Effects of Vitamin D and Calcium Intervention on the Improvement of Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / 당뇨병

BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggest that the intake of vitamin D and calcium may influence insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of vitamin D and calcium intervention on the improvement of blood glucose and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), serum 25(OH)D3, serum lipid levels, insulin secretion, and activity and dietary surveys were analyzed in type 2 DM patients both before and after a 12-week vitamin D and calcium intake intervention. RESULTS: The serum 25(OH)D3 level was found to be negatively correlated with insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose. Calcium intake level was also negatively correlated with insulin resistance. Fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, and HOMA-IR decreased significantly (P <0.05) following vitamin D and calcium intake intervention in the medical nutrition therapy (MNT) group, while there was no such change observed in the control group. Dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes were significantly (P <0.05) higher in the MNT group than in the control group. The concentrations of serum 25(OH)D3 and insulin secretion increased slightly in the MNT group following the 12-week intervention; however, these results did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that calcium and vitamin D intervention may be helpful in improving fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, serum 25(OH)D3 and HOMA-IR in patients with type 2 DM who have insufficient serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations.

Paradoxical Upper Airway Obstruction and Central Sleep Apnea Developed After Anterior Cervical Spine Fusion / 결핵및호흡기질환

We report a case of a 48-year-old man with a paradoxic upper airway obstruction and central sleep apnea that developed after an anterior cervical spinal fusion. Nine months before being admitted to this hospital, he was diagnosed with a herniated intervertebral disc between the 5th and 6th cervical spine, and the first operation was carried out. Two months later, a pseudoarthrosis has developed and a second operation, an anterior interbody fusion of the C5 and C6 using autogenous strut bone graft, was performed. After the second operation, he began to complain of snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and a bizarre sound heard near the upper airway during breathing. Nasopharyngoscope and magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a paradoxical narrowing of the nasopharynx during expiration. On the overnight polysomnography, the apnea index was 8.7/h (central apnea, 7.0/h; obstructive apnea, 1.7/h). Nasal continuous positive airway pressure was applied, but he complained of pressure-intolerance, and laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty was then performed. Two months after surgery, clinical symptoms as well as the apneas had improved markedly. We suggest that this paradoxic upper airway obstruction might be associated with the anterior cervical spinal surgery even though the mechanism is unclear. This case also emphasizes that an upper airway obstruction can contribute to the development of central sleep apnea.

Analysis of HLA in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is believed to have multifactorial causes. The major risk factors for OSAS are obesity, narrowed upper airways, and abnormal cranial-facial structures. A genetic basis for OSAS has been also suggested by reports of families with many members affected. This study analyzed the HLA typing in patients with OSAS to determine the possible role of genetics in OSAS. METHODS: Twenty-five Korean patients with OSAS (1 woman and 24 men; age range 30-66 years) were enrolled in this study. A diagnosis of OSAS was made using full-night polysomnography. The control group consisted of 200 healthy Korean people. Serologic typing of the HLA-A and B alleles was performed in all patients using a standard lymphocyte microcytotoxicity test. Analysis of the polymorphic second exons of the HLA-DRB1 gene was performed using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probe. RESULTS: The allele frequency of HLA-A11 was significantly lower in patients with OSAS compared with the controls (p45) than in the controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study revealed an association between OSAS and the HLA-A11 and DRB1*09 alleles as well as association between the disease severity and the HLA-DRB1*08 allele in Korean patients. These results suggest that genetics plays an important role in both the development and the disease severity of OSAS.

Three Cases of Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome: Pickwickian Syndrome / 결핵

Severe obesity can produce a marked impairment of respiratory function. The obesity hypoventilation or Pickwickian syndrome comprises of extreme obesity, alveolar hypoventilation, somnolence, plethora, pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. It is sometimes associated with obstructive sleep apnea but can be distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea by the presence of awake CO2 retention. Alt hough uncommon, it is important to recognize this syndrome because due to its potential life threatening nature and because can be reversed by appropriate treatment. Here, we report 3 cases of obesity hypoventilation syndrome.

Effect of a traditional korean very-low-calorie diet on obese patients / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in the use of a very low calorie diet (VLCD) as a treatment regimen for weight loss in obese subjects. This study was designed to investigate the effects and safety of a traditional Korean very-low-calory diet. METHODS: Twelve hospitalized obese patients at Dong Eui hospital in Busan city from May 1998 to December 1998 were selected. Height, body weight, blood lipids, blood insulin level, body fat, lean body mass, subcutaneous fat and visceral fat were measured. A traditional Korean VLCD was supplied for 14 days. RESULTS: Patient's body weight was significantly decreased from 83.8 kg to 78.6 kg, body fat from 32.2 kg to 28.6 kg, lean body mass from 32.2 kg to 28.6 kg, and BMI from 31.4 to 29.5, respectively (p<0.05). Total fat was significantly decreased from 807 cc to 659 cc, subcutaneous fat from 567 cc to 473 cc, visceral fat from 273 cc to 185 cc, respectively. However there were no significant changes in minerals. After VLCD intervention, total cholesterol was significantly decreased from 199 mg/dL to 166 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol from 42 mg/dL, to 35 mg/dL, triglyceride from 158 mg/dL, to 75 mg/dL (p<0.05). The insulin area under the curve was also significantly decreased from 205 micro International-Unit/mL x 2hr to 168 micro International-Unit/mL x 2hr (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Above findings suggested that a traditional Korean VLCD is effective and safe for short term use in terms of reducing body fat and improving insulin resistance in obese patients.

Influences of nonobstructive apneas on hemodynamic changes in anesthetized dogs / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular dysfunction frequently accompanies sleep apnea syndrome, but the exact pathophysiology of cardiovascular dysfunction still remains uncertain. Moreover, most studies are concerned with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and the studies of central sleep apnea syndrome are rare. METHODS: We studied with sixteen dogs which were anesthetized with intravenous pancuronium bromide. We created nonobstructive breath hold (apnea) in anesthetized dogs by means of alternating fixed duration (30s) of apnea and mechanical ventilation (breathing). After five or seven repetitions of this apnea-breathing cycle, we measured arterial oxygen pressure, arterial carbon dioxide pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, mean femoral artery pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure separately before apnea (baseline), 25s after apnea (apneic period), 10s (early phase of postapneic period) and 25s (late phase of postapneic period) after resumption of breathing. We analysed the impact of oxygen trial on the hemodynamic changes by comparing measures of the eight 30% oxygen breathing dogs with the other eight room air breathing dogs. RESULTS: Heart rate decreased significantly at apneic period compared to baseline (p<0.05), and increased significantly at early and late phase of postapneic period compared to apneic period (p<0.05). After oxygen trial, this change of heart rate showed significant difference (p<0.05). Cardiac output only tended to decrease during late phase of postapneic period by comparison with baseline and apneic period. Mean femoral artery pressure of apneic period increased more than that of baseline (p<0.05), and persisted until late phase of postapneic period (p<0.05). When oxygen was supplied, this change of increase disappeared, but did not show statistical significance. Mean pulmonary artery pressure did not change according to apnea-breathing cycle and oxygen trial. CONCLUSION: In anesthetized dogs with periodic nonobstructive apnea, the changes of heart rate, cardiac output, mean femoral artery pressure were noted and the change of heart rate was closely related with hypoxia. Through this study, indirectly, we were able to understand partially the changes of cardiovascular function in patients with central sleep apnea syndrome.

The Influences of Obstructive Apneas on Changes of Cardiovascular Function in Anesthetized Dogs with alpha-chloralose / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are known to have high long-term mortality compared to healthy subjects because of their cardiovascular dysfunction. The observation of hemodynamic changes by obstructive apneas is helpful to understand when attempting to understand the pathophysiological mechanism of the development of cardiovascular dysfunction in those patients. Therefore, we studied the changes of in cardiovascular function with the an animal model and tried to obtain the basic data for an ideal experimental model (this phrase is unclear), which is required a requirement for the a more advanced study. METHODS: In 16 Sixteen anesthetized dogs with alpha-chloralose, experimental subjects (delete) were divided into two groups : 8 dogs of room air breathing group and 8 dogs of oxygen breathing group. We measured PaO2, PaCO2, heart rate, cardiac output, mean femoral artery pressure, and mean pulmonary artery pressure at specified times during the apnea-breathing cycle : before endotracheal tube occlusion (baseline), 25 seconds after endotracheal tube occlusion (apneic period), 10 seconds (early phase of postapneic period, EPA) and 25 seconds (late phase of postapneic period, LPA) after spontaneous breathing. RESULTS: In room air breathing group, the heart rate significantly decreased significantly decreased at during the apneic period compared to that at baseline (P<0.01) and increased at EPA and LPA compared to that during the apneic period (P<0.01). But, the heart rate showed no significant changes during apneic and postapneic periods in the oxygen breathing group. Cardiac output tended to decrease at during apneic period compared to that at baseline, but did not show statistical significance was statistically significant. Cardiac output significantly decreased at LPA compared to at baseline (P<0.01). Mean femoral artery pressure was significantly decreased at during apneic period compared to that at baseline (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Through this experiment, we were partially able to understand the changes of cardiovascular function indirectly, but it is suggested that the (delete) new experimental animal model displaying physiological mechanism close to sleep in nature might natural sleep should be established (,)and the advanced study of in the changes of cardiovascular function and its cause their causes should be continued.

Public Heath Response for the 1999 Winter Asian Games

BACKGROUND: To determine the needs of medical service system for mass-gathering event. We analyzed the process of delivered medical care system and types of medical problems of 1999 Winter Asian Games thus we are able to provide the basic data for planning future events. METHODS: We surveyed the organizing system of 1999 Winter Asian Game such as the operating system, medical goods, equipments, and overall patient status created at the medical room by retrospective chart review form 31st January to 6th February. RESULTS: The medical room were operated at two athletic villages and six game grounds. The medical rooms of athletic villages were operated by doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and EMTs and the rooms at the game grounds were operated by a doctor and a nurse. the medical goods and equipments for minor patients were satisfied, but those for critical patients were not satisfied. Most of the patient visited the medical rooms, had minor symptoms or musculoskeletal injuries. The symptom complex of the upper respiratory infection was the most commonly complained symptom(250 patients), followed by the gastrointestinal symptoms(200 patients) and musculoskeletal injuries(168 patients). However there was also a patient with acute myocardial infarction who required medically critical management including oxygen supplement, EKG monitoring, and transfer to a specialized medical center. The oral medications(581 patients), bandages and dressings(35 patients), physical therapies(25 patients), eyedrops(23 patients), and injections(21 patients) were supplied to the patients. CONCLUSION: The organized medical care was mainly prepared by the administration. The management for minor patients was satisfied, but of the critical patients was not satisfied.

The patient who presented to the Emergency Department because of domestic violence

BACKGROUND: It is important for the medical providers who work in the emergency department to ave the adequate knowledge about the nature and the ways to deal with the patients who suffer from domestic violence because in our country the management of them is primarily performed at the emergency centers. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data about the domestic violence and to help in developing the education and management model for the medical providers. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 198 patients who visited the emergency center of Chunchon Sacred Heart Hospital from July 1997 to August 1998. RESULTS: The violence against the spouses was highest(108 cases:54.5%) and most of the victims were female(92%) in those cases. The violence against children younger than age 3 was 30%. The majority of the victims were arrived around noon(54.5%) and among them, the aged and children were more concentrated. The degree of injury was severer than that of the victims of general violence. CONCLUSION: In this study the violence against the spouses was the highest in incidence and against the aged was the lowest. The violence rate against children younger than age 3 was lower than that of other comparable studies. The incidence of sexual violence was significantly lower than that of other countries. The degree of injury was generally severer than that of general violence patients. But these result should be carefully criticized and accepted because up to now the system for the detection and management for them is not well established.

Effects of CPAP Therapy on Systemic Blood Pressure, Cardiac Rhythm and Catecholamines Concentration in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) affects systemic blood pressure and cardiac function. The development of cardiovascular dysfunction including the changes of systemic blood pressure and cardiac rhythm, suggests that recurrent hypoxia and arousals from sleep may increase a sympathetic nervous system activity. Continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) therapy has been found to be an effective treatment of OSAS. However, only a few studies have investigated the cardiovascular and sympathetic effects of CPAP therapy. We evaluated influences of nasal CPAP therapy on the cardiovascular system and the sympathetic activity in patients with OSAS. METHODS: Thirteen patients with OSAS underwent CPAP therapy and were monitored using polysomnography, blood pressure, heart rate, presence of arrhythmia and the concentration of plasma catecholamines, before and with CPAP therapy. RESULTS: The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was significantly decreased (p<0.01) and the lowest arterial oxygen saturation level was elevated significantly after applying CPAP (p<0.01). Systolic blood pressure tended to decrease after CPAP but without statistical significance. Heart rates during sleep were not significantly different after CPAP. However, the frequency and number of types of arrhythmia decreased and sinus bradytachyarrhythmia disappeared after CPAP. Although there was no significantly decreased after CPAP (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: CPAP therapy decreased the apnea-hypopnea index, hypoxic episodes and plasma norepinephrine concentration. In addition, it decreased the incidence of arrhythmia and tended to decrease the systemic blood pressure. These results indicate that CPAP may play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular complications in patients with OSAS.

A Case of lymphangitic carcinomatosis of lung presented as rapidly exacerbating reticulonodular infiltrates / 결핵

A 52-year-old woman was presented with 2-week history of increasing dyspnea and dry cough. The chest radiograph revealed bilateral reticular infiltrates. Radiographic infiltrates were rapidly progressed and symptoms from hypoxemia were aggravated. The patient was intubated and bronchoscopy with transbronchial lung biopsies was performed. Biopsies revealed lymphatic vessels plugged by nests of metastatic adenocarcinoma. She died 11 days after admission despite of intensive ventilatory support. We had difficulties in the diagnosis of lymphangitic lung carcinomatosis at initial presentation of her illness because the progression was unusually rapid. Lymphangitic lung carcinomatosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients showing rapidly progressive interstitial radiographic findings. Also, transbronchial lung biopsy may be a useful tool to confirm the diagnosis.

The Effect of glucocorticoid on the change of nitric oxide and cytokine levels in induced sputum from patients with bronchial asthma / 결핵

BACKGROUND: It has been well known that bronchial asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disorder. Recently, sputum specimen induced with hypertonic saline was introduced as a simple and useful noninvasive medium to investigate airway inflammation and symptom severity in patients with asthma. We examined the eosinophil, cationic protein (ECP), interleukin(IL)-3, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and nitric oxide (NO) derivatives in induced sputum from patients with bronchial asthma in order to determine the role of NO and various inflammatory cytokines as a useful markers of airway inflammation of changes in pulmonary function tests and symptoms. METHODS: A total 30 patients with bronchial asthma received oral prednisolone 30 mg daily for 2 weeks. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), total blood eosinophil count, and induced sputum eosinophil count, ECP, IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF, and NO derivatives were determined before and after the administration of prednisolone. RESULTS: Of the 30 patients, 13 (43.3%) were male and 17 (56.7%) were female. The mean age of patients was 41.8 years (range 19-64 years). Two patients could not produce sputum at the second study and 3 could not be followed up after their first visit. Two weeks after the prednisolone administration, there was a significant increase in FEV1 (% of predicted value) from 78.1±20.6% to 90.3±18.3% (P<0.001). The eosinophil percentages in induced sputum were significantly decreased after treatment with prednisolone, with values of 56.1±27.2% versus 29.6±21.3% (P<0.001), and ECP were 134.5±68.1 µm/L versus 41.5±42.4 µm/L (P<0.001) respectively. After the prednisolone treatments, the eotaxin concentration also showed a decreasing tendency from 26.7±12.8 pg/ml to 21.7±8.7 pg/ml. There was a decreasing tendency but no significant differences in total blood eosinophil count(425.7±265.9 vs 287.7±294.7) and in the concentration of NO derivatives (70.4±44.6 µmol%/L vs 91.548.3 µmol/L) after the predinisolone treatments. IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF were undetectable in the sputum of most subjects either before the prednisolone treatments of after the treatments. Before the prednisolone treatments, a significant inverse correlation was observed between FEV1 and sputum ECP (r=-0.364, P<0.05) and there was a significant correlation between sputum eosinophils and eotaxin (r=0.369, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The eotaxin and ECP concentration in induced sputum may be used as markers of airway inflammation after treatments in bronchial asthma. In addition, the measurement of sputum eosinophil percentages is believed to be a simple method displaying the degree of airway inflammation and airway obstruction before and after the predinisolone treatment in bronchial asthma. However, unlike exhaled NO, the examination of NO derivatives with Griess reaction in induced sputum is considered an ineffective marker of changing airway inflammation and obstructing symptoms.

Victims of Child Abuse to present to the Emeregency Department

BACKGROUND: To develop the guidelines and the education models for primary agents caring for victims of child abuse, and investigate victims of child abuse visited the department of emergency medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Choon-chun Sacred Heart Hospital. METHODS: Survey assessed the age, sex, visiting time, offender tools of maltreatment, types of maltreatment, and types of injury of 47 victims under 18 years old visited the emergency center, between the Jul. 1996 and the Aug. 1998. The injury severiy of victims of child abuse was compared with control group of 197 general violence victims visited the same emergency center at the same duration. RESULTS: The age distribution was 12.8%(n=6) of the 0-1 year old, 17%(n=8) of the 1-3 years old, 8.5%(n=4) of the 4-6 years old, 12.8%(n=6) of the 7-12 years old, and 48.9%(n=23) of over the 13 years old. The sex distribution was 49%(n=23) of male and 51%(n=24) of female. The most common visiting time was 59.6%(n=28) of the 22-02 o'clock. The types of abuse were 46.6%(n=22) of the physical abuse, 27.7%(n=13) of the neglect, 17%(n=8) of the psychic abuse, and 8.5%(n=4) of the sexual abuse. The offender was 38%(n=18) of the parents, 26%(n=12) of the relatives, 4.3%(n=3) of the grandmothers, and 6.4%(n=3) of the nurses. The severity of injury was applied to the ISS(injury severity score). The severity of injury according to ISS was mean ISS=3.82+/- 2.2 in the case of child abuse and mean ISS=1.86+/-1.6 in the case of general violence(P=0.000). CONCLUSION: Most victims of child abuse still never come to the overt attention of physicians, social workers, or other professionals. Therefore the establishment of CAN(Child abuse and neglect) protocol and the organization of CAN team in the hospital consisted by department of emergency medicine, pediatrics, and psychiatrics is essential. Furthermore, the co-operation system with child welfare facilities and polices in community is needed.

Effect of Bronchial Artery Embolization(BAE) in Management of Massive Hemoptysis / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Massive and untreated hemoptysis is associated with a mortality of greater than 50 percent. Since the bleeding is from a bronchial arterial source in the vast majority of patients, embolization of the bronchial arteries(BAE) has become an accepted treatment in the management of massive hemoptysis because it achieves immediate control of bleeding in 75 to 90 percent of the patients. METHODS: Between 1990 and 1996, we treated 146 patients with hemoptysis by bronchial artery embolization. Catheters(4, 5, or 7F) and gelfoam, ivalon, and / or microcoil were used for embolization. RESULTS: Pulmonary tuberculosis and related disorders were the most common underlying disease of hemoptysis(72.6%). Immediate success rate to control bleeding within 24hours was 95%, and recurrence rate was 24.7%. The recurrence rate occured within 6 months after embolization was 63.9%. Initial angiographic findings such as bilaterality, systemic-pulmonary artery shunt, neovascularity, aneurysm were not statistically correlated with rebleeding tendency(P>0.05). Among Initial radiographic findings,only pleural lesions were significantly correlated with rebleeding tendency(P<0.05). At additional bronchial artery angiograpy done due to rebleeding, recanalization of previous embolized arteries were 63.9%, and the presence of new feeding arteries were 16.7%, and 19.4% of patients with rebleeding showed both. The complications such as fever, chest pain, headache, nausea and vomiting, arrhythmia, paralylytic ileus, transient sensory loss(lower extremities), hypotension, urination difficulty were noticed at 40 patients(27.4%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that bronchial artery embolization is relatively safe method achieving immediate control of massive hemoptysis. At initial angiographic findings, we could not find any predictive factors for subsequent rebleeding. It may warrant further study whether patients with pleural disease have definetely increased rebleeding tendency.

The influences of maintenance hemodialysis on sleep architecture and sleep apnea in the patients with chronic renal failure / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Sleep-related breathing disorders are commonly found in patients with chronic renal failure and particularly, sleep apnea may have an influence on the long-term mortality rates in these pa tients. Maintenance hemodialysis is the mainstay of medical measures for correcting the metabolic derangements of chronic renal failure but it is uncertain whether it may alleviate sleep disorders including sleep apnea. METHODS: Forty seven patients on maintenance hemodialysis were surveyed with the sleep questionnaire about their clinical symptoms related to sleep disorders. Among them, 15 patients underwent the polysomnography and their blood levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, electrolytes and the arterial blood gases in the nights before and following hemodialysis were measured. RESULTS: Forty (85.1%) of the 47 patients complained of the symptoms associated with sleep-wake cycle disturbances, 55.3% experienced snoring and 27.7% reported witnessed apneas. The duration of REM sleep increased significantly in the nights after hemodialysis compared to the nights without hemodialysis (p<0.05) and the percentage of total sleep time comprising NREM sleep decreased significantly in the nights following hemodialysis compared to the nights before hemodialysis (p<0.05). The percentage of total sleep time consisting of the stage 1 and 2 NREM sleep showed the trend for a decrease in the nights after hemodialysis (p=0.051), while the percentage of total sleep time comprising the stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep did not change between nights. Tne obstructive sleep apnea was more predominant type than the central one in both nights and there were no differences in the apnea index and the apnea-hypopnea index between the nights. The decrease in the blood level of urae nitrogen, creatinine, potassium and phoshorus was observed after hemodialysis (p<0.05), but the differences of paramenters measured during polysomnography between the nights did not correlate with the changes of biochemical factors obtained on the two night. Arterial blood gas analysis showed that pH was significantly greater in the nights after hemodialysis than in the nights before hemodialysis (p<0.05), but there were no correlations between the parameters examined during polysomnography and the parameters of arterial blood gas anslysis (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that chronic renal failure is an important systemic disorder which is strongly associated with sleep disorders. Maintenance hemodialysis, although it is a widely accepted measure to treat chronic renal failre, did not significantly modulate the sleep architecture and the severity of sleep apnea. Thus, taking the patients with chronic renal failure into account, it is advisable to try not only to find a substantial way for correcting metabolic derangements but also to consider the institution of more effective treatments for sleep disorders.

Minimal Change Disease Associated with Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Multiple Liver Metastasis / 대한신장학회잡지

A 35-years-old man was hospitalized with gene-ralized edema. 6 months ago, the patient was operated by radical subtotal gastrectomy for advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. The patient presented with multiple liver metastasis and the massive proteinuria. The patients renal biopsy revealed minimal change nephrotic syndrome and treated with prednisolone and diuretics. The patient was improved clinical symptome and decreased 24 hours urine protein. In literature reviewed, gastric carcinoma was not associated with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. We experienced advanced gastric carcinoma associated with minimal change nephrotic syndrome, thus we report it.

The Clinical Usefulness of Cephalometric Analysis in the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Craniofacial anatomic abnormalities related to structural narrowing of the upper airway have been reported in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In this study, we evaluated the craniofacial anatomic characteristics of Korean patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and the role of cephalometric analysis in the prediction of abnormal breathing during sleep. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS), 39 simple snorers(simple snorers) and 20 controls(control) had cephalometric analysis using the technique of Riley et al., and underwent standardized polysomnographic recordings. Different variables, including sex, body mass index, cephalometric and polysomnographic data, were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Pm-UPW and V-LPW distances were significantly shorter in OSAS when compared with simple snorers or control. PAS in simple snorers was shorter than in control. ANS-Gn distance in OSAS was significantly longer than in control. PNS-P distance in OSAS or simple snorers was significantly longer than in control. MP-H distance in OSAS was significantly longer than in simple snorers or control, and MP-H distance in simple snorers was also longer than in control. NL/Pm-P angle in OSAS was lesser than in control. MP-H distance in OSAS or in the combined groups of OSAS and simple snorers was significantly correlated with apnea-hypopnea index(AHI). PNS-P distance in the combined groups of OSAS and simple snorers was correlated with AHI. In male of all subjects, body mass index was significantly correlated with PNS-P or MP-H distance. CONCLUSION: Cephalometric analysis can be useful tool in determining the craniofacial anatomic abnormalities in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Cephalometric parameters, especially MP-H distance, can be useful for predicting frequency of narrowing or obstruction of upper airway during sleep.

Herbst Oral Appliance for Obstructive Sleep Apnea When Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and Nasal CPAP Failed / 결핵

No abstract available.

Influence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Systemic Blood Pressure, Cardiac Rhythm and the Changes of Urinary Catecholamines Concentration / 결핵

BACKGROUND: The existing data indicate that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome contributes to the development of cardiovascular dysfunction such as systemic hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias, and the cardiovascular dysfunction has a major effect on high long-term mortality rate in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. To a large extent the various studies have helped to clarify the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea, but many basic questions still remain unanswered. METHOD: In this study, the influence of obstructive sleep apnea on systemic blood pressure, cardiac rhythm and urinary catecholamines concentration was evaluated. Over-night polysomnography, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and EGG monitoring, and measurement of urinary catecholamines, norepinephrine (UNE) and epinephrine (UEP), during waking and sleep were undertaken in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients group (OSAS, n=29) and control group (Gontrol, n=25). RESULTS: 1) In OSAS and Control, UNE and UEP concentrations during sleep were significantly lower than during waking (P20 (n=14), there was a significant difference of heart rates before, during and after apneic events (P<0.01), and these changes of heart rates were correlated with the duration of apnea (P<0.01). The difference of heart rates between apneic and postapneic period (deltaHR) was significantly correlated with the difference of arterial oxygen saturation between before and after apneic event (deltaSaO2) (r=0.223, P<0.001). 5) There was no significant difference in the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias between OSAS and Control. In Control, the incidence of ventricular ectopy during sleep was significantly lower than during waking. But in OSAS, there was no difference between during waking and sleep. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that recurrent hypoxia and arousals from sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may increase sympathetic nervous system activity, and recurrent hypoxia and increased sympathetic nervous system activity could contribute to the development of cardiovascular dysfunction including the changes of systemic blood pressure and cardiac function.

Lung Injury Indices Depending on Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Level and Novel 35 kDa Protein Synthesis in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Rat / 결핵

BACKGROUND: TNF-alpha appears to be a central mediator of the host response to sepsis. While TNF-alpha is mainly considered a proinflammatory cytokine, it can also act as a direct cytotoxic cytokine. However, there are not so many studies about the relationship between TNF-alpha level and lung injury severity in ALI, particularly regarding the case of ALI caused by direct lung injury such as diffuse pulmonary infection. Recently, a natural defense mechanism, known as the stress response or the heat shock response, has been reported in cellular or tissue injury reaction. There are a number of reports examining the protective role of pre-induced heat stress proteins on subsequent LPS-induced TNF-alpha release from monocyte or macrophage and also on subsequent LPS-induced ALI in animals. However it is not well established whether the stress protein synthesis such as HSP can be induced from rat alveolar macrophages by in vitro or in vivo LPS stimulation. METHODS: We measured the level of TNF-alpha, the percentage of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, protein synthesis in alveolar macrophages isolated from rats at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after intratracheal LPS instillation. We performed histologic examination and also obtained histologic lung injury index score in lungs from other rats at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24 h after intratracheal LPS instillation. Isolated non-stimulated macrophages were incubated for 2 h with different concentration of LPS (0, 1, 10, 100 ng/ml, 1, or 10 microgram/ml). Other non-stimulated macrophages were exposed at 43dgrees C for 15 min, then returned to at 37dgrees C in 5% CO2-95% for 1 hour, and then incubated for 2 h with LPS (0, 1, 10, 100ng/ml, 1, or 10 microgram/ml). RESULTS: TNF-alpha levels began to increase significantly at 1 h, reached a peak at 3 h (P<0.0001), began to decrease at 6 h, and returned to control level at 12 h after LPS instillation. The percentage of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and alveolar macrophages) began to change significantly at 2 h, reached a peak at 6 h, began to recover but still showed significant change at 12 h, and showed insignificant change at 24 h after LPS instillation compared with the normal control. After LPS instillation, the score of histologic lung injury index reached a maximum value at 6 h and remained steady for 24 hours. 35 kDa protein band was newly synthesized in alveolar macrophage from 1 hour on for 24 hours after LPS instillation. Inducible heat stress protein 72 was not found in any alveolar macrophages obtained from rats after LPS instillation. TNF-alpha levels in supernatants of LPS-stimulated macrophages were significantly higher than those of non-stimulated macrophages(p0.05). Following LPS stimulation, TNF-alpha levels in supernatants were significantly lower after heat treatment than in those without heat treatment(p0.05). The inducible heat stress protein 72 was not found at any concentrations of LPS stimulation. Whereas the 35 kDa protein band was exclusively found at dose of LPS of 10 microgram/ml. CONCLUSION: TNF-alpha has a direct or indirect close relationship with lung injury severity in acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. In vivo and in vitro LPS stimulation dose not induce heat stress protein 72 in alveolar macrophages. It is likely that 35 kDa protein, synthesized by alveolar macrophage after LPS instillation, does not have a defense role in acute lung injury.