Assessment of the correlation between liver stiffness and pathological changes in Thioacetamide-induced acute hepatitis rat models using virtual touch tissue imaging quantification technology / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation between liver stiffness and histopathological changes in a rat model of acute hepatitis using virtual touch tissue imaging quantification (VTIQ) technology.Methods:A total of 100 SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control ( n=30), low-dose ( n=35), and high-dose ( n=35) groups. Acute hepatitis models were induced in the low-dose and high-dose groups using 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of Thioacetamide (TAA), respectively. Liver stiffness parameters of the right median lobe and right lobe were measured using VTIQ technology, Mean-H and Mean-L represent the liver lobes with higher and lower liver stiffness measurments, respectively, while Mean represent the average of the measurements from both liver lobes. Comparative analyses of liver stiffness parameters were performed across three groups and between the two lobes of the liver. The correlations between the Mean values of liver stiffness and semi-quantitative histopathological data were investigated. Ten rats were randomly selected from each of the 3 groups to test the repeatability of VTIQ values before and after euthanasia with intraperitoneal anesthesia. Subsequently, 10 rats after euthanasia from each 3 group were randomly chosen to assess the repeatability of VTIQ measurements for inter-observer and intra-observer variabilities. Results:VTIQ results showed statistically significant differences in Mean, Mean-H, and Mean-L among the 3 groups (all P<0.01). The high-dose group had higher measurements compared to the low-dose and control groups, with significant intergroup differences (all P<0.01). Significant differences in Mean-H and Mean-L were observed between the two liver lobes in both low and high-dose groups (all P<0.01). The Mean value showed significant positive correlations with semi-quantitative histopathological data of hepatocellular edema, periportal inflammatory cell infiltration, macrophage proliferation, and bile duct proliferation ( r=0.391, 0.648, 0.577, 0.542; all P<0.01). Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that hepatocellular edema, eosinophilic change, and bile duct proliferation significantly and positively predicted the Mean value (β=-0.278, -0.196, -0.333; all P<0.05). There were no significant differences of VTIQ measurements befor and after euthanasia (all P>0.05), with repeatability coefficients of 0.166, 0.182, 0.185 for Mean, Mean-H, and Mean-L, respectively. Post-euthanasia, inter- and intra-observer VTIQ differences remained non-significant (all P>0.05), with Mean, Mean-H, Mean-L coefficients of 0.114, 0.194, 0.165 and 0.206, 0.322, 0.268, respectively. Conclusions:VTIQ technology demonstrates potential clinical value in assessing a rat model of acute hepatitis, offering a new perspective for non-invasive evaluation of acute hepatitis. However, its clinical application requires further validation.

Epidemiological characteristics of acute hepatitis B in Jiangxi Provincefrom 2014 to 2021 / 预防医学

Objective @#To learn the epidemiological characteristics of acute hepatitis B in Jiangxi Province from 2014 to 2021, so as to provide insights into perfecting hepatitis B prevention and control strategy.@*Methods@#Data pertaining to acute hepatitis B was collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The temporal, spatial and population distributions of acute hepatitis B were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method. The trend in incidence of acute hepatitis B was analyzed using annual percent change (APC). @*Results@#Totally 8 890 cases of acute hepatitis B were reported in Jiangxi Province from 2014 to 2021, with the reported incidence showing a tendency towards a decline (APC=-11.730%, P<0.05). The average annual reported incidence rate of acute hepatitis B was 2.42/105. Acute hepatitis B occurred all the year round, without obvious seasonal characteristics. The top three highest incidence rates were reported in Pingxiang City (7.12/105), Ganzhou City (3.12/105) and Fuzhou City (2.87/105). The lowest and highest incidence rates of acute hepatitis B were seen among residents aged under 10 years (0.30/105) and 20-29 years (3.86/105). The incidence rate of males was higher than that of females (3.25/105 vs. 1.55/105, P<0.05). Farmers were predominant population affected acute hepatitis B (5 764 cases, 64.84%). @*Conclusions@#The incidence of acute hepatitis B showed a downward trend in Jiangxi Province from 2014 to 2021, and the disease predominantly affected young males, farmers. Health education should be strengthened, and hepatitis B vaccination coverage should be promoted.

Sobre la hepatitis aguda grave de etiología desconocida: la situación en México / About severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology: the situation in Mexico

Introducción: en México, las hepatitis virales son de notificación epidemiológica obligatoria, pero no existe un sistema especial de vigilancia. La información disponible se limita a la distribución por edad y sexo. Ante la alerta de casos de hepatitis aguda grave de etiología desconocida, en la Unión Europea el Consejo Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (CONAVE) alertó al Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) para la atención y vigilancia de estos casos. Desarrollo: la hipótesis más convincente sobre la etiología está relacionada con una respuesta inmunitaria exacerbada que es mediada por superantígenos relacionados con la proteína espiga del SARS-CoV-2, activados por una infección por adenovirus que desencadena una respuesta de linfocitos T que provoca apoptosis de hepatocitos. Con base en la presentación clínica (niños menores de 16 años, con diarrea, dolor abdominal, ictericia, vómito e hipertransaminasemia) se han diseñado definiciones operacionales para su identificación y notificación al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (SINAVE). Hasta junio del 2022, se han identificado 56 casos en México. Conclusiones: este brote de hepatitis representa un reto para el SINAVE. Es necesario incluir la identificación de adenovirus en el algoritmo diagnóstico de enfermedad respiratoria viral, implementar un sistema especial de vigilancia epidemiológica de hepatitis virales y sensibilizar a los profesionales sanitarios en el tema.

Introduction: In Mexico viral hepatitis requires mandatory epidemiological notification, but there is no special surveillance system. Available information is limited to distribution of cases by age and sex. Given the alert of cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in the European Union, the National Council for Epidemiological Surveillance (Consejo Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica) alerted the entire National Health System to care for and monitor these cases in Mexico. Development: The most convincing hypothesis is an exacerbated immune response mediated by superantigens related to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, activated by adenovirus infection that ends in a response of T lymphocytes that causes apoptosis of hepatocytes. Based on clinical presentation (children under 16 years of age, with diarrhoea, abdominal pain, jaundice, vomiting and increase in transaminases) the operational case definitions have been designed for their timely identification and notification to the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance (Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica). Until June 2022, 56 cases have been identified in Mexico. Conclusions: This hepatitis outbreak represents a challenge for the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance. It is necessary to include the identification of adenovirus in the diagnostic algorithm for viral respiratory disease, to implement a special epidemiological surveillance system for viral hepatitis, and to sensitize health professionals on this subject.

Trend and prediction of the disease burden of acute hepatitis B in China / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the situation and development trend of the disease burden of acute hepatitis B in China in 1990 — 2019. MethodsThe Global Burden of Disease 2019 was used to analyze the incidence rate， mortality rate， and disability-adjusted life year （DALY） rate of acute hepatitis B in different sex and age groups and predict the trend of the incidence rate of acute hepatitis B. ResultsIn 2019， the incidence rate， mortality rate， and DALY rate of acute hepatitis B in China were 1 623.71/100 000， 0.20/100 000， and 10.04/100 000 respectively， which were reduced by 42.03%， 79.38%， and 80.21%， respectively， compared with the data in 1990， and women showed lower incidence rate， mortality rate， and DALY rate of acute hepatitis B than men. In 2019， the 20～<54 years group had the highest incidence rate （2 285.85/100 000） and DALY rate （10.53/100 000）， and the ≥55 years group had the highest mortality rate of 0.52/100 000. The Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the incidence rate， mortality rate， and DALY rate of acute hepatitis B in China tended to decrease from 1990 to 2019， with an average annual percent change of -1.9%， -5.2%， and -5.5%， respectively （P<0.05）. The grey prediction model GM （1，1） showed that the incidence rate of acute hepatitis B will decrease from 2020 to 2030 in China. ConclusionThe disease burden of acute hepatitis B tended to decrease from 1990 to 2019 in China， indicating that the prevention and treatment measures for acute hepatitis B have achieved a marked effect in China； however， due to the large population base of China， active preventive measures should be further adopted to reduce the disease burden of acute hepatitis B.

Hepatitis aguda grave de origen desconocido / Severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin

Resumen A inicios de 2022, en Reino Unido, y posteriormente en varios países europeos, se informó sobre un grupo de pacientes pediátricos que desarrollaron hepatitis aguda de origen desconocido hasta ahora. Los datos clínicos consisten en náusea, vómito, ictericia y falla hepática; algunos pacientes necesitan trasplante hepático. La población afectada es menor a los 10 años. El agente etiológico probable es el adenovirus genotipo F41 y se han descartado factores tóxicos, así como la relación con COVID-19. Existen varias teorías para explicar este fenómeno, las cuales se están investigando.

Abstract At the beginning of 2022, in the United Kingdom, and later in several European countries, a group of pediatric patients who developed acute hepatitis of so far unknown origin was reported. Clinical data include nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and liver failure; some patients require liver transplantation. The affected population is younger than 10 years of age. The probable etiological agent is adenovirus genotype F41, and toxic factors have been ruled out, as well as a relationship with COVID-19. There are several theories to explain this phenomenon, which are being investigated.

Demographic and Clinical Profile Analysis of Acute Viral Hepatitis

Background: Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) is a major health concern in developing countries like Bangladesh regarding morbidity as well as mortality. Usually, acute infections are caused by A, E, hepatitis viruses, and occasionally hepatitis B virus. Infection caused by the hepatitis C virus is usually asymptomatic. Prior knowledge of the demographic and clinical profile of acute viral hepatitis may be helpful for treatment professionals in the management of such patients. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the demographic and clinical profile of acute viral hepatitis patients in Bangladesh.Material & Methods:This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Gastroenterology, US-Bangla Medical College & Hospital during the period from March 2018 to February 2019, in Bangladesh. A total of 59 suspected patients with acute viral hepatitis were included as the study subjects for this study. Ethical approval of the study had been taken from the ethical committee of the mentioned hospital. A predesigned questionnaire was used in data collection. Collected data analyzed by using MS Office and SPSS version 23.0 programs as per need. A P-value, of <0.05 was considered significant.Results:Among 59 participants, the male-female ratio was 3.2:1 and the mean (±SD) age was 23.88±14.83 years. Analyzing hepatitis infection, we found hepatitis E was the highest in number 32(54.24%), followed by hepatitis E virus 20(33.9%), and hepatitis B virus 5(8.47%). In this study, we did not find any patients with hepatitis C virus, and 2 participants didn’t have any hepatotropic virus. The mean (±SD) Serum bilirubin (mg/dl) was 6.35±1.63, and the mean (±SD) serum alkaline phosphatase (IU/L), serum. creatinine (mg/dl), serum albumin (gm/dl) and plasma glucose random (mg/dl) were found 366.81±257.20, 6.97±14.96, 19.75±22.98 and 10.08±5.49 respectively. Considering dual viruses among the total of 5 patients along with hepatitis E & A viruses in this study, we found all were hepatitis B viruses. Among them, 3 with hepatitis E and the rest 2 were with hepatitis A virus consequently. Among them 3(60%) with hepatitis A and the rest 2(40%) with hepatitis E. In the issue of patients attended with clinical complaints, vomiting was the highest among hepatitis A patients 19(86.4%) followed by jaundice 8(36.4%) and fever8(36.4%). On the other hand, among hepatitis E patients’ jaundice was highest at 19(61.3%) followed by vomiting at 17(54.8%), and fever at 6(19.4%) respectively.Conclusions:The incidence of HEV is found as the most predominant among all the acute viral hepatitis patients and vomiting and jaundice were the most common presenting complaints.

The investigation on the acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

In April 2022, the United Kingdom notified the World Health Organization (WHO) of an unexpected increase of acute hepatitis of unknown origin in children. Subsequent investigations have found more than 400 cases in more than 20 countries and regions around the world. Although the potential role of adenovirus type 41 in the pathogenesis of these cases is one hypothesis, but it is probably not the only pathogenic factor, and other infectious and non-infectious causes cannot be completely ruled out. For hepatitis caused by non-hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses, there is a lack of systematic monitoring and research, and many unknowns still exist. According to the current etiology speculation and epidemiological characteristics of adenovirus in China, cases of acute hepatitis with unknown origin may be found in China in the future. There is also a risk of imported cases. This article systematically sorts out the reports and studies on child acute hepatitis of unknown origin, hoping to attract the attention of pediatric clinicians in China, raise awareness and vigilance, and calmly prepare for possible abnormal situations.

Hepatitis A Virus Infection Associated with Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis

Atypical symptoms, especially immune complex disorders, areuncommonly reported with hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Wereport an 8-year-old child who contracted HAV infectioncomplicated by cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, and responded wellto oral steroids. HAV infection may be considered in the etiologyof cryoglobulinemia in children.

Is the aging of acute hepatitis B occurring in Brazil? / Está ocorrendo envelhecimento da hepatite B aguda no Brasil?

Introduction: The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been declining nationwide throughout Brazil since the introduction of universal child vaccination. The vaccine is currently available for all ages. However, most of the adult population has not been vaccinated and may still be susceptible to it. Most of the cases reported to the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN) are chronic, a consequence of early exposure in life. However, acute cases are the result of current transmission and may reveal the current dynamics of HBV circulation. Objective: To evaluate whether there is a change in the age distribution of acute hepatitis B in Brazil. Methods: To analyze the historical series of reported cases and incidence rates of acute hepatitis B by age group between 2007 and 2018, based on data reported to SINAN. Temporal trend was tested with non-parametric Cusick test. Results: The incidence rate fell from 1.02 (/ 100,000 inhabitants) in 2007 to 0.67 in 2018 (p=0.01). The drop was significant at all ages, except under 15 and over 60. The highest incidences (@1.0 / 100,000 inhab.) occurred between 20 and 59 years old. Conclusion: There is a progressive "aging" of acute hepatitis B cases in the country, probably due to the vaccine protection of younger people. A considerable portion of the older population is susceptible to HBV and may be exposed, especially by sexual route. Control measures such as vaccination and guidance for safe sex are needed.

Introdução: A prevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) vem diminuindo em todo o Brasil desde a introdução da vacinação universal de crianças. Atualmente a vacina está disponível para todas as idades, porém a maior parte da população brasileira não foi vacinada e pode ainda ser suscetível. A maioria dos casos notificados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) é crônica, consequência de contágio antigo. Contudo os casos agudos são fruto de transmissão atual e podem revelar-nos a dinâmica atual da circulação do HBV. Objetivo: Avaliar se há mudança na distribuição etária da incidência da hepatite B aguda no Brasil. Métodos: Analisar a série histórica de casos notificados e as taxas de incidência de hepatite B aguda por faixa etária entre 2007 e 2018, tendo como base os dados notificados ao SINAN. Testar tendência temporal pelo teste não paramétrico de Cusick. Resultados: Houve queda da taxa de incidência de 1,02 (/100.000 hab.), em 2007, para 0,67, em 2018 (p=0,01). A queda foi significativa em todas as idades, exceto abaixo dos 15 e acima dos 60 anos. As maiores incidências (@1,0/100.000 hab.) ocorreram entre 20 e 59 anos. Conclusão: Há progressivo "envelhecimento" dos casos agudos de hepatite B no país, provavelmente pela proteção dos mais jovens por vacina. Parcela considerável da população mais idosa é suscetível ao HBV e continua exposta, principalmente por via sexual. São necessárias medidas de controle, como vacinação e orientação para prática de sexo seguro.

Autoimmune Hepatic Failure Following Acute Hepatitis A is Accompanied by Inflammatory Conversion of Regulatory T Cells

Adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon relieves endotoxin-induced acute hepatitis in mice / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Adiponectin is the most abundant adipokines that plays critical roles in the maintenance of energy homeostasis as well as inflammation regulation. The half-life of adiponectin is very short and the small-molecule adiponectin receptor agonist has been synthesized recently. In the present study, the potential roles of AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist, in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-Gal)-induced acute hepatitis was explored.@*Methods@#BALB/c mice (n = 144, male) were divided into three sets. In set 1, 32 mice were randomized into four groups: the control group, the AdipoRon group, the LPS/D-Gal group, and the AdipoRon + LPS/D-Gal group. The mice in set 1 were sacrificed after LPS/D-Gal treatment, and the plasma samples were collected for detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). In set 2, the 32 mice were also divided into four groups similar to that of set 1. The mice were sacrificed 6 h after LPS/D-Gal injection and plasma samples and liver were collected. In set 3, 80 mice (divided into four groups, n = 20) were used for survival observation. The survival rate, plasma aminotransferases, histopathological damage were measured and compared between these four groups.@*Results@#AdipoRon suppressed the elevation of plasma aminotransferases (from 2106.3 ± 781.9 to 286.8 ± 133.1 U/L for alanine aminotransferase, P < 0.01; from 566.5 ± 243.4 to 180.1 ± 153.3 U/L for aspartate aminotransferase, P < 0.01), attenuated histopathological damage and improved the survival rate (from 10% to 60%) in mice with LPS/D-Gal-induced acute hepatitis. Additionally, AdipoRon down-regulated the production of TNF-α (from 328.6 ± 121.2 to 213.4 ± 52.2 pg/mL, P < 0.01), inhibited the activation of caspase-3 (from 2.04-fold to 1.34-fold of the control), caspase-8 (from 2.03-fold to 1.31-fold of the control), and caspase-9 (from 2.14-fold to 1.43-fold of the control), and decreased the level of cleaved caspase-3 (0.28-fold to that of the LPS/D-Gal group). The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nucleotide nick-end labeling-positive apoptotic hepatocytes in LPS/D-Gal-exposed mice also reduced.@*Conclusions@#These data indicated that LPS/D-Gal-induced acute hepatitis was effectively attenuated by the adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon, implying that AdipoRon might become a new reagent for treatment of acute hepatitis.

Perspectives on Acute Hepatitis A Control in Korea

Until 1995, the incidence of symptomatic acute hepatitis A was minimal and there were no cases of national outbreak in Korea. However, there was a nationwide outbreak of hepatitis A that peaked in 2009. In 2019, a total of 10,083 cases of acute hepatitis A were reported for seven months of the year according to the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This may be attributed to the proportion of susceptible subjects in the Korean population, as about 10 years have passed since herd immunity was induced by the epidemic occurring during the late 2000s. Recent studies have shown that the rate of seropositivity for anti-hepatitis A virus antibodies (anti-HAV) is the lowest in adults in their 20s and has not changed much over the past 10 years, and seropositivity of anti-HAV in adults in their 30s has continued to decline from 69.6% in 2005 to 32.4% in 2014. Most young adults who have not yet experienced hepatitis A and are not vaccinated are vulnerable to hepatitis A infection. This year's epidemic of hepatitis A is a predictable outcome for vulnerable populations. Therefore, effective acute hepatitis A control and prevention strategies are needed, particularly for those in their 20s and 30s.

Serological and molecular retrospective analysis of hepatitis E suspected cases from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon 1993-2014

Abstract INTRODUCTION We evaluated the anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody prevalence and HEV-RNA in archived serum samples of non-A-C hepatitis, or suspected cases of HEV infection from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon from 1993 to 2014. METHODS Serum samples (n = 318) were tested using ELISA and immunoblotting, and screened for HEV-RNA by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Anti-HEV IgM and IgG were detected in 3.4% (11/318) and 5.9% (19/318) of the samples, respectively. All samples were HEV-RNA negative. CONCLUSIONS HEV was detected at a low prevalence. Broader serological and molecular evaluation of HEV infection in the Amazon region should be carried out.

Acute hepatitis due to Epstein–Barr virus with cross-reacting antibodies to cytomegalovirus

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of systemic infection known as infectious mononucleosis with classic presentation of fever, oropharyngitis and lymphadenitis. EBV rarely causes acute hepatitis. In this report, we present a 19-year-old patient presented with nausea, fatigue and jaundice. Her physical examination and laboratory tests revealed the diagnosis as acute hepatitis due to EBV with cross-reacting antibodies to cytomegalovirus.

Natural killer cells function in acute and chronic hepatitis B patients / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the differences in frequency and function of natural killer cells (NK) between chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and acute hepatitis B (AHB).@*Methods@#Patients with AHB and those with CHB in immune active (IA) phase were enrolled. The frequencies of NK, CD56dimNK, CD56brightNK and the expression of functional molecules IFNAR2 and NKp46 on the surface of NK cells were detected respectively among patients with CHB in IA phase, patients with AHB, and those recovered from AHB. At the same time, their correlations with ALT, HBV DNA and HBV markers were analyzed.@*Results@#Between IA and AHB, the frequencies of NK cells and NKp46dim NK cells in AHB cases were significantly lower than those in IA cases, but the frequency of NKp46high NK cells in AHB was higher than that in IA. For patients who recovered from AHB, the frequency of NK cells and NKp46dim NK cells increased; the varied ranges of frequencies of CD56dimNK, IFNAR2+ NK and NKp46+ NK cells were on the rise, while the frequency of NKp46high NK cells decreased after the recovery from AHB, and the varied ranges of CD56brightNK and IFNAR2MFI, NKp46MFI decreased. In AHB, HBVDNA loads were positively correlated with ALT levels. Before and after the recovery of AHB: ΔHBV DNA and ΔALT, Δ NK/LY (%) were positively correlated; ΔALT and ΔNKp46highNK/NK(%), ΔNKp46MFI, ΔIFNAR2MFI were positively correlated.@*Conclusions@#In CHB immune active phase, the activity of peripheral blood NK cells was too weak to remove the virus, but NK cells play an important role in eliminating the viruses and mediating liver tissue inflammation in AHB.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and CD4+ T helper cells function in acute and chronic hepatitis B patients / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the differences in function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and CD4+ T helper cells (CD4+ Th cells) between acute hepatitis B (AHB) and chronic hepatitis B (CHB).@*Methods@#In this study, patients with AHB and those with CHB in immune active (IA) phase were enrolled. The frequencies of pDC, CD86+ pDC, CD4+ T cells and their subsets, surface functional molecules were detected respectively among patients with chronic HBV infection in IA phase, patients with AHB, those recovered from AHB. Meanwhile, their correlations with ALT, HBV DNA and HBV markers were analyzed.@*Results@#The ALT level in AHB was significantly higher than that in IA, and inflammation was more obvious in AHB. Between IA and AHB, CD86+ pDC frequency and the mean fluorescence intensity of functional molecule CD86 (CD86MFI) were higher in IA than those in AHB, but the frequency of CD4+ T cells in AHB was higher than that in IA. For patients who got over AHB, the frequency of CD86+ pDC increased; Th1 were on the rise, while the frequencies of CD4+ T and Th2 decreased after the recovery of AHB, and Th2 / Th1 ratio decreased..In AHB, HBVDNA loads were positively correlated with ALT levels and Th2 frequencies.@*Conclusions@#In CHB immune active phase, CD86+ pDC with stimulating function played an important role, but the cellular immune response of CD4+ T cells decreased. In AHB inflammatory stage, CD4+ T cells played a strong cellular immune response, which result ed in viral clearance. Th2 cells regulation of CD4+ T cells played a dominant role, which was involved in the inflammatory response, and the cytotoxic role of Th1 cells during the recovery period was dominant, playing a strong cellular immune response, then the virus were completely eliminated.

Meta Analysis of the relationship between serum adenosine deaminase and acute,chronic hepatitis / 中国综合临床

Objective To evaluate the role of serum adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis and treatment of acute,chronic hepatitis.Methods WanFang Data,CNKI and PubMed were retrieved in order to screen literature about the relationship between serum ADA and acute and chronic hepatitis,the retrieval time was from the beginning of the database to December 1st,2016.After evaluating quality of the included studies, the meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between the level of serum ADA and acute,chronic hepatitis via RevMan 5.2 software.Results A total of 28 articles were identified including 1688 cases with acute hepatitis and 1843 cases with chronic hepatitis.The results of meta-analysis showed that the levels and positive rate of serum ADA were significantly higher in the acute hepatitis groups than that in chronic hepatitis groups(MD=4.13,95%CI(0.43,7.84),P=0.03;OR=1.94,95%CI(1.19,3.14),P=0.007).Funnel plots showed significant publication bias,and may have implications for Meta analysis(P=0.001).Conclusion Heterogeneity of the literatures mainly comes from the clinical heterogeneity and statistical heterogeneity.The serum ADA has certain value in the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis.

Consistency analysis on acute hepatitis B inpatients reported by hepatitis B surveillance pilot spots in six provinces of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the characteristics of acute hepatitis B inpatients reported by the hepatitis B surveillance pilot points and to estimate the consistency between the diagnosed and reported types of hepatitis B by the clinicians involved.Methods Data related to acute hepatitis B was from the NNDRS and the characteristics of acute hepatitis B were classified by querying Hospital Information System.We recorded the results based on clinical diagnosis and analyzed the consistency between the reported and diagnosed types that the clinicians made,on hepatitis B.Resulis A total of 179 patients were included in this study with all of them as acute hepatitis B reported through NNDRS in 2015-2016.In terms of the durations of disease,among the 179 cases who were HBsAg positive,32.40％ (58/179) of them exceeding 6 months,2.79％ (5/179) within 6 months and 64.80％ (116/179) tested the first time or never.Among the 179 cases who claimed having the history of hepatitis,33.52％ (60/179) of them identified as having hepatitis B,1.12％ (2/179) were hepatitis A,C or E,41.34％ (74/179) did not have the signs on hepatitis,while the rest 24.02％ (43/179) did not know the situation.Only 79.89％(143/179) of the patients showed the symptoms or signs of hepatitis,but the rest 20.11％(36/179) did not.Among the 179 reported acute hepatitis patients,67 of them were diagnosed as acute hepatitis B while 112 cases were as non-acute hepatitis B.The consistent rate of acute hepatitis B was 37.43％ (67/179).Among the 112 cases that were diagnosed as non-acute hepatitis B,proportions of chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis were 49.11％(55/112) and 16.07％(18/112) respectively.Conclusion Consistency between the reported type of acute hepatitis B inpatients and the types diagnosed by clinicians was poor.Our results suggested that clinicians should make the accurate diagnosis at first place and then report to the Network in accordance with the clinical diagnosis classification criterfia,set by the government.

Consistency analysis on acute hepatitis B inpatients reported by hepatitis B surveillance pilot spots in six provinces of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the characteristics of acute hepatitis B inpatients reported by the hepatitis B surveillance pilot points and to estimate the consistency between the diagnosed and reported types of hepatitis B by the clinicians involved.Methods Data related to acute hepatitis B was from the NNDRS and the characteristics of acute hepatitis B were classified by querying Hospital Information System.We recorded the results based on clinical diagnosis and analyzed the consistency between the reported and diagnosed types that the clinicians made,on hepatitis B.Resulis A total of 179 patients were included in this study with all of them as acute hepatitis B reported through NNDRS in 2015-2016.In terms of the durations of disease,among the 179 cases who were HBsAg positive,32.40％ (58/179) of them exceeding 6 months,2.79％ (5/179) within 6 months and 64.80％ (116/179) tested the first time or never.Among the 179 cases who claimed having the history of hepatitis,33.52％ (60/179) of them identified as having hepatitis B,1.12％ (2/179) were hepatitis A,C or E,41.34％ (74/179) did not have the signs on hepatitis,while the rest 24.02％ (43/179) did not know the situation.Only 79.89％(143/179) of the patients showed the symptoms or signs of hepatitis,but the rest 20.11％(36/179) did not.Among the 179 reported acute hepatitis patients,67 of them were diagnosed as acute hepatitis B while 112 cases were as non-acute hepatitis B.The consistent rate of acute hepatitis B was 37.43％ (67/179).Among the 112 cases that were diagnosed as non-acute hepatitis B,proportions of chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis were 49.11％(55/112) and 16.07％(18/112) respectively.Conclusion Consistency between the reported type of acute hepatitis B inpatients and the types diagnosed by clinicians was poor.Our results suggested that clinicians should make the accurate diagnosis at first place and then report to the Network in accordance with the clinical diagnosis classification criterfia,set by the government.

Acute hepatitis A, B and C but not D is still prevalent in Mongolia: a time trend analysis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Mongolia has one of the highest hepatitis A, C, B and D infection incidences worldwide. We sought to investigate changes in the proportion of acute viral hepatitis types in Mongolia over the last decade. METHODS: The cohort comprised 546 consecutive patients clinically diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis from January 2012 to December 2014 in Ulaanbaatar Hospital, Mongolia. A time trend analysis investigating the change in proportion of acute hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection among the cohort with respect to a previous published study was undertaken. RESULTS: Acute hepatitis A, B and C was diagnosed in 50.9%, 26.2% and 6.0% of the cohort. Notably, 16.8% of the cohort had a dual infection. The etiologies of acute viral hepatitis were varied by age groups. The most common cause of acute viral hepatitis among 2-19 year olds was hepatitis A, HBV and superinfection with HDV among 20-40 year olds, and HCV among 40-49 year olds. Patients with more than one hepatitis virus infection were significantly older, more likely to be male and had a higher prevalence of all risk factors for disease acquisition. These patients also had more severe liver disease at presentation compared to those with mono-infection. CONCLUSIONS: Acute viral hepatitis is still prevalent in Mongolia. Thus, the need for proper infection control is increasing in this country.