RÉSUMÉ
SUMMARY: The cattle in the Pantanal region show a notable influence from Bos indicus breeds and their crossbreeds. However, a comprehensive biometric assessment of the reproductive system in these animals is currently lacking. This study evaluated the effects of breed, age, carcass weight, and estrous cycle phase on female reproductive system morphometry. A total of 124 healthy, non-pregnant reproductive tracts (83 Nelore and 41 Crossbred) were collected at a slaughterhouse. Neither the volume and weight of the ovaries nor the majority of uterine dimensions were affected by breed. Compared to heifers, cows showed longer uterine horns, a larger external caudal diameter of the uterine horns and body, and a greater external cranial diameter and internal caudal diameter of the cervix. The carcass weight (below vs. within commercial weight) affected the length of the uterine horns, uterine body, and cervix. Ovaries with a corpus luteum presented higher volume and weight than those with only follicles. Although the uterine measurements in the luteal phase were increased, the cycle stage did not affect the uterine morphometry. The average number of cervical rings was 5.0, independent of weight or breed. Crossbred animals presented a higher first cervical ring. Age didn´t influence the number, height, or distance between cervical rings. Deviation from the normal alignment of the cervix was recorded in 14.29 % of the animals, with a higher occurrence among Nelore cattle; deviation from the median axis was the most common (30%). This study emphasizes various parameters influencing the morphometry of the female reproductive system in Nelore cattle and their crosses, which could be crucial for implementing reproductive biotechnology techniques better suited to the morphological characteristics of zebu breeds.
El ganado de la región del Pantanal muestra una notable influencia de las razas Bos indicus y sus cruces. Sin embargo, actualmente falta una evaluación biométrica exhaustiva del sistema reproductivo de estos animales. Este estudio evaluó los efectos de la raza, la edad, el peso de la canal y la fase del ciclo estral sobre la morfometría del sistema reproductivo de la hembra. En un matadero se recogieron un total de 124 tractos reproductivos sanos y no preñados (83 Nelore y 41 cruzados). Ni el volumen ni el peso de los ovarios ni la mayoría de las dimensiones del útero se vieron afectados por la raza. En comparación con las novillas, las vacas mostraron cuernos uterinos más largos, un diámetro caudal externo más grande de los cuernos y del cuerpo uterino, y un diámetro craneal externo y un diámetro caudal interno más grandes del cuello uterino. El peso de la canal (por debajo versus dentro del peso comercial) afectó la longitud de los cuernos uterinos, el cuerpo uterino y el cuello uterino. Los ovarios con cuerpo lúteo presentaron mayor volumen y peso que aquellos con solo folículos. Aunque las medidas uterinas en la fase lútea aumentaron, la etapa del ciclo no afectó la morfometría uterina. El número promedio de anillos cervicales fue de 5,0, independientemente del peso o la raza. Los animales mestizos presentaron un primer anillo cervical más alto. La edad no influyó en el número, altura o distancia entre anillos cervicales. La desviación de la alineación normal del cuello uterino se registró en el 14,29 % de los animales, con mayor ocurrencia en el ganado Nelore; la desviación del eje de la mediana fue la más común (30%). Este estudio enfatiza varios parámetros que influyen en la morfometría del sistema reproductor de las hembras en el ganado Nelore y sus cruces, lo que podría ser crucial para implementar técnicas de biotecnología reproductiva más adecuadas a las características morfológicas de las razas cebú.
Sujet(s)
Animaux , Femelle , Bovins , Système génital de la femme/anatomie et histologie , Brésil , Col de l'utérus/anatomie et histologie , Zones humidesRÉSUMÉ
Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria is a worldwide problem affecting wild life by living with resistant bacteria in the environment. This study presents a discussion of outside factors environment on microflora of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) from Brazilian Pantanal. Animals had samples collected from six different body sites coming from two separated geographic areas, Nhecolandia and Rio Negro regions. With routine biochemical tests and commercial kits 516 bacteria were identified, with 240 Gram-positive, predominantly staphylococci (36) and enterococci (186) strains. Among Gram-negative (GN) bacteria the predominant specimens of Enterobacteriaceae (247) mainly represented by Serratia spp. (105), Escherichia coli (50), and Enterobacter spp. (40) and specimens not identified (7). Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested against 17 drugs by agar diffusion method. Staphylococci were negative to production of enterotoxins and TSST-1, with all strains sensitive towards four drugs and highest resistance toward ampicillin (17 percent). Enterococci presented the highest sensitivity against vancomycin (98 percent), ampicillin (94 percent) and tetracycline (90 percent), and highest resistance pattern toward oxacillin (99 percent), clindamycin (83 percent), and cotrimoxazole (54 percent). In GN the highest resistance was observed with Serratia marcescens against CFL (98 percent), AMC (66 percent) and AMP (60 percent) and all drugs was most effective against E. coli SUT, TET (100 percent), AMP, TOB (98 percent), GEN, CLO (95 percent), CFO, CIP (93 percent). The results show a new profile of oxacillin-resistant enterococci from Brazilian feral pigs and suggest a limited residue and spreading of antimicrobials in the environment, possibly because of low anthropogenic impact reflected by the drug susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated.
RÉSUMÉ
The Brazilian Pantanal wetlands are a unique ecosystem with a faunistic composition similar to that of the adjacent biomes but in higher densities. The early establishment of domestic cattle husbandry in that area introduced pathogens that may influence the indigenous Pantanalian fauna. In this paper, the authors describe the helminthfauna of ten free-ranging adult Mazama gouazoubira from the Paiaguás sub-region, along with the descriptors of infection. Morphological description of Pygarginema verrucosa is supplied, with comments on other species of this genus. The helminth species found are similar to domestic cattle helminthfauna of the same physiographic region, suggesting an adaptation of bovine parasites to this host.
O Pantanal brasileiro é um ecossistema único, com composição faunística semelhante à dos biomas adjacentes, mas com densidades superiores. O gado introduzido na região pode ter carreado patógenos nesse ecossistema que podem, de alguma forma, influenciar a fauna local. Neste artigo, é descrita a helmintofauna de dez indivíduos adultos de Mazama gouazoubira provenientes da sub-região de Paiaguás, juntamente com os indicadores de infecção helmíntica. Ainda, são fornecidas informações sobre a morfologia de Pygarginema verrucosa, com comentários sobre outras espécies deste gênero. As espécies de helmintos diagnosticadas são semelhantes àquelas encontradas em bovinos da mesma região, sugerindo adaptação destas no hospedeiro estudado.