytometry (FCM). The serum level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in 3 groups was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relative expression of IFN-γ mRNA in bone marrow mononuclear cells was measured by real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in each groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of MDSC in the complete remission group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); the number of MDSC in the newly diagnosed group was higher than that in the control group; the number of MDSC in the complete remission group was higher than that in the newly diagnosed group. The serum level of PGE2 in bone marrow of ITP patients in the newly diagnosed group was higher than that of the control group（P<0.05）. The serum level of PGE2 in the bone marrow of ITP patients of the complete remission group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05）. The level of PGE2 in bone marrow serum of ITP patients of the newly diagnosed group was lower than that in the complete remission group(P<0.05）. The relative expression level of IFN-gamma in bone marrow mononuclear cells of the ITP patients in newly diagnosed group was higher than that in the control group and the complete remission group（P<0.001）. The relative quantification (RQ) of IFN-γ in bone marrow mononuclear cells was 2.60 between the newly diagnosed group and the complete remission group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>When adult ITP disease is remitted, the number of MDSC rises and correlates with the therapeutic response and PGE2 level in the bone marrow.</p>

Color Doppler ultrasonography of renal vein embolism and its diagnostic value / 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）

Objective Explore the diagnostic value of color Doppler ultrasonography in renal vein embolism compared with contrast-enhanced CT.Analyze and summarize the sonographic features and reasons of misdiagnosis of renal vein embolism.Methods Reports of color Doppler ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced CT in 15 patients with 20 renal vein thrombosis and 25 patients with 25 renal vein tumor thrombosis were retrospectively analyzed.We summarized the sonographic features including the location of emboli,the lumen and wall of the involved veins,the information of collateral circulation and the color Doppler sonographic features.Results The diagnostic accuracy of renal vein thrombosis and tumor thrombosis were 85%and 84%for ultrasound,100%and 96%for contrast-enhanced CT,the difference was not statistically significant(all P＞0.05).The typical sonographic features include(1)Expansion of the renal vein and full of solid echogenicity;(2)No flow signals or flow filling defect in renal veins;(3)No or sparse venous flow signal in the involved kidney.Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced CT have a good consistency in the diagnosis of renal vein embolism.Color Doppler ultrasonography can be used as an important imaging method to evaluate the renal vein embolism,which can combine medical history and provide a more reliable basis for the diagnosis of renal vein embolism.

Development and application of real-time RT-PCR and S1 protein-based indirect ELISA for porcine deltacoronavirus / 生物工程学报

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has been recently recognized as an emerging viral pathogen that causes diarrhea in newborn piglets. A total of 254 small intestinal or fecal samples collected from 10 provinces including Henan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Shandong and Shanghai between 2014 and 2015, were screened by quantitative RT-PCR targeting the viral M gene. Eleven PDCoV positive samples were identified with a total positive rate of 4.33%. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on the recombinant S1 protein of PDCoV. This assay was used to test 609 serum samples of pigs with diarrhea symptoms collected from 10 provinces between 2015 and 2016. The positive rate of PDCoV antibody was 44.17% (269/609). The two methods can be used to monitor the PDCoV epidemiology in the levels of PDCoV specific RNA or antibody, helping better prevent and control PDCoV.

Comparison of two surgical approaches for chronic subdural hematoma / 中国基层医药

Objective To compare the advantages and disadvantages of non-irrigation and irrigation in the surgical approach of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH),thus to provide reference for clinical treatment of CSDH.Methods Clinical data of 102 patients with CSDH were retrospectively analyzed.According to the different operation methods,the patients were divided into the non-irrigation group(52 cases) and the irrigation group(50 cases).The blood loss during the procedure,operative time,length of stay and postoperative complication rate between the two groups were compared,and the causes of postoperative complications were analyzed.Results The blood loss during the procedure,operative time and length of stay in the non-irrigation group were (6.73 ± 1.17) mL,(15.06 ± 2.64) min and (10.74 ± 2.20) d,respectively,which in the irrigation group were (19.52 ± 3.18) mL,(38.54 ± 6.95) min and (10.44 ± 2.07)d,respectively,there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the blood loss during the procedure and the operative time (t =-27.11,-22.72,all P ＜ 0.05),there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the length of stay (t =0.70,P ＞ 0.05).The incidence rates of postoperative complication in the non-irrigation group and irrigation group were 8.00％ and 7.69％,respectively,there was no significant difference between the two groups (x2 =0.003,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Each of the two methods has its own advantages and disadvantages in the treatment of CSDH.Compared with burr hole irrigation,burr hole non irrigation has the advantages of less blood loss and shorter operative time.However,burr hole non-irrigation is more likely to suffer serious complication.We should select suitable surgical approach by the specific circumstances of the patients.The causes of postoperative complications of CSDH are varied.In particular,there is an important relationship between the non-standard operation and postoperative complications.