Atención médica de body packers en un territorio colombiano / Medical care for body packers in a Colombian territory

Introducción. El número de capturas a los body packers, que son aquellas personas que ingieren paquetes con estupefacientes para tráfico ilegal, ha aumentado paulatinamente. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar los casos de body packers atendidos en dos instituciones de salud de Florencia, un territorio al sur de Colombia, entre 2003 y 2017. Métodos. Este es un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Se hizo un análisis univariado en RStudio y Microsoft Excel® de variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Se emplearon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para las variables continuas, frecuencias y proporciones para las variables categóricas. Resultados. Se incluyeron 72 pacientes. La mayoría de los casos fueron reportados entre 2007 y 2012 (77,5 %). La relación entre hombres y mujeres fue de 4,9:1. La edad media fue de 29,1 años. El principal motivo de admisión fue para chequeo médico tras captura por parte de los organismos de seguridad nacional (76,4 %). En 9 de cada 10 admitidos se realizaron estudios de imagen (94,4 %); la principal ayuda diagnóstica fue la radiografía de abdomen simple (84,7 %), con una sensibilidad del 91,6 %. Se realizó manejo expectante en tres de cada cuatro pacientes (74,6 %). El 6,9 % presentaron complicaciones, con una mortalidad (1,4 %). Conclusiones. La radiografía de abdomen simple es una ayuda diagnóstica adecuada para el tamizaje de los body packers. El manejo conservador es aceptable, teniendo en cuenta el porcentaje bajo de complicaciones.

Introduction. The number of arrests of body packers, who are those people who ingest packages with narcotics for illegal trafficking, has gradually increased. The objective of this study was to present the cases of body packers treated in two health institutions in Florencia, a territory in southern Colombia, between 2003 and 2017. Methods. This is a descriptive retrospective study. A univariate analysis was performed in RStudio and Microsoft Excel® of sociodemographic and clinical variables. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were used for continuous variables, frequencies and proportions for categorical variables. Results. 72 patients were included. Most cases were reported between 2007 and 2012 (77.5%). The ratio between men and women was 4.9:1. The mean age was 29.1 years. The main reason for admission was for medical check-up after capture by national security agencies (76.4%). In nine out of ten admitted patients, imaging studies were performed (94.4%); the main diagnostic imaging was simple abdominal X-ray (84.7%), with a sensitivity of 91.6%. Expectant management was performed in three out of four patients (74.6%). 6.9% presented complications, with one mortality (1.4%). Conclusions. Simple abdominal x-ray is an adequate diagnostic tool for screening body packers. Conservative management is acceptable, taking into account the low percentage of complications.

Alterações sistêmicas e bucais em pacientes usuários de cocaína: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Cambios sistémicos y orales em pacientes consumidores de cocaína: una revisión bibliográfica integradora / Systemic and oral changes in cocaína-using patients: an integrative literature review

Introdução: A utilização de cocaína é bastante associada ao surgimento de algumas manifestações sistêmicas e também de algumas alterações orais. Objetivo: Identificaras alterações sistêmicas e bucais mais comuns a pacientes usuários de cocaína. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, considerando artigos com texto completo, com restrição de idioma em Português ou Inglês e que tenham sido publicados entre os anos de 2017 a 2022. Usou-se as bases de dados LiLaCS, MedLine e BBO, por via portal Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, e SciELO. Os artigos excluídosf oram aqueles que não apresentaram relação explícita do uso de cocaína com alguma manifestação sistêmica e/ou bucal. Resultados: Após o processo de triagem,10 artigos foram salvos para serem analisados e 111 foram descartados por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão. Dos 10 artigosselecionados,40% deles (n=4) trouxeram informações identificando possíveis riscos de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares sofridas pelos usuários de cocaína, 10%(n=1) identificou problemas cognitivos associados ao uso da cocaína,30% dos artigos (n=3) mostrou as alterações bucais associadas à utilização abusiva de cocaína. Conclusões: Houve a predominância de algumas manifestações sistêmicas e bucais nos indivíduos usuários de cocaína, como doenças cardiovasculares, xerostomia, perfurações no palato, etc. A partir disso, há algumas alterações sistêmicas e bucais provocadas por esse uso. Mediante o risco considerável, faz-se necessário que o Cirurgião-Dentista se atualize sobre essas alterações em pacientes usuários de cocaína visando promover um trabalho transdisciplinare multiprofissional para atender adequadamente às suas necessidades (AU).

Introduction: The use of cocaine is closely associated with the appearance of some systemic manifestations and also some oral alterations.Objective: To identify the most common systemic and oral alterations in cocaine-using patients.Methodology:This is a systematic review of the literature, considering full-text articles, with a language restriction of "Portuguese" or "English" and published between 2017 and 2022. We used the LiLaCS, MedLine and BBO databases, via the Virtual Health Library (VHL) portal, and SciELO.The articles excluded were those that did not explicitly relate cocaine use to some systemic and/or oral manifestation.Results: After the screening process, 10 articles were saved for analysis and 111 were discarded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Of the 10 articles selected, 40% (n=4) provided information identifying possible risks of developing cardiovascular diseases suffered by cocaine users, 10% (n=1)identified cognitive problems associated with cocaine use, 30% of the articles (n=3) showed oral alterations associated with cocaine abuse.Conclusions: There has been a predominance of some systemic and oral manifestations in cocaine users, such as cardiovascular diseases, xerostomia, perforations in the palate, etc. Based on this, there are some systemic and oral alterations caused by this use. Given the considerable risk, it is necessary for dentists to be up-to-date on these alterations in cocaine-using patients in order to promote transdisciplinary and multi-professional work to adequately meet their needs (AU).

Introducción: El consumo de cocaína está estrechamente asociado a la aparición de algunas manifestaciones sistémicas y también de algunas alteraciones orales. Objetivo:Identificar las alteraciones sistémicas y bucales más frecuentes en los consumidores de cocaína. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, considerando artículos a texto completo, con restricción de idioma en "portugués" o "inglés" y publicados entre 2017 y 2022. Se utilizaron las bases de datos LiLaCS, MedLine y BBO, a través del portal Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) y SciELO. Los artículos excluidos fueron aquellos que no mostraban una relación explícita entre el consumo de cocaína y alguna manifestación sistémica y/o oral. Resultados: Tras el proceso de cribado, se guardaron10 artículos para el análisis y se descartaron 111 por no cumplir los criterios de inclusión. De los 10 artículos seleccionados, el 40% (n=4) proporcionaba información que identificaba posibles riesgos de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares sufridaspor consumidores de cocaína, el 10% (n=1) identificaba problemas cognitivos asociados al consumo de cocaína, el 30% de los artículos (n=3) mostraban alteraciones orales asociadas al abuso de cocaína.Conclusiones:Ha habido un predominio de algunas manifestaciones sistémicas y orales en los consumidores de cocaína, como enfermedades cardiovasculares, xerostomía, perforaciones en el paladar, etc. De acuerdo con esto, existen algunas alteraciones sistémicas y orales causadas por este uso. Dado el considerable riesgo, es necesario que los odontólogos estén al día sobre estas alteraciones en los pacientes consumidores de cocaína, con el fin de promover el trabajo transdisciplinar y multiprofesional para atender adecuadamente sus necesidades (AU).

Perfil de las víctimas mortales por intoxicaciones agudas en Costa Rica del 2012 al 2021 asociadas al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y drogas de abuso: etanol, metanol, benzodiacepinas, anfetaminas, heroína, cocaína y mixto / Profile of fatalities due to acute intoxications in Costa Rica from 2012 to 2021 associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse: ethanol, methanol, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, heroin, cocaine and mixed

Resumen Introducción: La mortalidad por intoxicaciones agudas de sustancias psicoactivas representa un problema de salud pública, especialmente en personas jóvenes. El objetivo del estudio fue crear un perfil de las víctimas mortales por intoxicación aguda en Costa Rica entre los años 2012 y 2021 asociado al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y drogas de abuso. Materiales y métodos: Se recopilaron datos de Sección de Patología Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal en Costa Rica, con los cuales se realizó una revisión de las víctimas mortales por intoxicaciones agudas a partir del 1 de enero de 2012 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2021. La revisión incluyó las siguientes variables: variables epidemiológicas: sexo, edad, nacionalidad, ocupación, estado civil, provincia, consumo frecuente asociado, manera de muerte, tipo de sustancia y lugar de intoxicación. Resultados: De los 456 casos de muertes asociados a intoxicaciones agudas por etanol, metanol, benzodiacepinas, anfetaminas, heroína, cocaína y mixtas; reportados entre el 1 de enero de 2012 y el 31 de diciembre de 2021: el año que más casos reportó fue 2020; 82% de las víctimas fueron hombres y 18% mujeres; las principales edades de las personas reportadas abarcan entre 41 y 60 años. 80% de las personas eran costarricenses; San José fue la provincia con mayor número de casos de intoxicación letal, siendo el domicilio el sitio más frecuente. 14% de las víctimas eran desempleadas; 77% de las personas presentaban algún trastorno de la adicción o consumo frecuente de alguna de las sustancias estudiadas. La mayoría de muertes fueron de manera accidental. Conclusiones: El perfil predominante de las víctimas fue: masculino, entre 41 y 60 años, costarricense, de estado civil indeterminado o soltero, desempleado, que muere de manera accidental, en su domicilio, por intoxicación aguda con alcohol o mixta (alcohol y cocaína).

Abstract Introduction. Mortality from acute poisoning of psychoactive substances represents a public health problem, especially in young adults. The purpose of the study was to create a profile of fatalities due to acute poisoning in Costa Rica between 2012 and 2021 associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse. Materials and methods. Data were collected from the Forensic Pathology Section of the Legal Medicine Department in Costa Rica, then a review of fatalities due to acute poisoning was carried out from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2021. The review included the following epidemiological variables: sex, age, nationality, occupation, marital status, province, consumption associated, manner of death, type of substance, and place of intoxication. Results. Out of the 456 reported cases of deaths associated with acute intoxication with ethanol, methanol, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, heroin, cocaine, and mixed substances between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021: the year with the highest number of cases reported was 2020; 82% of the victims were male, and 18% were female; the main age group of reported victims ranged from 41 to 60 years old. 80% of the victims were Costa Rican, and San Jose was the province with the highest number of lethal intoxication cases, with the home being the most frequent site. 14% of the victims were unemployed, and 77% of the individuals had some addiction disorder or frequent consumption of one of the studied substances. The majority of deaths were accidental. Conclusion. The main profile of the victims was male, between 41 and 60 years old, Costa Rican, of indeterminate or single marital status, unemployed, who died accidentally, at home, due to acute intoxication with alcohol or a mixture of substances (alcohol and cocaine).

Overview of Research on Intervention Methods in the Mechanism of Acupuncture Treatment of Cocaine Addiction / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Cocaine,as a widely abused and highly addictive drug,has a serious impact on the physical and mental health of individuals and carries a certain degree of social harm and economic burden.Acupuncture can assist in the treatment of cocaine addiction with fewer side effects.However,a well-defined mode of stimulation is an important factor in elucidating the various mechanisms by which acupuncture treats disease.This paper summarizes the problems in the mechanism of cocaine addiction,such as different parameters of stimulation,unstable depth of acupuncture,different acupoint selection,and different lengths of acupuncture time.To standardize the intervention measures of acupuncture experiments,it is suggested that in future research,the stimulation method should explore the best parameters,the selection of acupoints should be based on clinical practice,the timing of acupuncture should be objective,and the treatment course should consider the effects of acupuncture.

Near-fatal cocaine intoxication in an infant with thrombotic microangiopathy associated with multiple organ failure / Intoxicação grave por cocaína em criança com microangiopatia trombótica associada à falência múltipla de órgãos

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a pediatric case of drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy caused by cocaine Case description: We report a nine-month-old patient who developed thrombotic microangiopathies after extreme cocaine intoxication, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome with hemodynamic dysfunction, anuric renal failure, liver failure, encephalopathy, and myocardial injury, corresponding phenotypically to thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure. The patient received continuous venous hemofiltration and therapeutic plasma exchange, recovering satisfactorily. She was discharged after 30 days of hospitalization under the guidance of the childcare service, and was healthy after one year of follow-up. Toxicological samples confirmed high levels of cocaine and derivatives in blood, urine and hair. Comments: To our knowledge, this is the first reported pediatric case. There are particularities of cocaine intoxication pathophysiology that can trigger thrombotic microangiopathies because of vasoconstriction, direct endothelial injury, platelet activation, and increasing von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen levels. All of which results in a prothrombotic state, inflammatory dysregulation, and microvascular thrombi. The increasing use of cocaine, especially among young adults, puts children at high risk of toxicity, either by passive unintentional exposure, or abuse due to the increased availability in homes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso pediátrico de microangiopatia trombótica induzida por drogas causada por cocaína Descrição do caso: Relatamos uma paciente de nove meses de idade que desenvolveu microangiopatia trombótica após intoxicação extrema por cocaína, síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos com disfunção hemodinâmica, insuficiência renal anúrica, insuficiência hepática, encefalopatia e lesão miocárdica, correspondendo fenotipicamente à falência múltipla de órgãos associada à trombocitopenia. A paciente recebeu hemofiltração venosa contínua e plasmaférese terapêutica, recuperando-se satisfatoriamente. Recebeu alta após 30 dias de internação sob orientação do serviço de puericultura e estava saudável após um ano de seguimento. Amostras toxicológicas confirmaram altos níveis de cocaína e derivados no sangue, urina e cabelos. Comentários: Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro caso pediátrico relatado. Existem particularidades da fisiopatologia da intoxicação por cocaína que podem desencadear a microangiopatia trombótica devido à vasoconstrição, lesão endotelial direta, ativação plaquetária e aumento do fator de von Willebrand e dos níveis de fibrinogênio. Tudo isso resulta em um estado pró-trombótico, desregulação inflamatória e trombos microvasculares. O uso crescente de cocaína, principalmente entre adultos jovens, coloca as crianças em alto risco de toxicidade, seja por exposição passiva não intencional ou abuso devido à maior disponibilidade nas residências.

Apego materno-fetal, trauma infantil e forças de caráter em gestantes usuárias de crack / Maternal-fetal attachment, childhood trauma and character strengths in pregnant crack users

RESUMO Objetivos: o estudo buscou avaliar o apego materno-fetal, os traumas na infância e as forças de caráter em mulheres que fizeram uso de crack durante a gestação, internadas em hospital público, em Porto Alegre. Métodos: foram entrevistadas 24 gestantes, em um delineamento transversal, e aplicados os instrumentos: Questionário sobre Traumas na Infância, Escala de Apego Materno-Fetal e Escala de Forças e Virtudes. Resultados: foi encontrado um grau médio ou alto de apego materno-fetal e alta frequência de traumas sofridos na infância, destacando-se abuso emocional e negligência física. Não houve associação significativa entre o vínculo materno fetal e a ocorrência de traumas na infância. As forças de caráter com maior escore foram: bravura, autenticidade e amor. Conclusões: Apesar das condições adversas, foi observado que as gestantes tinham um elevado apego materno-fetal. A identificação das forças de caráter que se destacaram pode ajudar para um tratamento mais efetivo dessas mulheres, sendo esta uma boa estratégia no planejamento de políticas de saúde pública.

ABSTRACT Objective: the study aimed to evaluate maternal-fetal attachment, childhood traumas, and character strengths in women who used crack during pregnancy admitted to a public hospital in Porto Alegre. Methods: twenty-four pregnant women were interviewed, in a cross-sectional design, and were applied the instruments: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale and the Characters Strenghts Scale. Results: a medium or high degree of maternal-fetal attachment and a high frequency of childhood traumas was found, standing out emotional abuse and physical neglect. There was no significant association between maternal-fetal bonding and the occurrence of trauma in childhood. The character strengths that obtained the highest scores among the pregnant women were bravery, authenticity and love. Conclusion: despite the adverse conditions, it was observed that the pregnant women had a high maternal-fetal attachment. Identifying the strengths that stood out may contribute to the more effective treatment of these women, this being a good strategy in the planning of public health policies.

Prevalencia de consumo de cocaína y cannabis en pacientes traumatizados ingresados a medicina intensiva / Prevalence of cocaine and cannabis use in trauma patients admitted to intensive care / Prevalência do uso de cocaína e canábis em doentes traumatizados internados em cuidados intensivos

Introducción: Las drogas psicoactivas constituyen un factor de riesgo para traumatismos graves ya que alteran el comportamiento y el nivel de conciencia. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de traumatizados graves expuestos a cocaína y cannabis, perfil epidemiológico y comparar resultados según presencia de consumo. Metodología: Estudio observacional prospectivo realizado durante 12 meses entre mayo 2021 y abril 2022 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Maciel. Se incluyeron traumatizados graves ingresados a terapia intensiva en los cuales se realizó detección cualitativa de metabolitos de cocaína y cannabis en orina. Resultados: Se incluyeron 111 pacientes, 89% hombres, edad (media ± desvío) 32 ±11 años, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS III) 43 ±14, Injury Severity Score (ISS) 26 ±16, mortalidad 10 (9%). Se detectó consumo de cocaína en 62 (55,9%), cannabis en 72 (64,9%) y en 42 (37,8%) para ambas. Pacientes con screening positivo fueron más jóvenes (30,5 ±9,4 vs 40,6 ±16,7; p <0,02) y predominantemente hombres (86% vs 58%; p= 0,02). No se hallaron diferencias significativas con relación a mortalidad, necesidad o duración de ventilación mecánica y estadía. El despertar excitado en consumidores fue (53,3% vs 36,8%), la autoextubación (13,3% vs 7,7%), extubación fallida (4,8% vs 0%) y reintubación (12% vs 0%), diferencias estadísticamente no significativas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de consumo de cocaína y cannabis en pacientes traumatizados que ingresaron a nuestra unidad de medicina intensiva es elevada. El perfil epidemiológico corresponde a pacientes jóvenes, de sexo masculino. No se encontró mayor mortalidad, complicaciones o mayor estadía en terapia intensiva.

Introduction: Psychoactive drugs constitute a risk factor for severe trauma as they alter behavior and consciousness levels. Objective: To determine the prevalence of severely traumatized patients exposed to cocaine and cannabis, assess the epidemiological profile, and compare outcomes based on substance use. Methodology: Prospective observational study conducted over 12 months between May 2021 and April 2022 in the intensive care unit of Hospital Maciel. Severely traumatized patients admitted to intensive care underwent qualitative detection of cocaine and cannabis metabolites in urine. Results: A total of 111 patients were included, 89% were male, mean age (± standard deviation) 32 ± 11 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS III) 43 ± 14, Injury Severity Score (ISS) 26 ± 16, mortality 10 (9%). Cocaine use was detected in 62 (55,9%) patients, cannabis in 72 (64,9%), and both in 42 (37,8%). Patients with positive screening were younger (30,5 ± 9,4 vs. 40,6 ± 16,7; p < 0,02) and predominantly male (86% vs. 58%; p = 0,02). No significant differences were found in terms of mortality, need or duration of mechanical ventilation, and ICU length of stay. Agitated awakening was observed in users (53,3% vs. 36,8%), self-extubation (13,3% vs. 7,7%), failed extubation (4,8% vs. 0%), and reintubation (12% vs. 0%), with statistically non-significant differences. Conclusions: The prevalence of cocaine and cannabis use among traumatized patients admitted to our intensive care unit is high. The epidemiological profile corresponds to young male patients. There was no increased mortality, complications, or prolonged ICU stay observed.

Introdução: Drogas psicoativas constituem um fator de risco para trauma grave, pois alteram o comportamento e o nível de consciência. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de pacientes gravemente traumatizados expostos a cocaína e cannabis, avaliar o perfil epidemiológico e comparar os resultados com base no uso dessas substâncias. Metodologia: Estudo observacional prospectivo realizado ao longo de 12 meses entre maio de 2021 e abril de 2022 na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Maciel. Pacientes gravemente traumatizados admitidos na UTI foram submetidos à detecção qualitativa de metabólitos de cocaína e cannabis na urina. Resultados: Um total de 111 pacientes foram incluídos, 89% eram homens, idade média (± desvio padrão) de 32 ± 11 anos, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS III) de 43 ± 14, Injury Severity Score (ISS) de 26 ± 16, mortalidade de 10 (9%). O consumo de cocaína foi detectado em 62 (55,9%) pacientes, cannabis em 72 (64,9%), e ambos em 42 (37,8%). Pacientes com resultado positivo no rastreamento eram mais jovens (30,5 ± 9,4 vs. 40,6 ± 16,7; p < 0,02) e predominantemente do sexo masculino (86% vs. 58%; p = 0,02). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação à mortalidade, necessidade ou duração da ventilação mecânica e tempo de internação na UTI. Um despertar agitado foi observado entre os usuários (53,3% vs. 36,8%), autoextubação (13,3% vs. 7,7%), falha na extubação (4,8% vs. 0%) e reintubação (12% vs. 0%), com diferenças estatisticamente não significativas. Conclusões: A prevalência de consumo de cocaína e cannabis entre pacientes traumatizados admitidos em nossa unidade de terapia intensiva é elevada. O perfil epidemiológico corresponde a pacientes jovens do sexo masculino. Não houve aumento da mortalidade, complicações ou prolongamento da estadia na UTI observados.

El secuestro de la voluntad: bases moleculares de los cambios plásticos en la adicción / The hijacking of the will: molecular bases of plastic changes in addiction

Todas las drogas de abuso tienen en común la activación del sistema cerebral del placer. Los análisis imagenológicos han arrojado resultados de cambios estructurales en el cerebro de adictos a la cocaína e imágenes cerebrales en sujetos adictos muestran una disminución de la producción de dopamina que lleva a que la acción esté notoriamente amortiguada en relación con controles. Los estudios estructurales han mostrado reducciones de volumen de la sustancia gris y alteraciones circuitales de la sustancia blanca en el lóbulo frontal de adictos. La transición del uso recreativo a la adicción se asocia con cambios en la función de las neuronas que se acumulan con la administración repetida. La exposición crónica a la cocaína provoca aumentos de la arborización y de la densidad de las espinas dendríticas. El aumento de capacidad sináptica, ante el estímulo subcortical de una nueva presencia de la droga, toma el control de las funciones ejecutivas, «secuestrando¼ la capacidad de la voluntad consciente.

The activation of of the brain pleasure system is common to all abuse drugs. Imaging analyses have shown structural changes in the brain of cocaine addicts and a reduction of dopamine production which causes attenuation of its action when compared to control subjects. Structural studies in these patients show gray matter reduction and circuitry changes in frontal lobe white matter. Transition from recreational use to addiction is associated with changes in neuronal function which accumulate with repeated administration. Chronic exposure to cocaine leads to an increase in arborization and density of dendritic spines. When faced with new subcortical presence of the drug, the increase of synaptic capacity takes control of executive functions, "sequestering" the capacity for conscious will.

The association between the consumption of psychoactive substances and psychiatric disorders in polyconsumers at the Puebla Juvenile Integration Center

Abstract A retrospective, longitudinal study was conducted on 130 patients aged between 12 and 24 years, in accordance with the corresponding selection criteria and applying the ꭔ 2 statistical test and Fisher's exact test, with a confidence interval of 95% and a statistical significance of * p <0.05. The results obtained reveal that 119 (91.5%) patients from the sample group presented dual pathology, the majority of which were male, among whom marijuana was the most preferred psychoactive substance with 92.4%, followed by alcohol with 60.5%, amphetamines with 52.1%, and cocaine with 40.3%. The average age of the male subjects was 19.32 years ± 3.5. Nine subjects from (6.9%) the female population presented a possible dual pathology, with marijuana identified as the psychoactive substance of choice for 100% of this group, followed by amphetamines with 77.8%, alcohol with 55.6%, and cocaine with 33.3%, while the group's mean age was 18.44 years ± 4.30. The most statistically significant associations found were marijuana with depression (P *<0.0236), cocaine and amphetamines with anxiety and psychosis (P ***<0.0003 and ***<0.0001, respectively), and amphetamines and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (P *<0.0132) and the association between alcohol and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (P **<0.0067).

Cocaine-induced stroke in a young patient / Acidente vascular cerebral induzido por cocaína em paciente jovem

The case report presented here addresses the relationship between cocaine use and stroke. A young adult patient arrived at a specialized unit with neurological deficits and a history of acute and long-term illicit drug use and presented no other comorbidities. In addition, he presented laboratory and serological tests without alterations. The only risk factor identified for stroke was, therefore, cocaine use. Thus, this work points to an eventual relationship between cocaine use and the case in question (AU).

O relato de caso apresentado neste trabalho, aborda a relação do uso da cocaína e o acidente vascular cerebral após um paciente adulto jovem chegar a uma unidade especializada com déficits neurológicos e histórico de uso de drogas ilícitas de forma aguda e de longa data, sem outras comorbidades constatadas. Além disso, apresentou exames laboratoriais e sorológicos sem alterações significativas. O único fator de risco identificado no caso em tela para o acidente vascular foi, portanto, o uso de cocaína. Assim, neste trabalho, enfatiza-se eventual relação entre o uso da cocaína com o caso em tela (AU).

Detección de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales en orinade madres y recién nacidos en un hospital público. Comparación de quinquenios 2009-2013 y 2014-2018 / Detection of illicit psychoactive substances in the urine of mothers and newborn infants at a public hospital. Comparison between the 2009­2013 and 2014­2018 five-year periods

Introducción. El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales en el embarazo constituye un problema creciente. En pocas maternidades latinoamericanas se aplica una estrategia de detección y los datos publicados son escasos. Objetivos. Comparar dos quinquenios de resultados de una estrategia de detección de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales implementada en el posparto. Población y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal. Detección por inmunoensayo en orinas de binomios madre-hijo/a, en un hospital público argentino entre 2009 y 2018. Resultados. En 76/191 binomios se detectaron sustancias en 10 años. El criterio de detección más frecuente fue la comunicación o antecedente de uso de drogas: 25/37 y 32/39 en cada quinquenio. Predominaron cannabis (21/37 y 26/39) y cocaína (19/37 y 16/39) en ambos períodos. No hubo diferencias en datos demográficos, ginecológicos, del embarazo ni neonatales en los quinquenios comparados. Conclusiones. No se encontraron diferencias en la frecuencia ni en el tipo de sustancias detectadas a lo largo de 10 años.

Introduction. The use of illicit psychoactive substances during pregnancy is a growing problem. Few Latin American maternity centers implement a screening strategy, and published data are scarce. Objectives. To compare the outcomes of 2 five-year periods of a postpartum strategy to screen for illicit psychoactive drugs. Population and methods. This was a cross-sectional study. Immunoassay detection in urine of mothernewborn infant dyads in an Argentine public hospital between 2009 and 2018. Results. Substances were detected in 76/191 dyads over 10 years. The most frequent detection criterion was reporting or history of drug use: 25/37 and 32/39 in each five-year period. Cannabis (21/37 and 26/39) and cocaine (19/37 and 16/39) predominated in both periods. No differences were observed in demographic, gynecological, pregnancy, or neonatal data between both five-year periods. Conclusions. No differences were found in the frequency or type of substances detected over 10 years

Consumo de drogas: enfrentamiento a un problema latente / Drug use: confronting a latent problem i: en

Algunas situaciones ponen en riesgo a Cuba en cuanto al uso de drogas, entre ellas el aumento del turismo, las relaciones con países que poseen altas tasas de consumo, la ubicación geográfica en corredores de narcotraficantes y la alta prevalencia de drogas porteras. Al respecto, el Sistema Nacional de Salud debe estar preparado para la prevención del problema y la atención a los afectados, de manera que resulta necesario mantener una información actualizada sobre los factores de riesgo y los principales productos utilizados por los consumidores. En la presente revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema se busca llamar la atención de los trabajadores de la salud en tal sentido, se ofrecen datos sobre la magnitud del problema y se abordan elementos de sus antecedentes, así como de la clasificación de las drogas, los factores de riesgo asociados a su consumo y las bases jurídicas para su control en Cuba.

Some situations put Cuba at risk for drug use, such as an increase in tourism, relations with countries that have high rates of substance abuse, the geographic location in drug trafficking corridors, and the high prevalence of "opening doors" drugs. In this regard, the National Health System must be prepared to prevent the problem and care for those affected, so it is necessary to maintain updated information on risk factors and main products used by consumers. In the present literature review on the subject, it is sought to draw the attention of health workers to this point, data on the magnitude of the problem and elements of its background are offered, as well as drug classification, the risk factors associated with its use and the legal bases for its control in Cuba.

Cuidado em saúde mental com gestantes usuárias de crack / Mental health care with pregnant crack users / Cuidadode salud mental con mujeres embarazadas que utilizan crack

Neste manuscrito, apresentamos uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi o de compreender como vem sendo produzidas as práticas de cuidado às gestantes usuárias de crack nos serviços de saúde de um município do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Este estudo de abordagem qualitativa, foi realizado junto a dois serviços públicos, o Programa de Redução de Danos (PRD) e o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para Álcool e outras Drogas (CAPSad III), com cinco mulheres voluntárias para a pesquisa. As histórias de vida foram reconstruídas a partir de suas narrativas e também de profissionais da saúde que proveram algum tipo de cuidado às participantes. Após a exposição das histórias, refletimos sobre três pistas importantes para pensarmos as práticas de cuidado às gestantes usuárias de crack: saúde mental, uso de drogas e interseccionalidade; direitos humanos, hierarquias reprodutivas e concepções de maternidade; e as práticas de cuidado em saúde. Observamos que as concepções dos profissionais acerca da maternidade direcionam as práticas de cuidado em saúde, caracterizando-se como um cuidado no espectro da saúde materno-infantil, e não um cuidado direcionado à saúde da mulher. Conhecer as demandas de cuidado dessas mulheres é essencial para que possamos pensar em práticas de saúde pautadas pela clínica ampliada. (AU)

In this manuscript, we present a research whose objective was to understand how the practicesof care to the pregnant women users of crack have been being produced in the services of health in a town of Rio Grande do Sul. This study of qualitative approach it was developed jointly to two public services, the Program of Reduction of Harms (PRH) andPsychosocial Care Centers Alcohol and other Drugs (CAPSad), with five voluntary women for the research. The life histories were rebuilt starting from their narratives and also of health's professionals that provided some care to the participants.After exposing the stories, we reflected on three important clues to think about care practices for pregnant women who use crack: mental health, drug use and intersectionality; human rights, reproductive hierarchies and conceptions of motherhood; and health care practices. We observed that the professionals' conceptions about maternity guide health care practices, characterized as care in the spectrum of maternal and child health, and not care directed at women's health.Knowing the care demands of these women is essential for us to think about health practices guided by the expanded clinic. (AU)

En este manuscrito presentamos una investigación cuyoobjetivo fue comprender cómo se ha producidolas prácticas de atención a las embarazadas usuarias de crack en los servicios de salud de una ciudad del interior de Rio Grande do Sul. Este estudio cualitativo se realizó con dos servicios públicos, el Programa de Reducción de Daños (PRD) y el Centro de Atención Psicosocial de Alcohol y Otras Drogas (CAPSad III), con cinco mujeres voluntarias para la investigación. Las historias de vida fueron reconstruidas a partir de sus narrativas y también de profesionalesde la salud que brindaron algún tipo de atención a los participantes. Luego de exponer las historias, reflexionamos sobre tres claves importantes para pensar en las prácticas de cuidado de las embarazadas que consumen crack: salud mental, consumo de drogas y interseccionalidad; derechos humanos, jerarquías reproductivas y concepciones de la maternidad; y prácticas de atención de la salud.Observamos que las concepciones de los profesionales sobre la maternidad orientan las prácticas de atención de la salud, caracterizadas como cuidados en el espectro de la salud maternoinfantil, y no cuidados dirigidos a la salud de la mujer. Conocer las demandas de atención de estas mujeres es fundamental para que pensemos en las prácticas de salud guiadas por la clínica ampliada. (AU)

Muerte accidental por consumo combinado de cocaína y etanol Revisión bibliográfica / Accidental death from combined cocaine and ethanol use. Literature review

La autopsia médico legal en Costa Rica, en casos sospechosos de intoxicación por cocaetileno se debe realizar bajo las normas establecidas en la Guía de estándares de trabajo para la Sección de Patología Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal. El análisis del mecanismo fisiopatológico de cómo estas sustancias provocan alteraciones en el organismo que pueden conllevar a un eventual fallecimiento corresponde a parte del análisis requerido en la investigación ante la sospecha de esta causa de muerte. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este artículo es describir los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que ocurren durante el consumo combinado de cocaína y etanol, los mecanismos que conllevan a la muerte de personas consumidoras de estas sustancias y las consideraciones médico legales a tomar en cuenta para el diagnóstico de esta causa de muerte. Se realizó revisión de artículos científicos, sobre los efectos del uso combinado de la cocaína y el etanol. La literatura describe que el uso combinado de cocaína y etanol potencia los efectos farmacocinéticos y bioquímicos de cada una de estas sustancias, que su derivado, el cocaetileno, es capaz de generar por sí mismo los mecanismos causantes de la muerte. Que los principales mecanismos fisiopatológicos que conllevan la muerte ante el uso combinado de estas sustancias son de origen cardiovascular y hepático. Como consideraciones médico legales a tomar en cuenta para el diagnóstico de esta manera de muerte accidental, en la Sección de Toxicología del Departamento de Ciencias Forenses de Costa Rica, la cuantificación del cocaetileno y las sustancias relacionadas no se realiza, aunque se encuentra actualmente en el desarrollo de un proyecto para la determinación de la estabilidad de las drogas en sangre bajo las condiciones de almacenamiento, con el fin de ofrecer la posibilidad de cuantificar ciertas drogas (en donde se podría incluir el cocaetileno) en un futuro próximo.

Medical-legal autopsy in Costa Rica, in suspected cases of cocaethylene poisoning must be performed under the regulations established in the Work Standards Guide for the Forensic Pathology Section of the Department of Legal Medicine. The analysis of the pathophysiological mechanism of how these substances cause alterations in the organism that can lead to eventual death corresponds to part of the analysis required in the investigation when this cause of death is suspected. Therefore, the objective of this article is to describe the pathophysiological mechanisms that occur during the combined consumption of cocaine and ethanol, the mechanisms that lead to the death of people who consume these substances, and the medico-legal considerations to be considered for the diagnosis. of this cause of death. A review of scientific articles was carried out on the effects of the combined use of cocaine and ethanol. The literature describes that the combined use of cocaine and ethanol enhances the pharmacokinetic and biochemical effects of each one of these substances, that its derivative, cocaethylene, can generate the mechanisms that cause death by itself. That the main pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to death in the combined use of these substances are of cardiovascular and hepatic origin. As legal medical considerations to take into account for the diagnosis of this type of accidental death, in the Toxicology Section of the Department of Forensic Sciences of Costa Rica, the quantification of cocaethylene and related substances is not carried out, although it is currently in the development of a project for the determination of the stability of drugs in blood under storage conditions, in order to offer the possibility of quantifying certain drugs (which could include cocaethylene) in the near future.

Pancreatitis aguda asociada a cocaína, una complicación inusual. Serie de casos / Cocaine-induced acute pancreatitis, an unusual complication. Case serie / Pancreatite aguda associada à cocaína, uma complicação incomum. Número de casos

La cocaína es una de las sustancias ilegales más consumidas y Colombia no es la ex­cepción. Dentro de las sustancias ilegales es la segunda más consumida después del cannabis. Por su mecanismo mismo de acción, que produce aumento de aminas bióge­nas, se han asociado con la cocaína diferentes riesgos, tanto agudos como crónicos, y dentro de sus complicaciones se han descrito cambios comportamentales, compromiso cardiovascular y neurológico. La coingesta de cocaína y alcohol da lugar a un metabolito conocido como cocaetileno, que lleva a complicaciones cardiovasculares. Poco se ha descrito sobre el riesgo de la cocaína o la coingesta cocaína y alcohol, como un factor sumatorio, para la pancreatitis. Reportamos tres pacientes jóvenes consumidores del alcaloide que desarrollaron pancreatitis aguda, dos de ellos murieron. El objetivo de este reporte es sensibilizar a los trabajadores de la salud sobre otro riesgo para considerar en los pacientes consumidores de cocaína.

Cocaine is one of the most consumed illegal substances and Colombia is no exception. It is the second most consumed among the illegal substances after cannabis. Due to its very mechanism of action, which produces an increase in biogenic amines, different risks, both acute and chronic, have been associated with cocaine, and among its complications, behavioral changes, cardiovascular and neurological compromise have been described. The co-ingestion of cocaine and alcohol gives rise to a metabolite known as cocaethylene, which leads to cardiovascular complications. Little has been described about the risk of cocaine or cocaine and alcohol co-ingestion, as a summative factor, for pancreatitis. We report three young patients consuming the alkaloid who developed acute pancreatitis, two of whom died. The objective of this report is to sensitize health workers about another risk to consider in cocaine-consuming patients.

A cocaína é uma das substâncias ilícitas mais consumidas e a Colômbia não é exceção. Dentro das substâncias ilícitas é a segunda mais consumida depois da maconha. Devido ao seu próprio mecanismo de ação, que produz aumento de aminas biogênicas, diversos riscos, tanto agudos quanto crônicos, têm sido associados à cocaína e, entre suas complicações, têm sido descritas alterações comportamentais, comprometimento cardiovascular e neurológico. A co-ingestão de cocaína e álcool dá origem a um metabólito conhecido como cocaetileno, que leva a complicações cardiovasculares. Pouco tem sido descrito sobre o risco da co-ingestão de cocaína ou cocaína e álcool, como fator somativo, para pancreatite. Relatamos 3 pacientes jovens consumindo o alcalóide que desenvolveram pancreatite aguda, dois dos quais morreram. O objetivo deste relatório é sensibilizar os profissionais de saúde sobre outro risco a ser considerado em pacientes consumidores de cocaína.

Hematoma cerebral intraparenquimatoso e intraventricular por cocaína: reporte de un caso

Introducción: La cocaína es una de las sustancias psicoactivas más consumidas mundialmente. Es altamente adictiva y puede producir cuadros graves por su consumo, esporádico o habitual o, por su abstinencia, a nivel sistémico y neurológico. La exposición aguda a esta sustancia desencadena manifestaciones psiquiátricas inmediatas, como cambios en el afecto o conducta: sensación de irritabilidad, hiperactividad, ansiedad, desasosiego, euforia o psicosis. Esta sintomatología contrasta con inducción en ciertos casos de depresión, aislamiento o tristeza con la cronificación en su consumo. Además de los diversos efectos sensoperceptuales descritos, la sustancia puede generar daños neurológicos y/o cardiovasculares graves, como trastornos del ritmo cardíaco, arritmias malignas, emergencias hipertensivas, síndromes coronarios y enfermedades cerebrovasculares. Métodos: Presentamos el caso de un paciente quien ingresó al Hospital Universitario del Valle, en la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, departamento del Valle del Cauca, en Colombia, por un cuadro neurológico que permitía sospechar origen central. Este paciente no tenía factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, pero sí antecedentes de síndrome de Guillain Barré y de consumo de cocaína desde su adolescencia. Resultados: Al mencionado paciente se le realizaron múltiples estudios, destacándose los imagenológicos (tomografía, resonancia y angiorresonancia magnética de cerebro) y la estrategia invasiva de angiografía cerebral, en la cual logró documentarse que las manifestaciones neurológicas del paciente obedecían a una enfermedad cerebrovascular hemorrágica severa secundaria al consumo de cocaína. Conclusiones: Siempre indagar en pacientes con sangrados intraparenquimatosos el consumo de psicoactivos, en especial la cocaína, por su efecto lesivo sobre la vasculatura cerebral.

Introduction: Cocaine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide. It is highly addictive and can produce serious systemic and neurological symptoms due to sporadic or habitual use or withdrawal. Acute exposure to this substance triggers immediate psychiatric manifestations such as changes in affect or behavior: feelings of irritability, hyperactivity, anxiety, restlessness, euphoria or psychosis; this symptomatology contrasts with induction in certain cases of depression, isolation or sadness with the chronification of its consumption. In addition to the various sensory-perceptual effects described, the substance can cause serious neurological and/or cardiovascular damage, such as heart rhythm disorders, malignant arrhythmias, hypertensive emergencies, coronary syndromes and cerebrovascular diseases. Methods: We present the case of a patient who was admitted to the Hospital Universitario del Valle, in the city of Santiago de Cali, department of Valle del Cauca, in Colombia, for a neurological condition that suggested a central origin. This patient had no cardiovascular risk factors, but had a history of Guillain Barré syndrome and cocaine use since adolescence. Results: The aforementioned patient underwent multiple studies, highlighting the imaging studies (CT, MRI and MRA of the brain) and the invasive strategy of cerebral angiography, in which it was possible to document that the patient's neurological manifestations were due to severe hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease secondary to cocaine consumption. Conclusions: Always inquire in patients with intraparenchymal bleeds the consumption of psychoactives, especially cocaine, for its injurious effects on the cerebral vasculature.

Salivary protein candidates for biomarkers of oral disorders in people with a crack cocaine use disorder

Abstract The use of cocaine and its main derivative, crack, can cause some systemic effects that may lead to the development of some oral disorders. Objective To assess the oral health of people with a crack cocaine use disorder and identify salivary protein candidates for biomarkers of oral disorders. Methodology A total of 40 volunteers hospitalized for rehabilitation for crack cocaine addiction were enrolled; nine were randomly selected for proteomic analysis. Intraoral examination, report of DMFT, gingival and plaque index, xerostomia, and non-stimulated saliva collection were performed. A list of proteins identified was generated from the UniProt database and manually revised. Results The mean age (n=40) was 32 (±8.88; 18-51) years; the mean DMFT index was 16±7.70; the mean plaque and gingival index were 2.07±0.65 and 2.12±0.64, respectively; and 20 (50%) volunteers reported xerostomia. We identified 305 salivary proteins (n=9), of which 23 were classified as candidate for biomarkers associated with 14 oral disorders. The highest number of candidates for biomarkers was associated with carcinoma of head and neck (n=7) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (n=7), followed by periodontitis (n=6). Conclusions People with a crack cocaine use disorder had an increased risk of dental caries and gingival inflammation; less than half had oral mucosal alterations, and half experienced xerostomia. As possible biomarkers for 14 oral disorders, 23 salivary proteins were identified. Oral cancer and periodontal disease were the most often associated disorders with biomarkers.

Changes in lung function in adolescents with substance use disorders: an exploratory study / Alterações da função pulmonar em adolescentes com transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias: estudo exploratório

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare lung function between adolescents with and without substance use disorder (SUD). Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional exploratory study. The sample consisted of 16 adolescents with SUD and 24 age-matched healthy controls. The adolescents in the clinical group were recruited from a psychiatric inpatient unit for detoxification and rehabilitation; their primary diagnosis was SUD related to marijuana, cocaine, or polysubstance use. Questionnaires and pulmonary function tests were applied for clinical evaluation. Results: We found that FVC, FEV1, and their percentages of the predicted values were significantly lower in the adolescents with SUD than in those without. Those differences remained significant after adjustment for BMI and the effects of high levels of physical activity. The largest effect size (Cohen's d = 1.82) was found for FVC as a percentage of the predicted value (FVC%), which was, on average, 17.95% lower in the SUD group. In addition, the years of regular use of smoked substances (tobacco, marijuana, and crack cocaine) correlated negatively with the FVC%. Conclusions: This exploratory study is innovative in that it demonstrates the early consequences of smoked substance use for the lung health of adolescents with SUD.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a função pulmonar de adolescentes com e sem transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias (TUS). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório transversal observacional. A amostra foi composta por 16 adolescentes com TUS e 24 controles saudáveis emparelhados pela idade. Os adolescentes do grupo clínico foram recrutados em uma unidade de internação psiquiátrica para desintoxicação e reabilitação; seu diagnóstico primário era o de TUS (maconha, cocaína ou polissubstâncias). Foram aplicados questionários e testes de função pulmonar para a avaliação clínica. Resultados: A CVF, o VEF1 e seus valores em porcentagem do previsto foram significativamente mais baixos nos adolescentes com TUS do que naqueles sem TUS. Essas diferenças permaneceram significativas após os ajustes para levar em conta o IMC e os efeitos de altos níveis de atividade física. O maior tamanho de efeito (d de Cohen = 1,82) foi o observado em relação à CVF em porcentagem do previsto (CVF%), que foi, em média, 17,95% menor no grupo TUS. Além disso, os anos de uso regular de substâncias fumadas (tabaco, maconha e crack) correlacionaram-se negativamente com a CVF%. Conclusões: Este estudo exploratório é inovador na medida em que demonstra as consequências precoces do uso de substâncias fumadas para a saúde pulmonar de adolescentes com TUS.

Activation of a hypothalamus-habenula circuit by mechanical stimulation inhibits cocaine addiction-like behaviors

BACKGROUND: Mechanoreceptor activation modulates GABA neuron firing and dopamine (DA) release in the mesolimbic DA system, an area implicated in reward and substance abuse. The lateral habenula (LHb), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and the mesolimbic DA system are not only reciprocally connected, but also involved in drug reward. We explored the effects of mechanical stimulation (MS) on cocaine addiction-like behaviors and the role of the LH-LHb circuit in the MS effects. MS was performed over ulnar nerve and the effects were evaluated by using drug seeking behaviors, optogenetics, chemogenetics, electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Mechanical stimulation attenuated locomotor activity in a nerve-dependent manner and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and DA release in nucleus accumbens (NAc) following cocaine injection. The MS effects were ablated by electrolytic lesion or optogenetic inhibition of LHb. Optogenetic activation of LHb suppressed cocaine-enhanced 50 kHz USVs and locomotion. MS reversed cocaine suppression of neuronal activity of LHb. MS also inhibited cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior, which was blocked by chemogenetic inhibition of an LH-LHb circuit. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that peripheral mechanical stimulation activates LH-LHb pathways to attenuate cocaine-induced psychomotor responses and seeking behaviors.

Unlocking the secrets of saliva: the promising potential of salivary biomarkers for evaluating crack use / Desvendando os segredos da saliva: o potencial promissor dos biomarcadores salivares para avaliar o uso de crack

The forthcoming letter will encompass the following highlights: Crack cocaine use involves smoking a highly addictive form of cocaine, which is a significant concern in Brazil, particularly in urban areas. This addiction is linked to various health problems, including cardiovascular issues, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like AIDS and syphilis, tuberculosis, and a notable increase in mortality, largely due to violent causes. Furthermore, crack cocaine users are particularly vulnerable to dental caries, gingival inflammation, oral mucosa lesions, and xerostomia (AU)

A próxima carta incluirá os seguintes destaques: O uso de crack envolve fumar uma forma altamente viciante da cocaína, o que é uma preocupação significativa no Brasil, especialmente em áreas urbanas. Esta dependência está ligada a vários problemas de saúde, incluindo problemas cardiovasculares, infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST), como a AIDS e a sífilis, a tuberculose e um aumento notável da mortalidade, devido, em grande parte, a causas violentas. Além disso, os usuários de crack são particularmente vulneráveis a cáries dentárias, inflamação gengival, lesões na mucosa oral e xerostomia (AU)