Primera descripción de Sclerotium coffeicola en caoba africana en México / First description of Sclerotium coffeicola on African mahogany in Mexico

Una enfermedad foliar fue detectada en la plantación comercial de Khaya senegalensis con 3 anos de edad, en la localidad de Huimanguillo (Tabasco, México). Mediante la caracterización morfológica y molecular, y por el cumplimiento de los postulados de Koch, se determinó que el agente causal corresponde al hongo Sclerotium coffeicola. Este es el primer reporte de S. coffeicola causando mancha foliar en caoba africana en México.

A foliar disease was detected in the commercial plantation of Khaya senegalen with three years of age in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Through the morphological and molecular characterization and the compliance of the Koch's postulates, it was concluded that the causal agent corresponds to the fungus Sclerotium coffeicola. This is the first report of S. coffeicola causing leaf spot on African mahogany in Mexico.

Carbono orgânico e biomassa microbiana do solo em plantios de Acacia mangium no Cerrado de Roraima / Soil organic carbon and soil microbial biomass in Acacia mangium plantation in the Savanna of Roraima

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de plantios de Acacia mangium, localizados no cerrado em Roraima, sobre o carbono orgânico e biomassa microbiana do solo. Foram realizadas amostragens de solo nas profundidades de 0-20 cm e 20-40 cm em dois plantios de A. mangium com cerca de cinco anos de idade, e em duas áreas de Cerrado nativo consideradas referência. Um dos plantios de A. mangium (localizado na Fazenda Cigolina) correspondeu a um plantio homogêneo (espaçamento de 3,6 m entre linhas e 2,0 m entre plantas) enquanto que o outro (localizado no Campo Experimental Água Boa - CEAB) correspondeu a um plantio em faixas com duas linhas de plantio (espaçamento de 6 m entre linhas, 2,5 m entre plantas e cerca de 30 m entre faixas). As amostras de solo foram analisadas quanto ao carbono orgânico, carbono da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal do solo e quociente metabólico, além de atributos químicos de fertilidade. Foi verificado que os plantios de A. mangium não proporcionaram aumentos significativos do carbono orgânico do solo em comparação às áreas de referência. Entretanto, na média geral, esses plantios proporcionaram aumento do carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo e redução do quociente metabólico, indicando a possibilidade de acúmulo de carbono orgânico no solo em longo prazo. Também foi observado que, em comparação ao plantio da fazenda Cigolina e às áreas de referência, o carbono microbiano do solo foi maior e acompanhado de menor quociente metabólico no plantio de A. mangium no CEAB, mostrando que a estrutura de plantio exerceu influência sobre a biomassa microbiana do solo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Acacia mangium plantation in the Roraima's Savanna, on soil organic carbon and soil microbial biomass. Soil samplings were collected on the depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm in two Acacia mangium plantation sites, about five years old, and in two sites of native savanna as reference. One of the A. mangium sites (located at Fazenda Cigolina) was composed by a homogeneous plantation (3.6 m between row and 2.0 m between trees) and, the other one (located at Campo Experimental Agua Boa Experimental - CEAB) was composed by a plantation on which the planting distances had strips of two rows 6 meters apart, 2.5 meters between trees and 30 meters between strips). Soil samples were analyzed regarding soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, soil basal respiration and metabolic quotient, besides soil fertility attributes. Results showed that A. mangium plantations did not provide significant increases of organic carbon on the soil comparing with sites used as reference. However, generally, A. mangium plantation increased soil microbial biomass carbon and reduced metabolic quotient, indicating a possibility of soil organic carbon accumulation in long-term. It was also observed that, soil biomass microbial carbon was higher, followed by smaller metabolic quotient at CEAB A. mangium plantation compared with Cigolina and reference sites, showing that planting design exercised influence on soil microbial biomass.

Regeneración natural de plantas leñosas en una plantación costarricense de Vochysia guatemalensis (Vochysiaceae) y el efecto de la fertilización con P y NPK / Natural regeneration of woody species in a Costa Rican plantation of Vochysia guatemalensis (Vochysiaceae) and the effect of P and NPK fertilization

Natural regeneration of woody species in a Costa Rican plantation of Vochysia guatemalensis (Vochysiaceae) and the effect of P and NPK fertilization. Forest plantation management strategies, including the selection of species, may have positive or negative effects over plant regeneration in the tropics. in this case, understory woody plants density and richness were studied in Tabarcia de Mora, Costa Rica, in a monoculture of Vochysia guatemalensis (ten year old plantation). Nineteen 80 m²plots, with several fertilization treatments (0-0; 0-50; 50-0, 50-50 g/plant of P, and NPK, during the first years, P placed once at the hole) in a completely randomized factorial design, were analyzed. Afterwards, the NPK fertilizer was increased from 150 to 200 g/ plant/year until the plantation was six year old. The plots, established after the coffee plantation was eliminated, had a minimum management schedule, basically the elimination of herbaceous vegetation once or twice a year during the first three years, and a tree thinning when the plantation was four year old, to increase spacing from 2x2 to 4x4 m. All woody vegetation taller than 0.5 m was tallied. A total of circa 10 000 ind/ha, distributed in 90 species, were found, mostly native of the region, some identified for forestry use, others important for the fauna. The majority of the species had low relative densities and frequencies. Sixteen percent of the plants reached heights greater than 2.5 m. Several factors seem to explain this regeneration pattern: a canopy with an intermediate openness, a low intensity forestry management, the nearness of the plantation to a mature forest fragment, and that the Vochysia plantation substituted a coffee plantation where soil conservation strategies and an annual fertilization management plan were applied. Finally, plots with only P had significantly higher species richness and abundance (χ2=15.364, gl=3, p=0.002) probably because the trees in this treatment were less developed (when compared with the others). Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 111-118. Epub 2009 November 30.

Las estrategias de manejo y las especies seleccionadas en plantaciones forestales pueden tener efectos positivos o negativos sobre la regeneración vegetal en los trópicos. Esta investigación estudió la abundancia y riqueza de plantas leñosas bajo el dosel de un monocultivo de Vochysia guatemalensis de diez años. Se evaluaron 19 parcelas de 80 m²en Tabarcia de Mora, con varios tratamientos de fertilización (0-0; 0-50; 50-0, 50-50 g/ planta de P, y NPK, respectivamente, este ultimó se aumentó de 150 a 200 g hasta que la plantación alcanzó los seis años), en un diseño factorial totalmente al azar. Se contaron e identificaron todas las especies leñosas con más de 0.5 m de altura, con un total de aproximadamente 10 000 ind/ha en 90 especies, siendo éstas principalmente nativas de la zona (varias maderables, otras importantes para la fauna), la mayoría con bajos índices de importancia (suma de la densidad y frecuencias relativas). Un 16% alcanzaron alturas superiores a 2.5 m. Se considera que varios factores pudieron favorecer dicha regeneración, como un dosel con una apertura inter-media, un manejo forestal de bajo impacto, la cercanía de un fragmento boscoso maduro, y el establecimiento de la plantación en sustitución de un cafetal donde se aplicaban estrategias de conservación de suelos y se fertilizaba anualmente. Finalmente, se determinó una mayor abundancia y riqueza en las parcelas con solo P (χ²=15.364, gl=3, p=0.002), probablemente porque los árboles de Vochysia tendieron a ser menos desarrollados en comparación con los otros tratamientos.

Ants obtained from trees of a "Jacareuba" (Calophyllum brasiliense) forest plantation in Central Amazonia by canopy fogging: first results

Canopies of the locally occurring Amazonian tree species Calophyllum brasiliense. Camb. (Guttiferae, height 10 m) were fogged after dawn on the same day at five adjacent localities in a 20-year-old plantation at the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve near Manaus/Brazil, using natural pyrethrum (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%), Baythroid (0.3%) and diesel oil, respectively. The 1152 ants collected represented 52 species, 17 genera and five subfamilies. The highest number of ant species was obtained with the synthetic pyrethrum Baythroid 0.3% and with natural pyrethrum 1.5%. About 46% of the total ant species were only collected in the first hour after fogging, and 17% only during the second hour, after trees had been heavily shaken. About 73% of the total ant specimens dropped in the first hour. Data on alpha-diversity, eveness and frequency of ants indicated a rapidly decreasing knock-down effect of both the synthetic and natural pyrethrum after application. The ant fauna in the canopy of C. brasiliense is somewhat distinct compared with that of Goupia glabra Aubl. (Celastraceae, height 45 m) from the primary forest of the reserve.

As copas de uma espécie de árvores de ocorrência local, Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Guttiferae, altura 10m), foram nebulizadas depois do amanhecer do mesmo dia, em cinco localidades adjacentes, numa plantação com 20 anos de idade na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke perto de Manaus/Brasil, usando-se píretro natural (0,5%, 1,0%, 1,5%), Baythroid (0,3%) e óleo diesel, respectivamente. As 1152 formigas coletadas representaram 52 espécies, 17 gêneros c cinco subfamílias. O maior número dc espécies de formigas foi obtido com o píretro sintético Baythroid 0,3% é com píretro natural 1,5%. Cerca de 46% de todas as formigas foram coletadas somente na primeira hora depois da nebulização, e 17% somente durante a segunda hora, depois das árvores serem fortemente sacudidas. Cerca de 73% de todos os indivíduos de formigas cairam durante a primeira hora. Dados sobre a alfa-diversidade, uniformidade e frequência de formigas indicam um rápido efeito decrescente de caída, tanto do píretro sintético quanto do píretro natural depois da sua aplicação. A fauna dc formigas na copa de C. brasiliense de certa forma é distinta em comparação com a fauna dc Goupia glabra Aubl. (Celastraceae, altura 45 m) da floresta primária na reserva.